Zellig S Harris
Biographic Data
| ID | 3592363 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Zellig S Harris |
| GIVEN NAMES | Zellig S |
| FAMILY NAME | Harris |
| SIGNATURE | HARRIS Z S |
| AFFILIATIONS | Indiana University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 59 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 458 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 59 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1934 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
From Morpheme to Utterance
1.0. This paper presents a formalized procedure for describing utterances directly in terms of sequences of morphemes rather than of single morphemes. It thus covers an important part of what is usually included under syntax. When applied in a particular language, the procedure yields a compact statement of what sequences of morphemes occur in the language, i.e. a formula for each utterance (sentence) structure in the language
Intervenir dans le processus historique
Zellig Harris, Intervening in the Historical Process The eradication of exploitation of man by man requires the collective action of the exploited themselves to achieve direct decision-making power in all social activities. From this point of view, the control of production is central. Political and economic strategy must promote every action which increases this control from the bottom up, while tactics must support any attempt to create an infr…
Science Sublanguages and the Prospects for a Global Language of Science
Scientists have limited access to results published in languages in which they are not fluent. One solution to the problem is suggested by some results of investigation into the nature of language generally and the language of various sciences in particular. The information provided in language is given not only by the meanings of individual words but also by the relations among words, especially by the regularities of their co-occurrence. Partic…
Grammar on mathematical principles
This paper presents a grammatical theory which has certain mathematical properties, and which produces the sentences of a language by means of two simple processes, word-entry and entry-reduction, with the meaning of each sentence being indicated directly by its construction. The reason for seeking a mathematical control on grammatical analysis lies partly in the inherent possibilities of such a connexion, and partly in the complex and somewhat h…
Papers in Structural and Transformational Linguistics
Discourse Analysis Reprints
Transformational Theory
[§1: Constituent, string, and transformational analyses compared. §2: A revised formulation of transformations as an equivalence relation among sentences. §3: Sketch of a set of transformations sufficient to characterize English sentences. §4: Properties of the set of sentences under transformation; derived well-formedness condition for derived sentences, composition rule for obtaining sentences from elementary sentences, normal form, information…
Structural linguistics
String Analysis of Sentence Structure
Co-Occurrence and Transformation in Linguistic Structure
[0. Summary.—1. The method of analysis: 1.1. Individual co-occurrence; 1.2. Constructional status; 1.3. Transformations defined; 1.4. Determining the evidence.—2. Co-occurrence as a structural property: 2.1. Dependent elements in constructions; 2.2. Considerations from co-occurrence; 2.3. P N and D; 2.4. C; 2.5. v; 2.6. Pro-morphemes; 2.7. Two-V constructions; 2.8. V N N; 2.9. Summary of constructions.—3. Transformations in sentence sequences: 3.…
A Bushman Dictionary
From Phoneme to Morpheme
The following investigation presents a constructional procedure segmenting an utterance in a way which correlates well with word and morpheme boundaries. The procedure requires a large set of utterances, elicited in a certain manner from an informant (or found in a very large corpus); and it requires that all the utterances be written in the same phonemic representation, determined without reference to morphemes. It then investigates a particular…
Transfer Grammar
Distributional Structure
For the purposes of the present discussion, the term structure will be used in the following non-rigorous sense: A set of phonemes or a set of data is structured in respect to some feature, to the extent that we can form in terms of that feature some organized system of statements which describes the members of the set and their interrelations (at least up to some limit of complexity). In this sense, language can be structured in respect to vario…
Eliciting in Linguistics
Methods in Structural Linguistics
Discourse Analysis: A Sample Text
This paper offers an example of how connected discourse can be formally analyzed in such a way as to reveal something of its structure. The method used here was described in a previous paper, Discourse analysis, Lg. 28.1–30 (1952). It consists essentially of the following steps: given a particular text, we collect those linguistic elements (morphemes or sequences of morphemes) which have identical environments within a sentence, and we call these…
Methods in Structural Linguistics
Discourse Analysis
This paper presents a method for the analysis of connected speech (or writing). The method is formal, depending only on the occurrence of morphemes as distinguishable elements; it does not depend upon the analyst's knowledge of the particular meaning of each morpheme. The method consists essentially of repeated substitution: e.g., if in a particular environment it is found that constituent a can be replaced by constituent b, then a and b are memb…
Training in Anthropological Linguistics1
Selected Writings of Edward Sapir in Language, Culture, and Personality
Componential Analysis of a Hebrew Paradigm
The linguistic structure of an utterance is presumed to be fully stated by a list of the morphemes which constitute it, and by their order. The difference between two utterances is expressed by the difference in morphemic constituency between them. Frequently, however, we find that there is a set of morphemes in a language, such that each morpheme in the set is identified by its contrast with all the others in the set. Such morphemes are often ar…
Kwakiutl Grammar with a Glossary of the Suffixes
Kwakiutl Grammar with a Glossary of the Suffixes
Americanae nace como un proyecto conjunto que surge dentro de la Red Europea de Información y Documentación sobre América Latina (REDIAL), y que ha afrontado la Biblioteca de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Esta nueva biblioteca virtual hace más accesibles los libros digitales de tema americanista a los investigadores y usuarios interesados de cualquier parte del mundo
Structural Restatements: Ii
Distributional Structure
For the purposes of the present discussion, the term structure will be used in the following non-rigorous sense: A set of phonemes or a set of data is structured in respect to some feature, to the extent that we can form in terms of that feature some organized system of statements which describes the members of the set and their interrelations (at least up to some limit of complexity). In this sense, language can be structured in respect to vario…
Discourse Analysis
This paper presents a method for the analysis of connected speech (or writing). The method is formal, depending only on the occurrence of morphemes as distinguishable elements; it does not depend upon the analyst's knowledge of the particular meaning of each morpheme. The method consists essentially of repeated substitution: e.g., if in a particular environment it is found that constituent a can be replaced by constituent b, then a and b are memb…
Language, Culture, and Personality: Essays in Memory of Edward Sapir
The interconnection between language, culture, and personality is the theme of these essays dedicated to the memory of Edward Sapir, and written by his former students
Co-Occurrence and Transformation in Linguistic Structure
[0. Summary.—1. The method of analysis: 1.1. Individual co-occurrence; 1.2. Constructional status; 1.3. Transformations defined; 1.4. Determining the evidence.—2. Co-occurrence as a structural property: 2.1. Dependent elements in constructions; 2.2. Considerations from co-occurrence; 2.3. P N and D; 2.4. C; 2.5. v; 2.6. Pro-morphemes; 2.7. Two-V constructions; 2.8. V N N; 2.9. Summary of constructions.—3. Transformations in sentence sequences: 3.…
A Grammar of the Phoenician Language
From Morpheme to Utterance
1.0. This paper presents a formalized procedure for describing utterances directly in terms of sequences of morphemes rather than of single morphemes. It thus covers an important part of what is usually included under syntax. When applied in a particular language, the procedure yields a compact statement of what sequences of morphemes occur in the language, i.e. a formula for each utterance (sentence) structure in the language
From Phoneme to Morpheme
The following investigation presents a constructional procedure segmenting an utterance in a way which correlates well with word and morpheme boundaries. The procedure requires a large set of utterances, elicited in a certain manner from an informant (or found in a very large corpus); and it requires that all the utterances be written in the same phonemic representation, determined without reference to morphemes. It then investigates a particular…
Discourse Analysis: A Sample Text
This paper offers an example of how connected discourse can be formally analyzed in such a way as to reveal something of its structure. The method used here was described in a previous paper, Discourse analysis, Lg. 28.1–30 (1952). It consists essentially of the following steps: given a particular text, we collect those linguistic elements (morphemes or sequences of morphemes) which have identical environments within a sentence, and we call these…
Morpheme Alternants in Linguistic Analysis
The purpose of this paper is to suggest a technique for determining the morphemes of a language, as rigorous as the method used now for finding its phonemes. The proposed technique differs only in details of arrangement from the methods used by linguists today. However, these small differences suffice to simplify the arrangement of grammars
Methods in Structural Linguistics
Kwakiutl Grammar with a Glossary of the Suffixes
Americanae nace como un proyecto conjunto que surge dentro de la Red Europea de Información y Documentación sobre América Latina (REDIAL), y que ha afrontado la Biblioteca de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Esta nueva biblioteca virtual hace más accesibles los libros digitales de tema americanista a los investigadores y usuarios interesados de cualquier parte del mundo
Transformational Theory
[§1: Constituent, string, and transformational analyses compared. §2: A revised formulation of transformations as an equivalence relation among sentences. §3: Sketch of a set of transformations sufficient to characterize English sentences. §4: Properties of the set of sentences under transformation; derived well-formedness condition for derived sentences, composition rule for obtaining sentences from elementary sentences, normal form, information…
Training in Anthropological Linguistics1
Grundzüge der Phonologie
Componential Analysis of a Hebrew Paradigm
The linguistic structure of an utterance is presumed to be fully stated by a list of the morphemes which constitute it, and by their order. The difference between two utterances is expressed by the difference in morphemic constituency between them. Frequently, however, we find that there is a set of morphemes in a language, such that each morpheme in the set is identified by its contrast with all the others in the set. Such morphemes are often ar…
Discontinuous Morphemes
This paper attempts to generalize the term MORPHEME SO as to apply not only to sequences of successive phonemes but also to broken sequences. In so doing, it offers a method of expressing one of the possible relations between morphemes as previously understood. The relation in question is that which obtains between two or more morphemes that always occur together (in a given environment). The essence of the method is that any two or more continuo…
Yokuts Structure and Newman's Grammar
Simultaneous Components in Phonology
1.0. This paper investigates the results that may be obtained when phonemes, or utterances in general, are broken down into simultaneously occurring components : as when the English phoneme /b/ is said to consist of voicing plus lip position plus stop closure, all occurring simultaneously
Linguistic Structure of Hebrew
Transfer Grammar
The Scope of Linguistics
Linguistics in Ethnology
Eliciting in Linguistics
Foundations of Language
Grammar on mathematical principles
This paper presents a grammatical theory which has certain mathematical properties, and which produces the sentences of a language by means of two simple processes, word-entry and entry-reduction, with the meaning of each sentence being indicated directly by its construction. The reason for seeking a mathematical control on grammatical analysis lies partly in the inherent possibilities of such a connexion, and partly in the complex and somewhat h…
The Structure of Ras Shamra C
The Sealand of Ancient Arabia
Joint Expedition with the Iraq Museum at Nuzi
A Hurrian Affricate or Sibilant in Ras Shamra
In their valuable article Semitized Hurrians in Syria and Palestine, ' H. L. Ginsberg and B. Maisler discuss the name 'iwrzr from a recently found Ras Shamra tablet.2 They note that the sign here transcribed z is not the usual S of the Ras Shamra alphabet, and suggest that it is a Hurrian sibilant, transcribing it Z. This is a most excellent suggestion, well borne out by the evidence, and the following remarks are intended merely to offer additio…
The Ras Shamra Mythological Texts
Gray's Semitic Comparative Linguistics
A Conditioned Sound Change in Ras Shamra
THE ALPHABET of Ras Shamra included three signs for ', one of which was used when an a-vowel followed, i. e. for 'a, 'a, the other for 'i, '1, 'A, and the third for 'u, 'i2, 0.2 But v without following vowel also occurs in the language, and there has been considerable question as to how such ' was represented. Bauer's suggestion3 that any one of the three signs could be used indiscriminately for vowelless 3 is inadmissible, for a definite relatio…
The Ras Shamra Mythological Texts
State Letters of Assyria
The Ugaritic Texts of Danil and Krt
Expression of the Causative in Ugaritic
IN THE FIRST few years after the discovery of Ugaritic (the language of ancient Ras Shamra) its verbal system presented many problems, some of which are now reaching the stage of solution. Among the most widely discussed of these was the question of the causative. Most scholars expected a causative with h-preformative, more or less like the Hebrew hifil, and this view gained support because of the generally Canaanite character of Ugaritic. Howeve…
A Grammar of the Phoenician Language
Development of the Canaanite Dialects: An Investigation in Linguistic History
Foundations of Language
Linguistic Structure of Hebrew
Grundzüge der Phonologie
Development of the Canaanite Dialects: An Investigation in Linguistic History
The Phonemes of Moroccan Arabic
The Phonemes of Kingwana-Swahili
The Phonemes of Fanti
Language, Culture, and Personality: Essays in Memory of Edward Sapir
The interconnection between language, culture, and personality is the theme of these essays dedicated to the memory of Edward Sapir, and written by his former students
Morpheme Alternants in Linguistic Analysis
The purpose of this paper is to suggest a technique for determining the morphemes of a language, as rigorous as the method used now for finding its phonemes. The proposed technique differs only in details of arrangement from the methods used by linguists today. However, these small differences suffice to simplify the arrangement of grammars
Hidatsa Texts
Yokuts Structure and Newman's Grammar
Simultaneous Components in Phonology
1.0. This paper investigates the results that may be obtained when phonemes, or utterances in general, are broken down into simultaneously occurring components : as when the English phoneme /b/ is said to consist of voicing plus lip position plus stop closure, all occurring simultaneously
Philosophy (49 works) · Linguistics (46 works) · History (30 works) · Computer Science (25 works) · Psychology (16 works) · Historical Linguistics and Language Studies (13 works) · Archaeology and Historical Studies (11 works) · Language, Linguistics, Cultural Analysis (11 works) · Philosophy (11 works) · History (10 works)