Christopher Kennedy
Biographic Data
| ID | 3588228 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Christopher Kennedy |
| GIVEN NAMES | Christopher |
| FAMILY NAME | Kennedy |
| SIGNATURE | KENNEDY C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Toronto |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8812-4451 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 70 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 257 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 69 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1999 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Did “the railroads” cause US banks to fail in the 1930s
A combination of archival evidence, panel data, and time series analysis shows that the decline of railways played a major role in US bank failures of the 1930s. Possible failure mechanisms included banks holding: (1) obligations from financially distressed railways and (2) any form of railway bond which lost value due to a collapse. Twenty Massachusetts state banks that failed between 1931 and 1933 incurred average losses in the railway bond por…
Oil discovery, energy transition, and the decline in wholesale prices during the Great Depression
Statistical tests are used to examine the role of prices for petroleum, coal, and farm products in the Great Depression. A new empirical mapping of relationships between monthly energy and farm product prices and key macroeconomic variables shows how biophysical factors intersected with the price system in the 1930s US economy. Deflation was a critical feature of the Depression, with the US aggregate wholesale price index falling by 37 percentage…
Tipping points toward sustainability: The role of industrial ecology
The discussion of tipping points (TPs) is getting increasing attention when addressing the climate and energy crisis. While industrial ecology (IE) has been playing a role in the climate and energy debates, it has so far fallen short of substantially adding to the research on TPs. This forum input highlights how the current contributions from IE have impacted the scientific community's understanding of TP. It highlights potential areas where IE e…
The biophysical economic structure of four developed countries: Lessons for decarbonization
This study provides a comparative analysis of the biophysical economic structures of four developed economies—Sweden, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. We draw upon results from input–output models to map and analyze capital, energy, and carbon relationships in each economy. The capital stock of each country is divided into four sectors: (i) energy production and distribution, (ii) production of goods and services for consumption…
Winners of the 2024 Graedel Prizes: The Journal of Industrial Ecology Best Paper Prizes
Leverage points for improving urban biodiversity conservation in the Anthropocene: A novel ecosystem lens for social-ecological transformation
Environmental governance faces persistent challenges worldwide, with traditional conservation and restoration policies often proving ineffective against ongoing environmental degradation and biodiversity loss. This is driven largely by complex regulatory procedures and an outdated understanding of ecosystem dynamics and change which often fail to effectively engage stakeholders or acknowledge the emergence and value of disturbed or novel ecosyste…
Energy constraints on macroeconomic paradigms
Co-producing research and data visualization for environmental justice advocacy in climate change adaptation: The Milwaukee Flood-Health Vulnerability Assessment
Cities in the world are experiencing increases in the severity of extreme weather events, leading to significant threats for urban dwellers. Ensuring an equitable implementation of risk reduction interventions requires considering the uneven distributions of risk. However, adaptation planning often fails to adequately consider the distributional injustices of risk, potentially reproducing spatial inequalities. Current forms of engagement hinder t…
Winners of the 2022 Graedel Prizes: The Journal of Industrial Ecology Best Paper Prizes
Biophysical economic interpretation of the Great Depression: A critical period of an energy transition
The objective of this paper is to explain the cause and proceedings of the 1930s Great Depression from a biophysical economic perspective. The Depression was a painful episode in the socio‐technological transition from a coal/railroad regime to one based on hydrocarbons, motor vehicles, and electricity. The beginning—the Great Crash of October 1929—corresponded with drastic cuts in oil prices and announcement of oil supply certainty, following di…
Avoiding investment in fossil fuel assets
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions requires a transformation of capital assets in the economy, especially those for energy supply. This paper explores the hypothesis that economically efficient decarbonization occurs when the demand for fossil fuels declines at the same rate as their capital assets depreciate. In theory this means that new investments in fossil fuel assets are avoided, but without incurring stranded assets. We examine the practica…
Two currencies – Rethinking energy and the economy
How Could They Let This Happen? Cover Ups, Complicity, and the Problem of Accountability
Perceived and geographic access to urban green spaces in New York City during Covid-19
In New York City (NYC), the early period of the COVID-19 pandemic in the spring of 2020 induced a significant shift in the use and accessibility of urban green spaces (UGS). To understand the impact of COVID-19 on the access to UGS, we conducted a spatial analysis of geographic access to UGS and perceived access based on data collected from a social survey deployed from May 13 to June 15, 2020. We examine geographical accessibility to UGS and how…
Pragmatic reasoning and semantic convention: A case study on gradable adjectives
Gradable adjectives denote properties that are relativized to contextual thresholds of application: how long an object must be in order to count as long in a context of utterance depends on what the threshold is in that context. But thresholds are variable across contexts and adjectives, and are in general uncertain. This leads to two questions about the meanings of gradable adjectives in particular contexts of utterance: what truth conditions ar…
Winners of the 2021 Graedel Prizes: The Journal of Industrial Ecology Best Paper Prizes
A social-ecological-technological systems framework for urban ecosystem services
The Intersection of Biophysical Economics and Political Economy
Who benefits from urban green spaces during times of crisis? Perception and use of urban green spaces in New York City during the Covid-19 pandemic
Urban Scaling and the Benefits of Living in Cities
Winners of the 2020 Graedel prizes: The Journal of Industrial Ecology best paper prizes
A biophysical model of the industrial revolution
Student Voices: Child Perspectives on the Impact of Working With Teacher Candidates via Clinically Based Teacher Preparation Programs
This study seeks to understand the perspectives of children who work with teacher candidates in classrooms that partner with clinically based teacher preparation programs. Researchers interviewed 32 third- and fourth-grade students who work with teacher candidates. The study presents the little-heard voices of children, who spend considerable time with teacher candidates during clinical field experiences and whose perspectives contribute meaningf…
The thorny path toward greening: Unintended Consequences, Trade-Offs, and Constraints in Green and Blue Infrastructure Planning, Implementation, and Management
Kronenberg, J., E. Andersson, D. N. Barton, S. T. Borgström, J. Langemeyer, T. Björklund, D. Haase, C. Kennedy, K. Koprowska, E. Łaszkiewicz, T. McPhearson, E. E. Stange, and M. Wolff. 2021. The thorny path toward greening: unintended consequences, trade-offs, and constraints in green and blue infrastructure planning, implementation, and management. Ecology and Society 26(2):36. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12445-260236
The energy embodied in the first and second industrial revolutions
Scale Structure, Degree Modification, and the Semantics of Gradable Predicates
In this article we develop a semantic typology of gradable predicates, with special emphasis on deverbal adjectives. We argue for the linguistic relevance of this typology by demonstrating that the distribution and interpretation of degree modifiers is sensitive to its twomajor classificatory parameters: (1) whether a gradable predicate is associated with what we call an open or closed scale, and (2) whether the standard of comparison for the app…
Attributive Comparative Deletion
Comparative Deletion And Optimality In Syntax
An urban approach to planetary boundaries
Color, context, and compositionality
No more shall we part: Quantifiers in English comparatives
Structural economy in the processing and representation Of gapping sentences
The processing of ellipsis sentences can provide clues to their structure, as their structure can influence their processing. We present two studies examining the processing of a previously unexplored subclass of ellipsis sentence, gapping sentences in which one of the remnants is a preposed PP (PPGs). Like some other gapping structures, PPGs are ambiguous between readings in which a DP remnant is interpreted as a subject or as an object. However…
The thorny path toward greening: Unintended Consequences, Trade-Offs, and Constraints in Green and Blue Infrastructure Planning, Implementation, and Management
Kronenberg, J., E. Andersson, D. N. Barton, S. T. Borgström, J. Langemeyer, T. Björklund, D. Haase, C. Kennedy, K. Koprowska, E. Łaszkiewicz, T. McPhearson, E. E. Stange, and M. Wolff. 2021. The thorny path toward greening: unintended consequences, trade-offs, and constraints in green and blue infrastructure planning, implementation, and management. Ecology and Society 26(2):36. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12445-260236
Beyond Covid‐19: Five commentaries on reimagining governance for future crises and resilience
Several Canadian and international scholars offer commentaries on the implications of the COVID‐19 pandemic for governments and public service institutions, and fruitful directions for public administration research and practice. This second suite of commentaries considers the challenges confronting governments as a result of the COVID‐19 pandemic and in the decades to come with an increasingly broad lens: the need to understand and rethink the a…
Energy constraints on macroeconomic paradigms
Keeping global climate change within 1.5 °C through net negative electric cities
The Energy for Growing and Maintaining Cities
Scalar Structure Underlies Telicity in "Degree Achievements"
No abstract.
Fishing for a New Way to Teach Environmentally Sensitive Engineering Practice
Professional engineers are under increasing pressure to practice in an environmentally sensitive way. To prepare engineers for this new reality, changes in engineering education are needed. For example, engineering hydrology has traditionally been taught with an emphasis on the interpretation of numerical data bout rainfall and runoff in watersheds. However, to do environmentally sensitive hydrology work, it is necessary to also understand the li…
Attributive Comparative Deletion
Development of Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes in Engineering Students
A test was administered to 102 engineering students to ascertain how engineering education influences their environmental knowledge and attitudes. Answers to definitional and factual questions in a forced-answer section demonstrated that students were improving their technical knowledge, but responses to more subtle questions were mixed. Answers to attitudinal questions exhibited a trend towards increased environmental awareness. For open-ended q…
Comparative Deletion And Optimality In Syntax
Structural economy in the processing and representation Of gapping sentences
The processing of ellipsis sentences can provide clues to their structure, as their structure can influence their processing. We present two studies examining the processing of a previously unexplored subclass of ellipsis sentence, gapping sentences in which one of the remnants is a preposed PP (PPGs). Like some other gapping structures, PPGs are ambiguous between readings in which a DP remnant is interpreted as a subject or as an object. However…
Scale Structure, Degree Modification, and the Semantics of Gradable Predicates
In this article we develop a semantic typology of gradable predicates, with special emphasis on deverbal adjectives. We argue for the linguistic relevance of this typology by demonstrating that the distribution and interpretation of degree modifiers is sensitive to its twomajor classificatory parameters: (1) whether a gradable predicate is associated with what we call an open or closed scale, and (2) whether the standard of comparison for the app…
Comparing High and Low Residential Density: Life-Cycle Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
This study provides an empirical assessment of energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with high and low residential development. Three major elements of urban development are considered: construction materials for infrastructure (including residential dwellings, utilities, and roads), building operations, and transportation (private automobiles and public transit). Two case studies from the City of Toronto are analyzed. An econo…
Vagueness and grammar: The semantics of relative and absolute gradable adjectives
A Spatial Analysis of Residential Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area
Residential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area are spatially analyzed to determine the impact of urban form on emission‐causing activities. The key finding is that over the entire region, emissions from private auto use are on par with those from fuel use for building heating. Once beyond the transit‐intensive central core, private auto emissions surpass the emissions from building operations. Variation in tota…
The Changing Metabolism of Cities
The Changing Metabolism of Cities
Data from urban metabolism studies from eight metropolitan regions across five continents, conducted in various years since 1965, are assembled in consistent units and compared. Together with studies of water, materials, energy, and nutrient flows from additional cities, the comparison provides insights into the changing metabolism of cities. Most cities studied exhibit increasing per capita metabolism with respect to water, wastewater, energy, a…
Measure of change: The adjectival core of degree achievements
Current theories of aspect acknowledge the pervasiveness of verbs of variable telicity, and are designed to account both for why these verbs show such variability and for the complex conditions that give rise to telic and atelic interpretations. Previous work has identified several sets of such verbs, including incremental theme verbs, such as eat and destruy; degree achievements, such as cool and widen; and (a)telic directed motion verbs, such a…
Adjectives and adverbs: Syntax, Semantics, and Discourse
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Global Cities
The world's population is now over 50% urban, and cities make an important contribution to national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Many cities are developing strategies to reduce their emissions. Here we ask how and why emissions differ between cities. Our study often global cities shows how a balance of geophysical factors (climate, access to resources, and gateway status) and technical factors (power generation, urban design, and waste process…
Methodology for inventorying greenhouse gas emissions from global cities
Characterizing metro networks: State, form, and structure
Color, context, and compositionality
The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design
Hour-by-Hour Analysis for Increased Accuracy of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for a Low-Energy Condominium Design
Sustainable Urban Systems: An Integrated Approach
Greenhouse Gas Emission Scenario Modeling for Cities Using the Purge Model: A Case Study of the Greater Toronto Area
Cities globally are in the midst of taking action to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. After the vital step of emissions quantification, strategies must be developed to detail how emissions reductions targets will be achieved. The Pathways to Urban Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions (PURGE) model allows the estimation of emissions from four pertinent urban sectors: electricity generation, buildings, private transportation, and waste. Add…
Gross Direct and Embodied Carbon Sinks for Urban Inventories
Cities and urban regions are undertaking efforts to quantify greenhouse (GHG) emissions from their jurisdictional boundaries. Although inventorying methodologies are beginning to standardize for GHG sources, carbon sequestration is generally not quantified. This article describes the methodology and quantification of gross urban carbon sinks. Sinks are categorized into direct and embodied sinks. Direct sinks generally incorporate natural process,…
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Chinese Cities
As some of the most rapidly urbanizing places in the world, China's cities have a unique relationship with global climate change. The economies found in Chinese cities are extremely resource and energy intensive; as a result, they produce significant levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This article provides comprehensive and detailed emissions inventories for Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin, which were found to be responsible for 12.8, 10.7,…
Response to Wiedmann
This commentary is prompted by Thomas Wiedmann's “Defining (Urban) Producer and Consumer Sinks” published in this issue. In his article, Wiedmann presents a new framework for categorizing carbon sinks by borrowing practices from carbon emissions accounting and, essentially, proposing a “carbon sink footprint” model for urban inventories. While this is a valuable new concept, we argue that it is difficult to apply accurately given current knowledg…
Economics (43 works) · Environmental Impact and Sustainability (28 works) · Ecology (26 works) · Computer Science (23 works) · Engineering (22 works) · Sustainability (22 works) · Business (21 works) · Environmental Science (21 works) · Geography (21 works) · Natural resource economics (21 works)