Stephen Clark
Biographic Data
| ID | 3590561 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Stephen Clark |
| GIVEN NAMES | Stephen |
| FAMILY NAME | Clark |
| SIGNATURE | CLARK S |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Cambridge |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2193-4705 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 23 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 52 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 23 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1968 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
Simulating Area‐Level Population Outcomes
Estimating unknown outcomes at small‐area population level is a routine task in spatial analysis. We demonstrate how multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP), widely used in political polling, overcomes some deficiencies in spatial microsimulation (SPM), the de facto approach in quantitative geography. Using individual‐level data from the Health Survey for England and population‐level data from the 2021 UK Census, we evaluate MRP and SP…
Is the spatial persistence of deprivation dependent on neighbouring areas
In the context of poverty and deprivation alleviation by national and local government, we use census data to explore 50 year trajectories of area deprivation to provide insight into how the spatial context of a community influences these trajectories. Using the temporal and spatial framework of spatial Markov models, we provide evidence for England and Wales on whether changing levels of deprivation over time are conditioned by areas having diff…
Retail banking closures in the United Kingdom. Are neighbourhood characteristics associated with retail bank branch closures
The United Kingdom retail banking sector has been through many changes over the past decade, driven by economic, technological and pandemic factors. This is perhaps most evident through the rationalisation of the branch networks, primarily through branch closures. There is a concern that these closures can have differential effects on certain sections of society, reducing or eliminating their access to cash and financial services. In this study w…
Saber de ausencia
An exploration of recent trends in the number of British pubs and how these vary by neighbourhood type
The common narrative in the media is that the British public house is in terminal decline and that these losses are having a significant impact on local communities. While it is true that some pubs are closing, it is also true that others are opening. This article examines the quarterly trend of pub numbers over eight years in various neighbourhoods and utilises a multilevel model to estimate and illustrate these trends. City and town centres wit…
Rent/price ratio for English housing sub‐markets using matched sales and rental data
The ratio between the rental and sales values of residential properties are a much studied statistic in the field of real estate economics. When these values do not keep pace with each other, and in particular when the ratio is low, some commentators take this as an indication that there may be a housing bubble building. The ratios are also of interest to potential property investors. These ratios are commonly computed on aggregate statistics der…
Towards a framework for measuring local government return on investment in arts and cultural development
Local governments make a significant annual investment in arts and cultural development programmes. However, the practicalities of measuring the return on this investment have been largely overlooked by researchers, and investigations into return on investment have frequently focused on the economic return. Here, it is argued that intrinsic social and cultural returns on investment are equally important. A further issue is that measurement framew…
Relpron
This article introduces RELPRON, a large data set of subject and object relative clauses, for the evaluation of methods in compositional distributional semantics. RELPRON targets an intermediate level of grammatical complexity between content-word pairs and full sentences. The task involves matching terms, such as “wisdom,” with representative properties, such as “quality that experience teaches.” A unique feature of RELPRON is that it is built f…
Gary Michael Atkinson, Our Search with Socrates for Moral Truth
Discriminative Syntax-Based Word Ordering for Text Generation
Word ordering is a fundamental problem in text generation. In this article, we study word ordering using a syntax-based approach and a discriminative model. Two grammar formalisms are considered: Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) and dependency grammar. Given the search for a likely string and syntactic analysis, the search space is massive, making discriminative training challenging. We develop a learning-guided search framework, based on bes…
Practical Linguistic Steganography using Contextual Synonym Substitution and a Novel Vertex Coding Method
Linguistic steganography is concerned with hiding information in natural language text. One of the major transformations used in linguistic steganography is synonym substitution. However, few existing studies have studied the practical application of this approach. In this article we propose two improvements to the use of synonym substitution for encoding hidden bits of information. First, we use the Google n-gram corpus for checking the applicab…
Plato's Philosophers
Catherine H. Zuckert: Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009, pp. 896. £31.00, $45.00 (hb.). ISBN 978-0-226-99338-6 Catherine Zuckert's pri...
Syntactic Processing Using the Generalized Perceptron and Beam Search
We study a range of syntactic processing tasks using a general statistical framework that consists of a global linear model, trained by the generalized perceptron together with a generic beam-search decoder. We apply the framework to word segmentation, joint segmentation and POS-tagging, dependency parsing, and phrase-structure parsing. Both components of the framework are conceptually and computationally very simple. The beam-search decoder only…
Plotinus on Intellect - Eyjólfur Kjalar Emilsson
Journal Article Plotinus on Intellect – Eyjólfur Kjalar Emilsson Get access Plotinus on Intellect. Eyjólfur Kjalar Emilsson, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007. Pp. viii + 232. Price £39.00.) Stephen Clark Stephen Clark University of Liverpool Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 59, Issue 235, April 2009, Pages 357–359, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9213.2009.618_1.x Published:…
Wide-Coverage Efficient Statistical Parsing with CCG and Log-Linear Models
This article describes a number of log-linear parsing models for an automatically extracted lexicalized grammar. The models are “full” parsing models in the sense that probabilities are defined for complete parses, rather than for independent events derived by decomposing the parse tree. Discriminative training is used to estimate the models, which requires incorrect parses for each sentence in the training data as well as the correct parse. The …
Respecting Sentient Beings
Title Index
Class-Based Probability Estimation Using a Semantic Hierarchy
This article concerns the estimation of a particular kind of probability, namely, the probability of a noun sense appearing as a particular argument of a predicate. In order to overcome the accompanying sparse-data problem, the proposal here is to define the probabilities in terms of senses from a semantic hierarchy and exploit the fact that the senses can be grouped into classes consisting of semantically similar senses. There is a particular fo…
The Political Philosophy of the British Idealists
Journal Article Book Reviews Get access The Political Philosophy of the British Idealists. By Peter P. Nicholson. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pp. x + 359. Price £40.00.) Stephen Clark Stephen Clark University of Liverpool Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 41, Issue 164, July 1991, Pages 365–367, https://doi.org/10.2307/2220045 Published: 01 July 1991
Animals' Rights Considered in Relation to Social Progress
Journal Article Book Reviews Get access Animals’ Rights Considered in Relation to Social Progress. By Henry S. Salt ( Centaur Press, 1980. Pp. 256. Price £7.50) Stephen Clark Stephen Clark University of Glasgow Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 33, Issue 130, January 1983, Pages 98–100, https://doi.org/10.2307/2219213 Published: 01 January 1983
On Indices for the Measurement of Poverty
Journal Article On Indices for the Measurement of Poverty Get access Stephen Clark, Stephen Clark S.S.R.C. Survey Archive, University of Essex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Richard Hemming, Richard Hemming Institute for Fiscal Studies, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar David Ulph David Ulph University College London Search for other works by this author on: O…
Self-Perception of Therapeutic Gain as a Function of Situational Cues
It was hypothesized that a client's sell-perception of improvement in therapy is in part a function of situational cues. Clients will see themselves as changing in ways implicitly suggested by such cues. In contrast, an “intrapsychic” view sees change as a function of internal mechanisms. Sixtyfive undergraduate Ss self-disclosed on a problem for 10 minutes via intercom to a silent “listener” in another room. Ss were then assigned to one of four …
Authoritarian Attitudes and Field Dependence
This study sought to investigate further the dependency of authoritarian attitudes on field dependence by using a factor analytically derived measure of authoritarian attitudes, the F + D scale. 523 college Ss completed the F + D scale, and the high and low scorers were selected from the extreme ends of the male distribution of 264 Ss. 20 Ss in each extreme group were individually administered Jackson's Short Form of the Embedded Figures Test (EF…
On Indices for the Measurement of Poverty
Journal Article On Indices for the Measurement of Poverty Get access Stephen Clark, Stephen Clark S.S.R.C. Survey Archive, University of Essex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Richard Hemming, Richard Hemming Institute for Fiscal Studies, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar David Ulph David Ulph University College London Search for other works by this author on: O…
Wide-Coverage Efficient Statistical Parsing with CCG and Log-Linear Models
This article describes a number of log-linear parsing models for an automatically extracted lexicalized grammar. The models are “full” parsing models in the sense that probabilities are defined for complete parses, rather than for independent events derived by decomposing the parse tree. Discriminative training is used to estimate the models, which requires incorrect parses for each sentence in the training data as well as the correct parse. The …
Relpron
This article introduces RELPRON, a large data set of subject and object relative clauses, for the evaluation of methods in compositional distributional semantics. RELPRON targets an intermediate level of grammatical complexity between content-word pairs and full sentences. The task involves matching terms, such as “wisdom,” with representative properties, such as “quality that experience teaches.” A unique feature of RELPRON is that it is built f…
Discriminative Syntax-Based Word Ordering for Text Generation
Word ordering is a fundamental problem in text generation. In this article, we study word ordering using a syntax-based approach and a discriminative model. Two grammar formalisms are considered: Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) and dependency grammar. Given the search for a likely string and syntactic analysis, the search space is massive, making discriminative training challenging. We develop a learning-guided search framework, based on bes…
Syntactic Processing Using the Generalized Perceptron and Beam Search
We study a range of syntactic processing tasks using a general statistical framework that consists of a global linear model, trained by the generalized perceptron together with a generic beam-search decoder. We apply the framework to word segmentation, joint segmentation and POS-tagging, dependency parsing, and phrase-structure parsing. Both components of the framework are conceptually and computationally very simple. The beam-search decoder only…
Retail banking closures in the United Kingdom. Are neighbourhood characteristics associated with retail bank branch closures
The United Kingdom retail banking sector has been through many changes over the past decade, driven by economic, technological and pandemic factors. This is perhaps most evident through the rationalisation of the branch networks, primarily through branch closures. There is a concern that these closures can have differential effects on certain sections of society, reducing or eliminating their access to cash and financial services. In this study w…
Towards a framework for measuring local government return on investment in arts and cultural development
Local governments make a significant annual investment in arts and cultural development programmes. However, the practicalities of measuring the return on this investment have been largely overlooked by researchers, and investigations into return on investment have frequently focused on the economic return. Here, it is argued that intrinsic social and cultural returns on investment are equally important. A further issue is that measurement framew…
Class-Based Probability Estimation Using a Semantic Hierarchy
This article concerns the estimation of a particular kind of probability, namely, the probability of a noun sense appearing as a particular argument of a predicate. In order to overcome the accompanying sparse-data problem, the proposal here is to define the probabilities in terms of senses from a semantic hierarchy and exploit the fact that the senses can be grouped into classes consisting of semantically similar senses. There is a particular fo…
Authoritarian Attitudes and Field Dependence
This study sought to investigate further the dependency of authoritarian attitudes on field dependence by using a factor analytically derived measure of authoritarian attitudes, the F + D scale. 523 college Ss completed the F + D scale, and the high and low scorers were selected from the extreme ends of the male distribution of 264 Ss. 20 Ss in each extreme group were individually administered Jackson's Short Form of the Embedded Figures Test (EF…
Self-Perception of Therapeutic Gain as a Function of Situational Cues
It was hypothesized that a client's sell-perception of improvement in therapy is in part a function of situational cues. Clients will see themselves as changing in ways implicitly suggested by such cues. In contrast, an “intrapsychic” view sees change as a function of internal mechanisms. Sixtyfive undergraduate Ss self-disclosed on a problem for 10 minutes via intercom to a silent “listener” in another room. Ss were then assigned to one of four …
On Indices for the Measurement of Poverty
Journal Article On Indices for the Measurement of Poverty Get access Stephen Clark, Stephen Clark S.S.R.C. Survey Archive, University of Essex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Richard Hemming, Richard Hemming Institute for Fiscal Studies, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar David Ulph David Ulph University College London Search for other works by this author on: O…
Animals' Rights Considered in Relation to Social Progress
Journal Article Book Reviews Get access Animals’ Rights Considered in Relation to Social Progress. By Henry S. Salt ( Centaur Press, 1980. Pp. 256. Price £7.50) Stephen Clark Stephen Clark University of Glasgow Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 33, Issue 130, January 1983, Pages 98–100, https://doi.org/10.2307/2219213 Published: 01 January 1983
The Political Philosophy of the British Idealists
Journal Article Book Reviews Get access The Political Philosophy of the British Idealists. By Peter P. Nicholson. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pp. x + 359. Price £40.00.) Stephen Clark Stephen Clark University of Liverpool Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 41, Issue 164, July 1991, Pages 365–367, https://doi.org/10.2307/2220045 Published: 01 July 1991
Title Index
Class-Based Probability Estimation Using a Semantic Hierarchy
This article concerns the estimation of a particular kind of probability, namely, the probability of a noun sense appearing as a particular argument of a predicate. In order to overcome the accompanying sparse-data problem, the proposal here is to define the probabilities in terms of senses from a semantic hierarchy and exploit the fact that the senses can be grouped into classes consisting of semantically similar senses. There is a particular fo…
Respecting Sentient Beings
Wide-Coverage Efficient Statistical Parsing with CCG and Log-Linear Models
This article describes a number of log-linear parsing models for an automatically extracted lexicalized grammar. The models are “full” parsing models in the sense that probabilities are defined for complete parses, rather than for independent events derived by decomposing the parse tree. Discriminative training is used to estimate the models, which requires incorrect parses for each sentence in the training data as well as the correct parse. The …
Plotinus on Intellect - Eyjólfur Kjalar Emilsson
Journal Article Plotinus on Intellect – Eyjólfur Kjalar Emilsson Get access Plotinus on Intellect. Eyjólfur Kjalar Emilsson, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007. Pp. viii + 232. Price £39.00.) Stephen Clark Stephen Clark University of Liverpool Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 59, Issue 235, April 2009, Pages 357–359, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9213.2009.618_1.x Published:…
Plato's Philosophers
Catherine H. Zuckert: Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009, pp. 896. £31.00, $45.00 (hb.). ISBN 978-0-226-99338-6 Catherine Zuckert's pri...
Syntactic Processing Using the Generalized Perceptron and Beam Search
We study a range of syntactic processing tasks using a general statistical framework that consists of a global linear model, trained by the generalized perceptron together with a generic beam-search decoder. We apply the framework to word segmentation, joint segmentation and POS-tagging, dependency parsing, and phrase-structure parsing. Both components of the framework are conceptually and computationally very simple. The beam-search decoder only…
Practical Linguistic Steganography using Contextual Synonym Substitution and a Novel Vertex Coding Method
Linguistic steganography is concerned with hiding information in natural language text. One of the major transformations used in linguistic steganography is synonym substitution. However, few existing studies have studied the practical application of this approach. In this article we propose two improvements to the use of synonym substitution for encoding hidden bits of information. First, we use the Google n-gram corpus for checking the applicab…
Discriminative Syntax-Based Word Ordering for Text Generation
Word ordering is a fundamental problem in text generation. In this article, we study word ordering using a syntax-based approach and a discriminative model. Two grammar formalisms are considered: Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) and dependency grammar. Given the search for a likely string and syntactic analysis, the search space is massive, making discriminative training challenging. We develop a learning-guided search framework, based on bes…
Relpron
This article introduces RELPRON, a large data set of subject and object relative clauses, for the evaluation of methods in compositional distributional semantics. RELPRON targets an intermediate level of grammatical complexity between content-word pairs and full sentences. The task involves matching terms, such as “wisdom,” with representative properties, such as “quality that experience teaches.” A unique feature of RELPRON is that it is built f…
Gary Michael Atkinson, Our Search with Socrates for Moral Truth
Towards a framework for measuring local government return on investment in arts and cultural development
Local governments make a significant annual investment in arts and cultural development programmes. However, the practicalities of measuring the return on this investment have been largely overlooked by researchers, and investigations into return on investment have frequently focused on the economic return. Here, it is argued that intrinsic social and cultural returns on investment are equally important. A further issue is that measurement framew…
Rent/price ratio for English housing sub‐markets using matched sales and rental data
The ratio between the rental and sales values of residential properties are a much studied statistic in the field of real estate economics. When these values do not keep pace with each other, and in particular when the ratio is low, some commentators take this as an indication that there may be a housing bubble building. The ratios are also of interest to potential property investors. These ratios are commonly computed on aggregate statistics der…
Retail banking closures in the United Kingdom. Are neighbourhood characteristics associated with retail bank branch closures
The United Kingdom retail banking sector has been through many changes over the past decade, driven by economic, technological and pandemic factors. This is perhaps most evident through the rationalisation of the branch networks, primarily through branch closures. There is a concern that these closures can have differential effects on certain sections of society, reducing or eliminating their access to cash and financial services. In this study w…
Saber de ausencia
An exploration of recent trends in the number of British pubs and how these vary by neighbourhood type
The common narrative in the media is that the British public house is in terminal decline and that these losses are having a significant impact on local communities. While it is true that some pubs are closing, it is also true that others are opening. This article examines the quarterly trend of pub numbers over eight years in various neighbourhoods and utilises a multilevel model to estimate and illustrate these trends. City and town centres wit…
Is the spatial persistence of deprivation dependent on neighbouring areas
In the context of poverty and deprivation alleviation by national and local government, we use census data to explore 50 year trajectories of area deprivation to provide insight into how the spatial context of a community influences these trajectories. Using the temporal and spatial framework of spatial Markov models, we provide evidence for England and Wales on whether changing levels of deprivation over time are conditioned by areas having diff…
Simulating Area‐Level Population Outcomes
Estimating unknown outcomes at small‐area population level is a routine task in spatial analysis. We demonstrate how multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP), widely used in political polling, overcomes some deficiencies in spatial microsimulation (SPM), the de facto approach in quantitative geography. Using individual‐level data from the Health Survey for England and population‐level data from the 2021 UK Census, we evaluate MRP and SP…
Computer Science (9 works) · Artificial Intelligence (6 works) · Natural Language Processing Techniques (6 works) · Mathematics (5 works) · Political science (5 works) · Sociology (5 works) · Topic Modeling (5 works) · Natural language processing (4 works) · Philosophy (4 works) · Art (3 works)