Ken Roberts
Biographic Data
| ID | 3590873 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ken Roberts |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ken |
| FAMILY NAME | Roberts |
| SIGNATURE | ROBERTS K |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Liverpool |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7492-9953 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 116 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 310 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 116 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1968 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Youth and youth research in Britain (and elsewhere), 1960s–2020s
This paper starts with a sketch of youth research in Britain in the 1960s. It then examines how a rise in youth unemployment in the 1970s elevated the education-to-work transition into the lead issue in youth research. Failed attempts to solve youth unemployment led to the expansion of some old and the creation of some new routes through post-compulsory education and training. This extended the youth stage upwards. The paper then moves from recor…
Where Has All Our Leisure Gone? The Case of the UK, 1950s-2020s
This paper compares leisure trends between the 1950s and 1970s with subsequent developments. It shows that in the earlier period the growth in leisure time and expenditure was either shared experiences or equalising. Subsequent gains in leisure time and spending have been focused and divisive. Gains in leisure time have been concentrated among the retired, and gains in income and spending among the higher socio-economic strata. These trends have …
Bleak prospects: Youth transitions in twenty-first century Britain
Europe’s Education-to-Work Transition Regimes in the Twenty-First Century
Irreplacable but Limited: The Value of Large-Scale Time Use Surveys in Leisure Studies. The Case of Differences in Time Use by Sex, Age and Income from before to after the Covid-19 Lockdowns in the UK
The UK pandemic lockdowns left enduring legacies in time use: paid work time up, travelling time down, and leisure time up. This paper uses evidence from the special pandemic series of time use surveys to show how the lockdown experience changed the lives of men and women, age groups and income bands, in different ways. There was a substantial shift of paid work into people’s homes. Time use became relatively genderless. Men increased and women r…
How Europe’s Former Communist States Have Added More Variety without Extending the Range of Variation in the Continent’s Education-to-Work Transitions
Europe’s family of diverse education-to-work transition regimes has been able to enlarge eastwards without adding to the range of variation. Former communist states have been able to restart their pre-communist educational histories without difficulty. This is largely on account of the pivotal position of academic secondary schools throughout the continent. This position was established prior to, and continued under communism. The schools were ab…
Time use, work and leisure in the UK before, during, between and following the Covid-19 lockdowns
This paper presents findings from time-use surveys in the UK, which were conducted prior to, during and following the Covid-19 lockdowns in 2020 and 2021. These findings are set against the background of evidence from similar surveys in the UK and globally from 1920s onwards. Movements into and out of successive lockdowns between 2020 and 2021 disrupted former temporary routines with consequences that endured in 2022. There has been no return to …
Education-to-Work Transitions in Former Communist Countries after 30-Plus Years of Transformation
This paper reviews how young people's education-to-work transitions have changed since 1989 in former communist countries that have subsequently become full members of the European Union (EU). The sudden collapse of the command economies led to an equally abrupt breakdown in earlier routes into working life. Subsequently, the new independent states have reconstructed their education and training, and their market economies have developed. They no…
Integrating Young People into the Workforce: England’s Twenty-First Century Solutions
This paper uses the transition regime concept in a case study of how the regime in England has been reconstructed since the 1980s. It explains how the former transition regime evolved gradually up to the 1970s. Thereafter the regime proved unable to cope with an acceleration of de-industrialisation and the government’s switch to neo-liberal social and economic policies. These changes destroyed many working-class routes into employment. The result…
Political economy and young people’s transitions from education-to-work in the UK during and following the 2020 and 2021 lockdowns
This paper rejects the cases made in recent volumes of this journal for incorporating political economy into youth studies. A brief review of young people’s transitions from education into employment in the UK during and following the 2020 and 2021 lockdowns shows how youth transitions research engages routinely with changes and continuities in politics, state policies, the economy and labour markets. It is argued that the main weaknesses in curr…
Education-to-Work Transitions during the Covid-19 Lockdowns in Britain, 2020-2021
This paper uses official data, and the research conducted by policy think tanks and independent research organizations, to chart the experiences of Britain’s COVID cohort who either spent the final year of their full-time education and/or their first year in the labour market wholly or partly under the pandemic lockdowns which began in March 2020 and continued, with interruptions, until July 2021. The data show that government’s “no detriment” po…
Still speaking to ourselves: Leisure studies in a wilderness of multiple modernities
During the last 30 years, leisure scholars have tended to split into specialists on sport, tourism, and other “little leisures”. Meanwhile, the voices of scholars who continue to write about “big leisure” rarely travel beyond their own networks. This paper explains how leisure research and theory commanded wider audiences during the early and mid-twentieth century. This was in binary international political contexts in which democracies and fasci…
Informing Human Trafficking Clinical Care Through Two Systematic Reviews on Sexual Assault and Intimate Partner Violence
Regime Change: Education to Work Transitions in England, 1980s–2020s
This paper argues the case for viewing a country’s transition regime as a totality in which different career steps and routes assign significance and value to one another. Following the destruction of major sections of Britain’s transition regime in the 1970s and 1980s, the paper explains how the regime has subsequently been reconstructed following the 1988 Education Reform Act, replacing the vocational education and training schemes of the 1980s…
Dealignment: Class in Britain and Class in British Sociology Since 1945
This paper sets changes in Britain’s class structure since 1945 alongside the parallel sociological controversies about class. Since the 1970s, the class scheme developed by John Goldthorpe and colleagues for initial use in their study of social mobility in Britain has become sociology’s standard template for thinking about and researching class. Versions have been adopted by the UK government and the European Union as their official socio-econom…
Generation equity and inequity: Gilded and jilted generations in Britain since 1945
This paper interrogates claims that millennial youth are being jilted by gilded baby boomers. The interrogation is by comparing the education and early experiences in labour and housing markets, then (when possible) the subsequent lives, of three post-1945 British cohorts: the immediate post-war cohort who completed education between 1945 and 1960, their children who passed through the same youth life stage in the late-1970s and 1980s, and finall…
Locked down leisure in Britain
This paper explains how the spread of Covid-19 in early-2020 led to containment measures throughout Europe, including a legally enforced lockdown in the UK from 23 March which closed most out-of-home leisure provisions. Time use evidence is then used to show how lockdown led to an abrupt, unprecedented in scale, increase in residual ‘leisure’ time, and how this was distributed and used among males and females, in different age groups. The immedia…
Youth in Saudi Arabia
Transformation or reproduction? Trends with age in gender and class divisions in young single adults’ uses of free time in south and east Mediterranean countries since “the events of 2011”
This paper urges resetting research into youth and leisure to match recent extensions of the life stage. It also proposes that the special mission of sociology within studies of youth and leisure should be to focus on “Big Leisure”, all of it, rather than a series of “little leisures”. These proposals are applied in analysing the findings from surveys of nationally representative samples totalling approximately 2000, 15–29-year-olds in each of fi…
Interrogating waithood: Family and housing life stage transitions among young adults in North-West Africa countries
The term ‘waithood’ has become increasingly used to describe the situations of 20-something males and females throughout the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The suggestion is that, following a youth life stage, young adults’ lives stall due to males’ inability to obtain sufficiently stable and salaried employment to enable them to head new family forming households, which leaves young women, most of whom do not enter the labour market, unabl…
Explaining Education-to-Work Transitions: Thinking Backwards, Situating Agency and Comparing Countries
This paper argues that explanations must start at the end of young people’s education-to-work transitions, with employers’ recruitment behaviour and preferences, which then govern the content of and recruitment to preceding education and training. Young people themselves exercise agency: this propels their careers forward biographically, but necessarily consolidates opportunity structures (variously called routes, pathways or trajectories) that h…
Young adults, new media, leisure and change in Saudi Arabia
This paper outlines how satellite television, the internet and cell phones have entered then spread within Saudi Arabia. We identify the short-term and discuss likely longer term outcomes in a country where, up to now, out-of-home leisure has been unusually restricted and which remains an absolute monarchy. Previous research into young people’s uses of the new media is reviewed, followed by the results of our own investigations into young Saudis’…
Leisure, Risk and Reflexivity
This chapter discusses how risks of various kinds have become normal parts of life in modern societies. It explains how at leisure young people not only encounter risks, but also often embrace them as sources of excitement in otherwise mundane lives.
Still Troubled: Tunisia’s Youth During and Since the Revolution of 2011
This paper presents evidence from interviews in 2015–2016 with a nationally representative sample of Tunisia’s 15–29 year olds. We focus on the sample’s political participation and orientations during the revolution of 2011 and subsequently. We find that just 6.6 percent of those aged 15–24 at the time played any direct part in the ‘events of 2011’. Political engagement then and subsequently is shown to have been influenced most strongly by a uni…
Michael Bampton-Smith
The end of the long baby-boomer generation
This article argues that the post-war baby boomers led a long generation in which successive cohorts achieved, and came to expect, continuous improvement in living standards. The article proceeds to argue that current cohorts of young people in all Western countries will become the vanguard of a successor generation, distinguished by a different youth life stage and also by different characteristic experience of adulthood and, eventually, a diffe…
Explaining differences in sport participation rates among young adults: Evidence from the South Caucasus
This paper presents and discusses evidence about the sport careers of representative samples of 31—37 year olds from the capital city and a comparator region in each of the three South Caucasus countries —Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. This is one of the few surveys to measure sport participation that allows change over time at the aggregate and individual levels to be distinguished. The evidence suggests that many differences in sport particip…
Youth Transitions and Generations: A Response to Wyn and Woodman
Wyn and Woodman (2006) have urged shifting youth research away from a transition paradigm to a generation paradigm. The evidence that they marshal in support is mainly from Australia, but their arg
Leisure: The importance of being inconsequential
This paper argues that by focusing on ‘little leisures’ (sport, tourism and so on, leisure that is serious or casual, or leisure that produces ‘flow’, or on the specifics of the leisure of selected socio‐demographic groups), leisure studies lose sight of the truly consequential outcomes from leisure. It is argued that explaining the ways in which leisure as a whole has grown, and has not grown, and also the relative freedom of individuals to choo…
Youth mobilisations and political generations: Young activists in political change movements during and since the twentieth century
This paper uses political generations theory to examine the main youth mobilisations during and since the twentieth century: pre-1939 fascist and communist movements; the student movements of the 1960s and 70s; movements that challenged colonial and neo-colonial rulers in less developed countries and young people's involvement in the revolutions that saw the end of communism in East-Central and South-East Europe in 1989. Conclusions from this rev…
Change and Continuity in Youth Transitions in Eastern Europe: Lessons for Western Sociology
This paper argues that the evidence from research among young people in post-communist countries vindicates and should consolidate confidence in the Western sociology of youth's conventional transitions paradigm which seeks links between social origins, routes and destinations. Contrary to claims about postmodern fluidity, individualisation, and a blurring of traditional structural boundaries, the expected links between origins, routes and destin…
Is leisure studies “ethnocentric”? If so, does this matter
This paper distinguishes the study of leisure from leisure studies, then proceeds to show that since the 1960s leisure studies has become more uniformly Anglophone and, in this sense, mare ethnocentric. However, although certain “voices” have been lost and others have been silenced by historical events, Anglophone leisure studies has demonstrated an ability to listen to voices from, and to understand the distinctive properties of leisure in socie…
Key Concepts in Sociology
Leisure inequalities, class divisions and social exclusion in present-day Britain
This article addresses two questions. Does the leisure evidence indicate the existence of excluded groups in present-day Britain? Do any particular uses of leisure lead to the acquisition of socio-cultural assets that are convertible into, or able to expand and transform into economic assets reflected in labour market achievements? The overall pattern of leisure participation in Britain is described: the co-existence of activities in which virtua…
Flexibility and Individualisation: A Comparison of Transitions into Employment in England and Germany
In virtually all advanced capitalist industrial societies, transitions from compulsory education into employment have been prolonged since the 1970s. The basic reasons are the same everywhere, but there have been contrasting interpretations of youth's new social condition by different countries' social scientists. Here a particularly sharp contrast is between Britain and Germany. In the former country most researchers have taken a negative view o…
Locked down leisure in Britain
This paper explains how the spread of Covid-19 in early-2020 led to containment measures throughout Europe, including a legally enforced lockdown in the UK from 23 March which closed most out-of-home leisure provisions. Time use evidence is then used to show how lockdown led to an abrupt, unprecedented in scale, increase in residual ‘leisure’ time, and how this was distributed and used among males and females, in different age groups. The immedia…
New class divisions in the new market economies: Evidence from the careers of young adults in post-Soviet Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia
This paper presents evidence from the biographies of samples totaling 1,215 young adults in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, who all reached age 16 between 1986 and 1992, and whose subsequent life histories coincided with their countries’ transitions from communism. The evidence is used to examine whether new classes are being created in the new market economies and, if so, where the new divisions lie. Economic classes are defined as aggregates w…
Generation equity and inequity: Gilded and jilted generations in Britain since 1945
This paper interrogates claims that millennial youth are being jilted by gilded baby boomers. The interrogation is by comparing the education and early experiences in labour and housing markets, then (when possible) the subsequent lives, of three post-1945 British cohorts: the immediate post-war cohort who completed education between 1945 and 1960, their children who passed through the same youth life stage in the late-1970s and 1980s, and finall…
Young people and lifelong participation in sport and physical activity: A sociological perspective on contemporary physical education programmes in England and Wales
Notwithstanding the apparent consensus in the UK over the last half a century that the ‘key goal’ of physical education (PE) is to prepare young people for lifelong participation in physical activity (Kirk, ), it is evident that the types of PE programmes and activities viewed as most likely to achieve this outcome remain a highly contentious issue. Grounded in sociological work on the ‘new condition’ of youth (Roberts, ), alongside data from var…
School-to-work transitions: Why the United Kingdom's educational ladders always fail to connect
This article reviews trends in school-to-work transitions since the 1970s and argues that educational expansion (more young people extending their school and college careers) is a large part of the problem, rather than an actual or potential solution to young people's transition difficulties. The causes of educational expansion are identified as more ambitious parents and young people, educational institutions seeking 'bums on seats', the changin…
Sporting Lives: A Case Study of Leisure Careers
This article analyses the sport biographies, and current levels and patterns of participation among a sample of 1679 adults from six United Kingdom cities, of whom 1387 were initially contacted through user surveys at sports facilities, plus a more representative sample of 606 residents in inner-Belfast. The authors argue that lifetime patterns of sport participation and non-participation are shaped by much the same influences, and exhibit simila…
The Fragmentary Class Structure
Social class and leisure during recent recessions in Britain
This paper assembles time series data on leisure participation rates and expenditure to assess the impact of recessions in the UK during and since the 1980s, and the widening of social class disparities in income since then. It shows that in both cases there have been clear impacts on leisure spending, but to a lesser and variable extent on participation in leisure activities. The conclusions that are drawn highlight weaknesses in the data curren…
Youth Participation in Europe: Beyond Discourses, Practices and Realities
El ocio de los jóvenes en la sociedad contemporánea
Este artículo examina cómo ha cambiado el ocio de los jóvenes en Europa occidental desde los años 50. Considera los efectos de la extensión de la etapa vital de la juventud, el ingreso en una era post-industrial y el notable aumento del gasto en ocio. El artículo explora las maneras en que las culturas juveniles se han convertido ahora en medios donde las relaciones y divisiones sociales son transformadas antes que reproducidas, y argumenta que e…
Post-Communist youth: Is there a Central Asian pattern
This article argues that Central Asian youth share more commonalities than differences vis-à-vis young people in other ex-Communist countries. The common features include high rates of unemployment and under-employment, associated poverty and a propensity to become pendulum migrants. Meanwhile, as elsewhere, rates of participation in higher education have risen spectacularly in parts of Central Asia. Central Asia has been part of a global trend t…
Economic Conditions, and the Family and Housing Transitions of Young Adults in Russia and Ukraine
To what extent and in what ways are 'the reforms', and specifically the tougher labour market conditions and the creation of housing markets, responsible for the decline in marriage and fertility rates in the former Soviet Union? These questions are examined using evidence from surveys conducted during 1999 among a total of 1300 25-26 year olds in Moscow, Vladikavkaz and Dneipropetrovsk, and from four focus group sessions with a total of 25 young…
The effects of post-16 experiences and social class on the leisure patterns of young adults
In this paper we use data from the Scottish Young People's Surveys in order to examine the effects of post-16 experiences and social class on the leisure patterns of young people with an average age of just over 19 years. We analyse leisure patterns in relation to labour market status and assess the longer term effects of post-16 experiences on young people's leisure activities. We argue that young people's social class and experiences after the …
Explaining Education-to-Work Transitions: Thinking Backwards, Situating Agency and Comparing Countries
This paper argues that explanations must start at the end of young people’s education-to-work transitions, with employers’ recruitment behaviour and preferences, which then govern the content of and recruitment to preceding education and training. Young people themselves exercise agency: this propels their careers forward biographically, but necessarily consolidates opportunity structures (variously called routes, pathways or trajectories) that h…
Youth leisure careers during post‐communist transitions in the South Caucasus
This paper reports findings from interview surveys with 1215 respondents, split between the capital cities (Yerevan, Baku and Tbilisi) and one non-capital region (Kotayk, Aran-Mugan and Shida Kartli) in each of the three South Caucasus countries - Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. The respondents, who were drawn from households in larger representative household social surveys, were all born between 1970 and 1976 and were aged 31-37 at the time of…
The Organization of Education and the Ambitions of School‐Leavers: A Comparative Review
THIS ARTICLE will discuss one aspect of the relationship between systems of education and the economies of their different societies. One function* of education is to teach the young appropriate ambitions and attitudes that can later be used to motivate them to play their adult roles, and the type of vocational aspiration that develops amongst young people is in part a product of the education that they have experienced. I shall argue that signif…
The Changing Functions of the Youth Employment Service
The Youth Employment Service in Theory and Practice; A Case Study
Leisure and Society in Britain
The Fragmentary Class Structure
The Fragmentary Class Structure
White and blue collar the embourgeoisement thesis and its critics working class mobility orientations and education a class for itself? the modern organization and new middle class the white collar proletariat the new radicals politics in the fragmentary class structure
British Work Creation Programmes
Youth Unemployment, and Out-of-Home Recreation
This paper presents fresh evidence on the impact of unemployment on young people's leisure. The evidence is from interview surveys during 1985 among 854 17–18 year olds in three parts of Britain—Chelmsford, Walsall and Liverpool. At the time of the interviews 8, 28 and 41 percent of the young people in these areas were unemployed. The results show that access to relatively well-paid jobs allows young males to adopt adult masculine roles vis-a-vis…
Leisure and Sociological Theory in Britain
Recent British writers have criticised the established sociology of leisure for lacking firm theoretical roots, for adopting the everyday concept of leisure instead of questioning, then recognising an exposing its ideological qualities, and for using a definition of leisure with little relevance beyond the lives of adult, ethnic majority, male employees. Hence the alleged case for starting afresh from new foundations and reconstructing the field.…
The effects of post-16 experiences and social class on the leisure patterns of young adults
In this paper we use data from the Scottish Young People's Surveys in order to examine the effects of post-16 experiences and social class on the leisure patterns of young people with an average age of just over 19 years. We analyse leisure patterns in relation to labour market status and assess the longer term effects of post-16 experiences on young people's leisure activities. We argue that young people's social class and experiences after the …
Sporting Lives: A Case Study of Leisure Careers
This article analyses the sport biographies, and current levels and patterns of participation among a sample of 1679 adults from six United Kingdom cities, of whom 1387 were initially contacted through user surveys at sports facilities, plus a more representative sample of 606 residents in inner-Belfast. The authors argue that lifetime patterns of sport participation and non-participation are shaped by much the same influences, and exhibit simila…
Leisure and Life-Style: A Comparative Analysis of Free Time
Introduction, K.Roberts and Anna Olszewska Poland - the impact of the crisis on leisure patterns, Anna Olsewska Hungary - more work, less leisure, Gyorgy Fukasz Great Britain - socio-economic polarization and the implications for leisure, K.Roberts Belgium - old trends, new contradictions, France Govaerts Brazil - a new cycle of modernization, Renato Requixa and Luiz Camargo Puerto Rico - consumerism as a way of life, Nelson Melendez Japan - Homo…
Politics and Leisure
Black youth in the Liverpool labour market
This article is based on information gathered in 1989 through interviews with a representative sample of 134 young Liverpool ‘blacks’. Comparable data from a representative sample of all young people in Liverpool was being collected simultaneously in larger‐scale mailed questionnaire enquiries. The ‘black’ sample had the much higher rate of unemployment. Two‐and‐a‐half years after completing the fifth form, 45 per cent of the all‐Liverpool sample…
Entering the Labour Market in Britain: The Survival of Traditional Opportunity Structures
This article analyses the career development from age 16 to 20 of representative samples from Kirkcaldy, Liverpool, Sheffield and Swindon who were surveyed by mailed questionnaire in three successive years - 1987, 1988 and 1989. Although most respondents attributed significant power of career determination to themselves, the evidence shows that the young people's career choices had typically been inconsequential for their later achievements. Thes…
Flexibility and Individualisation: A Comparison of Transitions into Employment in England and Germany
In virtually all advanced capitalist industrial societies, transitions from compulsory education into employment have been prolonged since the 1970s. The basic reasons are the same everywhere, but there have been contrasting interpretations of youth's new social condition by different countries' social scientists. Here a particularly sharp contrast is between Britain and Germany. In the former country most researchers have taken a negative view o…
We've Got One of Those’: The Peripheral Status of Women in Male Dominated Industries
This article uses evidence from 269 interviews in five companies to consider whether (i) equal opportunity laws, policies and practices, (ii) more women gaining post‐entry professional qualifications, establishing themselves on the lower rungs of hitherto male careers, and working full‐time, combined with (iii) projected skill shortages, are likely to break down gender segmentation and lead to greater equality in employment during the 1990s. The …
School‐to‐work Transitions in Former Communist Countries[1]
Understanding school‐to‐work transitions in former communist countries taxes Western typologies and theories because even basic categories such as employment, self‐employment and unemployment can have rather different, and more varied, meanings in the East. This article discusses these differences, and how educational and occupational divisions became disorganised in all the former communist countries during the initial stages of their transforma…
Young Entrepreneurs in East-Central Europe and the Former Soviet Union
Summaries This article arises from interviews in 1996 and 1997 with 550 under?30?year?old entrepreneurs in seven former communist countries, three in the Commonwealth of Independent States (Armenia, Georgia and Ukraine) and four in East?Central Europe (Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia). Some distinctive features of small businesses in all the ex?communist countries are noted, and nine inter?related differences between small businesses and t…
Old and New Routes into the Labour Markets in Ex-communist Countries
The results from surveys in 1997 among 900 20–26-year-olds in Armenia, Georgia and Ukraine are presented and discussed. It is described how, in the 1990s, young people were still following their countries' old career routes whereby different kinds of family backgrounds led to different kinds of education which then led into corresponding kinds of occupations. However, in the 1990s these different kinds of occupations had ceased to be arranged in …
Young People's Participation in Sport and other Leisure Activities in the Former Soviet Union
This paper uses evidence from surveys in 1997 among a total of 900 young people (aged 20–26) in Armenia, Georgia and Ukraine to assess the impact of post-communism on their participation in sport and other leisure activities. Despite the rundown of public facilities and organized youth sport, participation was holding up reasonably well.Young males (and rather fewer females) were creating their own opportunities to play sport in parks and other o…
Economic polarization, leisure practices and policies, and the quality of life: A study in post-communist Moscow
Since the 1980s Russia has been transformed from one of the world's most equal into one of its most unequal countries, certainly in terms of income levels. This paper, based on survey research in Moscow in 1997, explores the implications of this economic polarization for the population's uses of leisure and the quality of their lives. The analysis juxtaposes and compares alternative, Russian and Western, approaches to measuring the quality of lei…
Unemployment without social exclusion: Evidence from young people in Eastern Europe
Challenges the position that high and persistent unemployment necessarily leads to the formation of socially excluded groups. Presents evidence drawn from studies of people in former communist countries. Suggests that unemployment, even when high will not lead to exclusion except under three conditions, paid work is concentated within standard (permanent, full time) official jobs, job seekers are arranged in "queues" and that the unemployed are r…
Who Suceeds and who Flounders? Young People in East Europe's New Market Economies
The main question addressed in this paper is what happens when the usual sociological predictors (family background and educational attainment, for example) fail to predict labour market success and failure The paper presents evidence from surveys conducted in 1999 among 1300 25-26 year olds in Moscow, Vladikavkaz and Dneipropetrovsk which shows that this was indeed the situation in these places, and probably in most other parts of the former Sov…
The Law of Persecution Before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
The various Trial Chambers of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia have advanced potentially inconsistent definitions of the crime of persecution under Article 5 of the Tribunal's Statute. The Trial Chamber in the Krnojelac case, in attempting to reconcile these different approaches, has undertaken a comprehensive analysis both of the actus reus and mens rea elements constituting this offence. In the context of the Tribun…
Sociology (73 works) · Political science (65 works) · Economics (46 works) · Youth Education and Societal Dynamics (39 works) · Law (38 works) · Law (34 works) · Demographic economics (26 works) · Economic growth (26 works) · Psychology (25 works) · Sport and Mega-Event Impacts (25 works)