Cameron Campbell
Biographic Data
| ID | 3586381 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Cameron Campbell |
| GIVEN NAMES | Cameron |
| FAMILY NAME | Campbell |
| SIGNATURE | CAMPBELL C |
| AFFILIATIONS | Hong Kong University of Science and Technology |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6277-1941 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 44 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 287 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 43 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1980 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Quantitative History of China
Kin networks of local officials in 19th and Early 20th century China
We introduce a new source for the study of the kin networks, qualifications, and careers of officials in China in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: a dataset constructed from Tongguanlu rosters of officials that include their resumes, degree or other qualifications and rosters of their kin. In contrast with other sources that have been used to study the social origins of holders of high examination degrees including national Jins…
A machine learning approach for nominative record linkage in Chinese historical databases
Socioeconomic differences in population growth in 19th century Liaoning, China
We decompose population growth in 19 th century Liaoning in northeast China into the shares accounted for by different socioeconomic groups, and by time periods with different economic conditions as reflected in grain prices. This decomposition reveals who benefitted the most when social and economic conditions supported population increase. Previous studies of one region for which relevant data are available, northeast China, showed that birth a…
Inequality, economic stress, and demographic response
Nominative Linkage of Records of Officials in the China Government Employee Dataset-Qing (CGED-Q)
We introduce our approach to the nominative linkage of records of Qing officials who were included in the China Government Employee Datasets-Qing (CGED-Q) Jinshenlu (JSL) and Examination Records (ER). We constructed these datasets by transcription of quarterly rosters of civil and military officials produced by the government and by commercial presses, and records of examination degree holders. We assess each of the primary attributes available i…
Big Data for the Study of Qing Officialdom
We introduce the China Government Employee Database—Qing (CGED-Q), a new resource for the quantitative study of Qing officialdom. The CGED-Q details the backgrounds, characteristics and careers of Qing officials who served between 1760 and 1912, with nearly complete coverage of officials serving after 1830. We draw information on careers from the Roster of Government Personnel ( jinshenlu ), which in each quarterly edition listed approximately 12…
Historical Chinese Microdata. 40 Years of Dataset Construction by the Lee-Campbell Research Group
The Lee-Campbell Group has spent forty years constructing and analysing individual-level datasets based largely on Chinese archival materials to produce a scholarship of discovery. Initially, we constructed datasets for the study of Chinese demographic behaviour, households, kin networks, and socioeconomic attainment. More recently, we have turned to the construction and analysis of datasets on civil and military officials and other educational a…
Education, class and assortative marriage in rural Shanxi, China in the mid-twentieth century
Males’ Later-Life Mortality Consequences of Coresidence With Paternal Grandparents
In this study, we investigate the effect of early-life coresidence with paternal grandparents on male mortality risks in adulthood and older age in northeast China from 1789 to 1909. Despite growing interest in the influence of grandparents on child outcomes, few studies have examined the effect of coresidence with grandparents in early life on mortality in later life. We find that coresidence with paternal grandmothers in childhood is associated…
Population in China
Interethnic marriage in Northeast China, 1866-1913
There is considerable debate about whether Manchu and associated non-Han ethnic groups in China maintained a distinct identity in the late 19th century or were â sinicizedâ and assimilated into the Han majority
Genealogical Microdata and Their Significance for Social Science
Despite long-standing recognition of the importance of family background in shaping life outcomes, only recently have empirical studies in demography, stratification, and other areas begun to consider the influence of kin other than parents. These new studies reflect the increasing availability of genealogical microdata that provide information about ancestors and kin over three or more generations. These data sets, including family genealogies, …
Demographic Techniques
Household context and individual departure
In the past, many people were 'unfree' in the sense that their movement was restricted, and out-migration without permission was regarded and recorded as 'escape.' Even though such escape was common in the past, historical studies mostly neglect this form of migration. This paper examines escape in historical East Asia, focusing on the influence of household context and individual characteristics on the chances of escape, taking advantage of larg…
New Sources for Comparative Social Science
Comparison and comparability lie at the heart of any comparative social science. Still, precise comparison is virtually impossible without using similar methods and similar data. In recent decades, social demographers, historians, and economic historians have compiled and made available a large number of micro-level data sets of historical populations for North America and Europe. Studies using these data have already made important contributions…
Ancestry Matters
Patrilineality, the organization of kinship, inheritance, and other key social processes based on patrilineal male descent, has been a salient feature of social organization in China and many other societies for centuries. Because patrilineage continuity or growth was the central focus of reproductive strategies in such societies, we introduce the number of patrilineal male descendants generations later as a stratification outcome. By reconstruct…
Migration in historical East Asia
A new era has dawned in the study of the historical demography of East Asia. Creation of new databases and expansion of existing databases have increased the number of settings for which data are available. Researchers have moved away from their initial focus on classic topics such as levels and trends of mortality and fertility to examine a wider variety of social and demographic outcomes, including marriage, migration, and social attainment. Me…
Ian Morris
Social mobility and demographic behaviour
We introduce a collection of papers that examine interactions between demographic behavior and social mobility via analysis of historical and contemporary longitudinal, individual- and household-level socioeconomic and demographic data. The authors origina
Kinship and the Long-Term Persistence of Inequality in Liaoning, China, 1749-2005
We demonstrate that in northeast China before the 20th century, kin groups played a important role in structuring patterns of inequality. There were substantial differences in the demographic behavior and social attainment of individuals according to kin group membership even after differences between villages and households were accounted for. There was also considerable continuity in the relative status of kin groups before the 20th century. Mo…
Fertility control in historical China revisited
We revisit the debate over deliberate control of reproduction in historical China through a reanalysis of data from the Qing (1644-911) Imperial Lineage that accounts for physiological or other differences between couples that affected their chances of having children. Even though studies of contemporary and historical European fertility suggest that failing to control for such differences may obscure evidence of parity-specific control, previous…
Wealth stratification and reproduction in Northeast China, 1866–1907
Although the importance of material wealth to population growth is the core of Malthusian theory about population dynamics in pre-transitional societies, our understanding of the relationship between wealth and reproductive success in China is still limited. Until recently, there was little in the way of relevant data. In the absence of empirical evidence to the contrary, conceptions of the Chinese demographic regime were largely Malthusian, in t…
Life under Pressure
Long-term mortality consequences of childhood family context in Liaoning, China, 1749-1909
Ancestry Matters
Patrilineality, the organization of kinship, inheritance, and other key social processes based on patrilineal male descent, has been a salient feature of social organization in China and many other societies for centuries. Because patrilineage continuity or growth was the central focus of reproductive strategies in such societies, we introduce the number of patrilineal male descendants generations later as a stratification outcome. By reconstruct…
Kinship and the Long-Term Persistence of Inequality in Liaoning, China, 1749-2005
We demonstrate that in northeast China before the 20th century, kin groups played a important role in structuring patterns of inequality. There were substantial differences in the demographic behavior and social attainment of individuals according to kin group membership even after differences between villages and households were accounted for. There was also considerable continuity in the relative status of kin groups before the 20th century. Mo…
Genealogical Microdata and Their Significance for Social Science
Despite long-standing recognition of the importance of family background in shaping life outcomes, only recently have empirical studies in demography, stratification, and other areas begun to consider the influence of kin other than parents. These new studies reflect the increasing availability of genealogical microdata that provide information about ancestors and kin over three or more generations. These data sets, including family genealogies, …
Differential Fertility and the Distribution of Traits
A recurrent fear during the past century is that the mean IQ level of populations will decline because persons with lower IQ scores have above-average fertility. Most microlevel data demonstrate such fertility differentials, but population IQ levels have risen rather than fallen. In this article, a simple two-sex model shows that negative fertility differentials are consistent with falling, rising, or constant IQ distributions. Under a wide varie…
Marital Fertility Control Among the Qing Nobility
Demographers, as early as Malthus, have assumed that the preventive checks, delayed marriage and celibacy, were absent in traditional China. In this paper on the Qing (1644-1911) imperial lineage, we demonstrate that, instead, there may have been a different, more 'modern' preventive check: fertility control within marriage. Marital fertility of lineage couples during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was low to moderate. Such low fertility…
Long-term mortality consequences of childhood family context in Liaoning, China, 1749-1909
Infant and Child Mortality Among the Qing Nobility
Demographers, as early as Malthus, have assumed that in traditional China the positive check, mortality, was largely beyond human control. This paper re-examines the role of the positive check in late imperial China through an analysis of an historical source of unprecedented demographic detail and accuracy: the genealogy of the Qing (1644–1911) imperial lineage. Basing ourselves on our calculations on the infant, child, and young adult mortality…
A death in the family
Through a discrete-time life-event analysis of triennial household register data from a northeast Chinese village, Daoyi, between 1774 and 1873, we find that an individual's probability of dying, which we treat as an indicator of access to resources and the nature of household roles, was affected by the composition of their coresident kin.... Widows and widowers had higher mortality than the currently married. Orphans had higher mortality than ch…
Social Mobility from a Kinship Perspective
This paper examines the role of kin networks in intergenerational mobility in rural Liaoning, China, 1789–1909. Classic studies of social mobility in historical China based on the records of imperial examination candidates suggest that society was relatively fluid. It has been claimed, however, that associations between fathers' and sons' outcomes overestimate the fluidity of historical Chinese society because many men who achieved prominence had…
New Sources for Comparative Social Science
Comparison and comparability lie at the heart of any comparative social science. Still, precise comparison is virtually impossible without using similar methods and similar data. In recent decades, social demographers, historians, and economic historians have compiled and made available a large number of micro-level data sets of historical populations for North America and Europe. Studies using these data have already made important contributions…
Positive Check or Chinese Checks
As recently as twenty-five years ago, there were virtually no demographers of China and there was little available data on Chinese demographic behavior. Thus in spite of intense interest in China's population dating back at least to Malthus (1766-1834), his initial understanding, or rather misunderstanding, of Chinese population dynamics remains dominant. While recent research on European population history has confirmed Malthus's observations th…
Free and unfree labor in Qing China
Though internal migration in China during the Qing era (1644–1911) was mostly unrestricted, the government tightly controlled the movement of peasants who worked state lands in frontier regions and certain other locations. Such peasants accounted for 5–10% of China's population. In the state farms of northeast China, households could move legally only from one place to another within the system. Departure from the system was illegal. In this arti…
Wealth stratification and reproduction in Northeast China, 1866–1907
Although the importance of material wealth to population growth is the core of Malthusian theory about population dynamics in pre-transitional societies, our understanding of the relationship between wealth and reproductive success in China is still limited. Until recently, there was little in the way of relevant data. In the absence of empirical evidence to the contrary, conceptions of the Chinese demographic regime were largely Malthusian, in t…
Pretransitional Fertility in China
Female Longevity and Diet in the Middle Ages
Social mobility and demographic behaviour
We introduce a collection of papers that examine interactions between demographic behavior and social mobility via analysis of historical and contemporary longitudinal, individual- and household-level socioeconomic and demographic data. The authors origina
Identity Construction and Reconstruction
The authors reconstruct processes of ethnic identification among residents of rural northeast China from the end of the eighteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth through an analysis of naming behavior. They apply discrete-time event-history techniques to individual life histories compiled from longitudinal, nominative household-register data from state farms in what is now Liaoning Province to identify the individual and household circ…
Public Health Efforts in China before 1949 and Their Effects on Mortality
Migration in historical East Asia
A new era has dawned in the study of the historical demography of East Asia. Creation of new databases and expansion of existing databases have increased the number of settings for which data are available. Researchers have moved away from their initial focus on classic topics such as levels and trends of mortality and fertility to examine a wider variety of social and demographic outcomes, including marriage, migration, and social attainment. Me…
Fertility control in historical China revisited
We revisit the debate over deliberate control of reproduction in historical China through a reanalysis of data from the Qing (1644-911) Imperial Lineage that accounts for physiological or other differences between couples that affected their chances of having children. Even though studies of contemporary and historical European fertility suggest that failing to control for such differences may obscure evidence of parity-specific control, previous…
Education, class and assortative marriage in rural Shanxi, China in the mid-twentieth century
Males’ Later-Life Mortality Consequences of Coresidence With Paternal Grandparents
In this study, we investigate the effect of early-life coresidence with paternal grandparents on male mortality risks in adulthood and older age in northeast China from 1789 to 1909. Despite growing interest in the influence of grandparents on child outcomes, few studies have examined the effect of coresidence with grandparents in early life on mortality in later life. We find that coresidence with paternal grandmothers in childhood is associated…
Household context and individual departure
In the past, many people were 'unfree' in the sense that their movement was restricted, and out-migration without permission was regarded and recorded as 'escape.' Even though such escape was common in the past, historical studies mostly neglect this form of migration. This paper examines escape in historical East Asia, focusing on the influence of household context and individual characteristics on the chances of escape, taking advantage of larg…
Kin Networks, Marriage, and Social Mobility in Late Imperial China
To assess claims about the role of the extended family in late imperial Chinese society, we examine the influence of kin network characteristics on marriage, reproduction, and attainment in Liaoning Province in Northeast China in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. We compare the influences on outcomes of the number and status of different types of kin as well as the seniority of the individual within each type of kin group. We find that the…
Headship succession and household division in three Chinese banner serf populations, 1789–1909
In late imperial China, as many as 10 per cent of all peasants were unfree. The most common form of unfree labour was state populations organized under the Eight Banners, an elite military organization. This article discusses household succession and household division in three such banner populations organized under the imperial household agency ( neiwufu ). The banner household, called hu in Han Chinese or boigon in Manchu Chinese, was defined …
Female Longevity and Diet in the Middle Ages
Reply to Coleman and Lam
Differential Fertility and the Distribution of Traits
A recurrent fear during the past century is that the mean IQ level of populations will decline because persons with lower IQ scores have above-average fertility. Most microlevel data demonstrate such fertility differentials, but population IQ levels have risen rather than fallen. In this article, a simple two-sex model shows that negative fertility differentials are consistent with falling, rising, or constant IQ distributions. Under a wide varie…
Infant and Child Mortality Among the Qing Nobility
Demographers, as early as Malthus, have assumed that in traditional China the positive check, mortality, was largely beyond human control. This paper re-examines the role of the positive check in late imperial China through an analysis of an historical source of unprecedented demographic detail and accuracy: the genealogy of the Qing (1644–1911) imperial lineage. Basing ourselves on our calculations on the infant, child, and young adult mortality…
Marital Fertility Control Among the Qing Nobility
Demographers, as early as Malthus, have assumed that the preventive checks, delayed marriage and celibacy, were absent in traditional China. In this paper on the Qing (1644-1911) imperial lineage, we demonstrate that, instead, there may have been a different, more 'modern' preventive check: fertility control within marriage. Marital fertility of lineage couples during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was low to moderate. Such low fertility…
A death in the family
Through a discrete-time life-event analysis of triennial household register data from a northeast Chinese village, Daoyi, between 1774 and 1873, we find that an individual's probability of dying, which we treat as an indicator of access to resources and the nature of household roles, was affected by the composition of their coresident kin.... Widows and widowers had higher mortality than the currently married. Orphans had higher mortality than ch…
Fate and Fortune in Rural China
Fate and Fortune in Rural China is a major contribution to the study of both the social and population history of late traditional China, and that of historical demography in general. Lee and Campbell use the example of Liaoning to demonstrate the interaction between demographic and other social pressures, and to illustrate graphically the nature of social mobility and social organization in rural China over the course of the century from 1774–18…
Public Health Efforts in China before 1949 and Their Effects on Mortality
Fate and Fortune in Rural China
Headship succession and household division in three Chinese banner serf populations, 1789–1909
In late imperial China, as many as 10 per cent of all peasants were unfree. The most common form of unfree labour was state populations organized under the Eight Banners, an elite military organization. This article discusses household succession and household division in three such banner populations organized under the imperial household agency ( neiwufu ). The banner household, called hu in Han Chinese or boigon in Manchu Chinese, was defined …
Fate and Fortune in Rural China
Free and unfree labor in Qing China
Though internal migration in China during the Qing era (1644–1911) was mostly unrestricted, the government tightly controlled the movement of peasants who worked state lands in frontier regions and certain other locations. Such peasants accounted for 5–10% of China's population. In the state farms of northeast China, households could move legally only from one place to another within the system. Departure from the system was illegal. In this arti…
Identity Construction and Reconstruction
The authors reconstruct processes of ethnic identification among residents of rural northeast China from the end of the eighteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth through an analysis of naming behavior. They apply discrete-time event-history techniques to individual life histories compiled from longitudinal, nominative household-register data from state farms in what is now Liaoning Province to identify the individual and household circ…
Pretransitional Fertility in China
Positive Check or Chinese Checks
As recently as twenty-five years ago, there were virtually no demographers of China and there was little available data on Chinese demographic behavior. Thus in spite of intense interest in China's population dating back at least to Malthus (1766-1834), his initial understanding, or rather misunderstanding, of Chinese population dynamics remains dominant. While recent research on European population history has confirmed Malthus's observations th…
Social Mobility from a Kinship Perspective
This paper examines the role of kin networks in intergenerational mobility in rural Liaoning, China, 1789–1909. Classic studies of social mobility in historical China based on the records of imperial examination candidates suggest that society was relatively fluid. It has been claimed, however, that associations between fathers' and sons' outcomes overestimate the fluidity of historical Chinese society because many men who achieved prominence had…
Histoire des populations et histoire des savoirs demographiques
Vulnerability and Resettlement
La recherche présentée ici est fondée sur l’exploitation longitudinale de données démographiques de quarante villages occupés par 19 240 migrants ruraux réimplantés et leurs descendants (231 392 observations annuelles et individuelles de 1870 à 1912). Des différences importantes de vulnérabilité suivant qu’il s’agit des immigrants de Pékin et de leurs descendants ou des immigrants ruraux du Liaoning et du Jilin et de leurs descendants sont mises …
Kin Networks, Marriage, and Social Mobility in Late Imperial China
To assess claims about the role of the extended family in late imperial Chinese society, we examine the influence of kin network characteristics on marriage, reproduction, and attainment in Liaoning Province in Northeast China in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. We compare the influences on outcomes of the number and status of different types of kin as well as the seniority of the individual within each type of kin group. We find that the…
Life under Pressure
Long-term mortality consequences of childhood family context in Liaoning, China, 1749-1909
Fertility control in historical China revisited
We revisit the debate over deliberate control of reproduction in historical China through a reanalysis of data from the Qing (1644-911) Imperial Lineage that accounts for physiological or other differences between couples that affected their chances of having children. Even though studies of contemporary and historical European fertility suggest that failing to control for such differences may obscure evidence of parity-specific control, previous…
Wealth stratification and reproduction in Northeast China, 1866–1907
Although the importance of material wealth to population growth is the core of Malthusian theory about population dynamics in pre-transitional societies, our understanding of the relationship between wealth and reproductive success in China is still limited. Until recently, there was little in the way of relevant data. In the absence of empirical evidence to the contrary, conceptions of the Chinese demographic regime were largely Malthusian, in t…
Kinship and the Long-Term Persistence of Inequality in Liaoning, China, 1749-2005
We demonstrate that in northeast China before the 20th century, kin groups played a important role in structuring patterns of inequality. There were substantial differences in the demographic behavior and social attainment of individuals according to kin group membership even after differences between villages and households were accounted for. There was also considerable continuity in the relative status of kin groups before the 20th century. Mo…
Social mobility and demographic behaviour
We introduce a collection of papers that examine interactions between demographic behavior and social mobility via analysis of historical and contemporary longitudinal, individual- and household-level socioeconomic and demographic data. The authors origina
Sociology (32 works) · China (29 works) · Demography (27 works) · Geography (24 works) · Political science (24 works) · Population (23 works) · Economics (21 works) · Historical Economic and Social Studies (21 works) · Law (20 works) · Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences (18 works)