Douglas R White
Biographic Data
| ID | 3597189 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Douglas R White |
| GIVEN NAMES | Douglas R |
| FAMILY NAME | White |
| SIGNATURE | WHITE D R |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Irvine |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5872-3963 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 56 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1454 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 55 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1968 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2017 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
Research Methods in Social Network Analysis
Kinship Network Analysis
Kinship, like language, is a structure, not a sub-stance.1 The distinctive features of kinship networks reside less in how their constitutive ties – be they biological, jural, ritual, symbolic, or whatever – are defined and established than in the way these ties are organized. Kinship network theory is thus not just another “application ” of general network theoretic methods to a particular social domain but a specific branch of social network th…
Teoría de la Cohesión Circular en el Matrimonio y las Redes Sociales
La cohesión circular, como teoría relevante de la cohesión social, se presenta en el análisis de los reencadenamientos matrimoniales como el resultado de una aproximación estructural: «Los estudios estructurales son, en las ciencias sociales, el resultado indirecto de los modernos desarrollos matemáticos que han ido dando cada vez más importancia al punto de vista cualitativo en contraste con el punto de vista cuantitativo de las matemáticas trad…
Introduction to Structure and Dynamics: Inaugural Issue
In inaugurating the Structure and Dynamics journal, we offer a conduit for refereed electronic publication, debate, and editorial communication in the domain of anthropology and human sciences. We as editors dedicate our effort to facilitating and disseminating interdisciplinary discussion and research in anthropology and related sciences. We invite you-as a subscribed reader at no cost-to contribute and to participate in raising the aspirations …
Multiple Measures of Alyawarra Kinship
A field experiment conducted in Central Australia in 1971-1972 explored differences between what Aborigines actually did andw hat they said they did when anthropologists interviewed them. Fieldwork entailed observing behavior and recording it in numerically coded forms; analysis entails extracting patterns computationally that would not appear in traditional ethnographic data. This article focuses on discrepancies between expected and observed wi…
Network Dynamics and Field Evolution: The Growth of Interorganizational Collaboration in the Life Sciences
A recursive analysis of network and institutional evolution is offered to account for the decentralized structure of the commercial field of the life sciences. Four alternative logics of attachment - accumulative advantage, homophily, follow-the-trend, and multiconnectivity-are tested to explain the structure and dynamics of interorganizational collaboration in biotechnology. Using multiple novel methods, the authors demonstrate how different rul…
Matrimonial ring structures
The paper deals with matrimonial rings, a particular kind of cycles in kinship networks which result when spouses are linked to each other by ties of consanguinity or affinity. By taking a network-analytic perspective, the paper endeavours to put this classical issue of structural kinship theory on a general basis, such as to allow conclusions which go beyond isolated discussions of particular ring types (like "cross-cousin marriage", "sister exc…
Théorie de la cohésion par les renchaînements d’alliance dans les mariages et les réseaux sociaux
Ring cohesion, as a theory relevant to social cohesion, offers itself in the analysis of matrimonial relinking as an outgrowth of a structural approach: "Structural studies are, in the social sciences, the indirect outcome of modern developments in mathematics which have given increasing importance to the qualitative point of view in contradistinction to the quantitative point of view of traditional mathematics. It has become possible, therefore,…
Structural Cohesion and Embeddedness: A Hierarchical Concept of Social Groups
Although questions about social cohesion lie at the core of our discipline, definitions are often vague and difficult to operationalize. Here, research on social cohesion and social embeddedness is linked by developing a concept of structural cohesion based on network node connectivity. Structural cohesion is defined as the minimum number of actors who, if removed from a group, would disconnect the group. A structural dimension of embeddedness ca…
The Cohesiveness of Blocks In Social Networks: Node Connectivity and Conditional Density
This study shows several ways that formal graph theoretic statements map patterns of network ties into substantive hypotheses about social cohesion. If network cohesion is enhanced by multiple connections between members of a group, for example, then the higher the global minimum of the number of independent paths that connect every pair of nodes in the network, the higher the social cohesion. The cohesiveness of a group is also measured by the e…
Anthropology: Analyzing Large Kinship and Marriage Networks With Pgraph and Pajek
Five key problems of kinship networks are boundedness, cohesion, size and cohesive relinking, types of relations and relinking, and groups or roles. Approaches to solving these problems include formats available for electronic storage of genealogical data and representations of genealogies using graphs. P-graphs represent couples and uncoupled children as vertices, whereas parent-child links are the arcs connecting nodes both within and between d…
Revitalizing the Study of Kinship and Exchange with Network Approaches
RECONSIDERING A NETWORK APPROACH TO KINSHIP AND EXCHANGE The arguments put forward in this book are intended to help revitalize the study of kinship and exchange. To express some of the current contributions to this field of research, we adopt a network perspective (on current network analysis, see Burt 1992; Degenne and Forsé 1994; Freeman, White, and Romney 1989; Schweizer 1996; Scott 1991; Wasserman and Faust 1994; Wasserman and Galaskiewicz 1…
Network Mediation of Exchange Structures: Ambilateral Sidedness and Property Flows in Pul Eliya (Sri Lanka)
Our aim, by means of the richly documented example of Pul Eliya (Leach 1961 [1968]), is to examine the relationship between certain kinship phenomena (pertaining to the circulation of persons) and certain aspects of economic exchange (pertaining to the circulation of things) from a network analysis perspective. In doing so, we hope to demonstrate the relevance of a particular approach to alliance relations – one very much in keeping with Leach's …
Kinship, Property Transmission, and Stratification in Javanese Villages
INTRODUCTION Kinship is a basic institution in human societies, ordering social interaction, reproduction, and the flow of resources. Although there is some questioning of underlying conceptions and definitions (Schneider 1984), kinship continues to be a central focus of anthropological inquiry (Peletz 1995; Shimizu 1991). The goal of this chapter is to analyze and represent kinship structures in a precise and comprehensible way, focusing on rura…
Kinship, Networks, and Exchange
This collection of articles aims at revitalizing the study of kinship and exchange in a social network perspective. It brings together studies of empirical systems of marriage and descent with investigations of the flow of material resources in societies of Africa, Asia, the Pacific and Europe. Restudies of classic ethnographic cases and fieldwork studies of kinship and exchange demonstrate how the social and material aspects of society are relat…
Class, property, and structural endogamy: Visualizing networked histories
Statistical entailments and the Galois lattice
Kinship networks and discrete structure theory: Applications and implications
Structures réticulaires de la pratique matrimoniale
Les AA. proposent une nouvelle approche de l'etude comparative des systemes d'alliance, centree sur la coordination dynamique des choix de mariage effectifs. A l'aide de divers outils informatiques, ils cherchent a identifier les proprietes emergentes du reseau matrimonial dans son ensemble. Apres avoir introduit certains aspects methodologiques de ce travail, ils presentent deux formes reticulaires relativement simples, lesquelles correspondent …
Betweenness centrality measures for directed graphs
Enfoque de redes para el estudio de comunidades urbanas
El enfoque de redes representa una vía metodológica para comprender y explicar las estructuras sociales de las comunidades urbanas. Esta teoría se apoya en la interdependencia entre las actividades humanas y los vínculos sociales que se establecen sobre la base de las relaciones matrimoniales y de parentesco. La ciudad constituye un escenario en el cual se generan corrientes de actividad humana y los individuos se desempeñan en múltiples activida…
Using Galois Lattices to Represent Network Data
Galois lattices are introduced as a device to provide a general representation for two mode social network data.It is shown that Galois lattices yield a single visual image of such data in cases where most alternative models produce dual images.The image provided by the Galois lattice produces, moreover, an image that can suggest useful insights about the structural properties of the data.An example, based on data from Davis, Gardner, and Gardner…
Social/Cultural Anthropology: Exchange in Oceania: A Graph Theoretic Analysis. Per Hage and Frank Harary
Structure and Dynamics of the Global Economy: Network Analysis of International Trade 1965-1980
Journal Article Structure and Dynamics of the Global Economy: Network Analysis of International Trade 1965–1980 Get access David A. Smith, David A. Smith University of California, Irvine Direct correspondence to David Smith, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92717. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Douglas R. White Douglas R. White University of California, Irvine Search for other w…
Representing and Computing Kinship: A New Approach
This article introduces a new formal method for representing kinship that uses a matrix of directed graphs to encode genealogical connections. This approach allows for the computation of kinship relations using matrix algebra, offering a more flexible and powerful tool compared to traditional methods. The authors demonstrate the application of this method to various kinship systems, including Dravidian and Iroquois, and discuss its potential for …
Standard Cross-Cultural Sample
The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample contains the best-described society in each of 186 cultural provinces of the world, chosen so that cultural independence of each unit in terms of historical origin and cultural diffusion could be considered maximal with respect to the others societies in the sample. Often the time period chosen is that of the earliest high quality ethnographic description. Hence the SCCS is primarily a sample of preindustrial so…
Structural Cohesion and Embeddedness: A Hierarchical Concept of Social Groups
Although questions about social cohesion lie at the core of our discipline, definitions are often vague and difficult to operationalize. Here, research on social cohesion and social embeddedness is linked by developing a concept of structural cohesion based on network node connectivity. Structural cohesion is defined as the minimum number of actors who, if removed from a group, would disconnect the group. A structural dimension of embeddedness ca…
Network Dynamics and Field Evolution: The Growth of Interorganizational Collaboration in the Life Sciences
A recursive analysis of network and institutional evolution is offered to account for the decentralized structure of the commercial field of the life sciences. Four alternative logics of attachment - accumulative advantage, homophily, follow-the-trend, and multiconnectivity-are tested to explain the structure and dynamics of interorganizational collaboration in biotechnology. Using multiple novel methods, the authors demonstrate how different rul…
Sexual Division of Labor in African Agriculture: A Network Autocorrelation Analysis
A model of causes and consequences of sexual division of labor in agriculture is tested using a sample of African societies. Crop type and the presence or absence of slavery are shown to be effective predictors of the degree of female contribution to agricultural subsistence, and the degree of polygyny is shown to be affected by female agricultural contribution and the form of residence. Autocorrelation effects are found and are shown to be a con…
Sexual Division of Labor in Agriculture
Female agricultural contributions decline with agricultural intensification. We formulate and test a theory of the processes of agricultural intensification that explains a high proportion of the variance in female contributions to agriculture. Five variables show replicable effects across two or more regions of the world. These are number of dry months, importance of domesticated animals to subsistence, use of the plow, crop type, and population…
Galton's Problem as network autocorrelation
Classical statistical inference procedures usually assume the independence of sample units. However, the assumption of independence is often unrealistic in cross-cultural research because societies in neighboring or historically related regions tend to be duplicates of one another across a wide variety of traits that are spread by historical fission, diffusion, or migration of peoples. A recent generalization of the usual regression model explici…
A Model of the Sexual Division of Labor
Assumptions about economies of effort in performance of tasks in the same production sequence and assumptions about constraints on women's geographic mobility due to nursing and child care are used to derive hypotheses about the allocation of tasks in the sexual division of labor in preindustrial societies. The hypotheses constitute a locational model of the division of labor by sex that makes predictions in the form of entailments: for one sex, …
The Cohesiveness of Blocks In Social Networks: Node Connectivity and Conditional Density
This study shows several ways that formal graph theoretic statements map patterns of network ties into substantive hypotheses about social cohesion. If network cohesion is enhanced by multiple connections between members of a group, for example, then the higher the global minimum of the number of independent paths that connect every pair of nodes in the network, the higher the social cohesion. The cohesiveness of a group is also measured by the e…
Entailment Theory and Method: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Sexual Division of Labor
The purpose of this paper is to explore a more precise form for theoretical propositions in certain types of cross-cultural problems and to develop and explicate an accompanying statistical method. An inductive application of the method of entailment analysis has led us to formulate a new and power ful theory of the sexual division of labor
The Multiplication of Labor: Historical Methods in the Study of Gender and Agricultural Change in Modern Africa [and Comments and Reply]
Structure and Dynamics of the Global Economy: Network Analysis of International Trade 1965-1980
Journal Article Structure and Dynamics of the Global Economy: Network Analysis of International Trade 1965–1980 Get access David A. Smith, David A. Smith University of California, Irvine Direct correspondence to David Smith, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92717. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Douglas R. White Douglas R. White University of California, Irvine Search for other w…
Representing and Computing Kinship: A New Approach
This article introduces a new formal method for representing kinship that uses a matrix of directed graphs to encode genealogical connections. This approach allows for the computation of kinship relations using matrix algebra, offering a more flexible and powerful tool compared to traditional methods. The authors demonstrate the application of this method to various kinship systems, including Dravidian and Iroquois, and discuss its potential for …
A Cross-Cultural Historical Analysis of Subsistence Change
Using Galois Lattices to Represent Network Data
Galois lattices are introduced as a device to provide a general representation for two mode social network data.It is shown that Galois lattices yield a single visual image of such data in cases where most alternative models produce dual images.The image provided by the Galois lattice produces, moreover, an image that can suggest useful insights about the structural properties of the data.An example, based on data from Davis, Gardner, and Gardner…
Kinship, Networks, and Exchange
This collection of articles aims at revitalizing the study of kinship and exchange in a social network perspective. It brings together studies of empirical systems of marriage and descent with investigations of the flow of material resources in societies of Africa, Asia, the Pacific and Europe. Restudies of classic ethnographic cases and fieldwork studies of kinship and exchange demonstrate how the social and material aspects of society are relat…
Class, property, and structural endogamy: Visualizing networked histories
Regional Comparisons, Replications, and Historical Network Analysis
Behavior Science Research Volume 25, Nos. 1-4 REGIONAL COMPARISONS, REPLICATIONS, AND HISTORICAL NETWORK ANALYSIS Michael L. Burton and Douglas R. White* One of the oldest cross-cultural traditions is the use of regional samples. Despite the historical importance of regional studies, most recent cross-cultural research has used worldwide samples, and regional studies have received less attention than worldwide comparisons in the recent cross-cult…
Multivariate Modeling with Interdependent Network Data
In the recent comparative literature the problem of simultaneously modeling func tional and diffusional effects is being penetrated from two directions. One approach emphasizes the similar problem which arises in regression-based time series analysis. A second approach focuses on the difficulties of constructing more realistic formal representations of sample unit interdependencies. Both approaches have yielded important and complementary, but di…
Focused Ethnographic Bibliography: Standard Cross-Cultural Sample
This bibliography consists, for each society in the Standard Sample, of (1) the sources cited by each of the major studies that contributed extensive sets of coded ethnographic variables; (2) any new sources that have been published or become available or known to the author since the original "pinpointing" sheets were prepared; and (3) citations to all of the above sources that are contained, as of 1988, in the Human Relations Area Files (1976, …
Structures réticulaires de la pratique matrimoniale
Les AA. proposent une nouvelle approche de l'etude comparative des systemes d'alliance, centree sur la coordination dynamique des choix de mariage effectifs. A l'aide de divers outils informatiques, ils cherchent a identifier les proprietes emergentes du reseau matrimonial dans son ensemble. Apres avoir introduit certains aspects methodologiques de ce travail, ils presentent deux formes reticulaires relativement simples, lesquelles correspondent …
The Murdock Legacy: The Ethnographic Atlas and the Search for a Method
There is no doubt that George Peter Murdock contributed to anthropology something novel, vital, and authentic.To explore the Murdock legacy is a valuable experience for anyone who is concerned with the history of the discipline, its core paradigm shifts, and its basic assumptions about the nature of fact.Among other things, Murdock challenged traditional culture theory as it had been handed down by the evolutionists and later sharply revised by B…
Natchez Class and Rank Reconsidered
During the brief period from 1700 to 1731 French missionaries, explorers, and colonial administrators recorded the features of Natchez social life. In 1731 a war with the French led to the surrender and sale into slavery of one sector of the tribe and the dispersal of the remainder, who later were assimilated into the Creek confederacy. In writing the first modern ethnographic reconstruction of Natchez society and culture, Swanton (1911) had to r…
Anthropology and Computing: The Challenges of the 1990s
The use of computers in the analysis of fieldwork, texts, and socioculturally embedded systems is examined in relation to advances in problems of cultural anthropology, including synthesis of trait with textual and network analysis within a more general conception of cultures as distributed systems. Keywords: ethnography, cognitive testing, representation and inference generators, hypertext and text analysis, hypermedia, spatial autocorrelation, …
Anthropology: Analyzing Large Kinship and Marriage Networks With Pgraph and Pajek
Five key problems of kinship networks are boundedness, cohesion, size and cohesive relinking, types of relations and relinking, and groups or roles. Approaches to solving these problems include formats available for electronic storage of genealogical data and representations of genealogies using graphs. P-graphs represent couples and uncoupled children as vertices, whereas parent-child links are the arcs connecting nodes both within and between d…
Community Variations and Network Structure in the Social Functions of Compadrazgo in Rural Tlaxcala, Mexico
University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education Community Variations and Network Structure in the Social Functions of Compadrazgo in Rural Tlaxcala, Mexico Author(s): Hugo G. Nutini and Douglas R. White Source: Ethnology, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Oct., 1977), pp. 353-384 Published by: University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3773262 Accessed: 15-03-2017 21:44 …
Societal Research Archives System: Retrieval, quality control and analysis of comparative data
Standard Cross-Cultural Sample
The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample contains the best-described society in each of 186 cultural provinces of the world, chosen so that cultural independence of each unit in terms of historical origin and cultural diffusion could be considered maximal with respect to the others societies in the sample. Often the time period chosen is that of the earliest high quality ethnographic description. Hence the SCCS is primarily a sample of preindustrial so…
General and Ethnology: Diversity and Homogeneity: A Comparative Analysis of Societal Characteristics Based on Data from the Ethnographic Atlas. Erika Bourguignon and Lenora Greenbaum
Natchez Class and Rank Reconsidered
During the brief period from 1700 to 1731 French missionaries, explorers, and colonial administrators recorded the features of Natchez social life. In 1731 a war with the French led to the surrender and sale into slavery of one sector of the tribe and the dispersal of the remainder, who later were assimilated into the Creek confederacy. In writing the first modern ethnographic reconstruction of Natchez society and culture, Swanton (1911) had to r…
Process, statistics and anthropological theory: An appreciation of harold E. driver
Joseph G. Jorgensen, ed. Comparative Studies by Harold E. Driver and Essays in bis Honor. New Haven: HRAF Press, 1974. 248 pp. Diagrams, tables, figures, maps, appendix, and bibliography. $20.00
Entailment Theory and Method: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Sexual Division of Labor
The purpose of this paper is to explore a more precise form for theoretical propositions in certain types of cross-cultural problems and to develop and explicate an accompanying statistical method. An inductive application of the method of entailment analysis has led us to formulate a new and power ful theory of the sexual division of labor
Community Variations and Network Structure in the Social Functions of Compadrazgo in Rural Tlaxcala, Mexico
University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education Community Variations and Network Structure in the Social Functions of Compadrazgo in Rural Tlaxcala, Mexico Author(s): Hugo G. Nutini and Douglas R. White Source: Ethnology, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Oct., 1977), pp. 353-384 Published by: University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3773262 Accessed: 15-03-2017 21:44 …
A Model of the Sexual Division of Labor
Assumptions about economies of effort in performance of tasks in the same production sequence and assumptions about constraints on women's geographic mobility due to nursing and child care are used to derive hypotheses about the allocation of tasks in the sexual division of labor in preindustrial societies. The hypotheses constitute a locational model of the division of labor by sex that makes predictions in the form of entailments: for one sex, …
General and Theoretical: A Guide to Social Theory: Worldwide Cross-Cultural Tests. David Levinson
Sexual Division of Labor in African Agriculture: A Network Autocorrelation Analysis
A model of causes and consequences of sexual division of labor in agriculture is tested using a sample of African societies. Crop type and the presence or absence of slavery are shown to be effective predictors of the degree of female contribution to agricultural subsistence, and the degree of polygyny is shown to be affected by female agricultural contribution and the form of residence. Autocorrelation effects are found and are shown to be a con…
Network autocorrelation: A simulation study of a foundational problem in regression and survey research
Multivariate Modeling with Interdependent Network Data
In the recent comparative literature the problem of simultaneously modeling func tional and diffusional effects is being penetrated from two directions. One approach emphasizes the similar problem which arises in regression-based time series analysis. A second approach focuses on the difficulties of constructing more realistic formal representations of sample unit interdependencies. Both approaches have yielded important and complementary, but di…
Graph and semigroup homomorphisms on networks of relations
Internal Replication, the Systems Concept, And Sources of Validity in Nonexperimental Research
A probabilistic and nonparametric measure of replication (White and Pesner 1979) or probability that two bivariate distributions come from the same population, is presented for use in hypothesis testing. It is argued that relationships can be regarded as invariant within a specified system to the extent that they replicate not only regionally but with respect to third factors specified as inflection points or limits on invariant relationships: re…
An Exact Significance Test for Three-Way Interaction Effects
A modification of Fisher's exact test for the 2 x 2 x 2 contingency table is proposed as a test of the null hypothesis of no three-way statistical in teraction among variables, controlling for the two-way or first-order correlations. The test uses a truncated hypergeometric distribution, limited by the bivariate marginal totals of the variables. Possible generalizations to L x M x N tables are discussed. The test is also applicable to the null hy…
Galton's Problem as network autocorrelation
Classical statistical inference procedures usually assume the independence of sample units. However, the assumption of independence is often unrealistic in cross-cultural research because societies in neighboring or historically related regions tend to be duplicates of one another across a wide variety of traits that are spread by historical fission, diffusion, or migration of peoples. A recent generalization of the usual regression model explici…
Sexual Division of Labor in Agriculture
Female agricultural contributions decline with agricultural intensification. We formulate and test a theory of the processes of agricultural intensification that explains a high proportion of the variance in female contributions to agriculture. Five variables show replicable effects across two or more regions of the world. These are number of dry months, importance of domesticated animals to subsistence, use of the plow, crop type, and population…
Cross-Cultural Surveys Today
Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological ...Read More
Rethinking Polygyny: Co-Wives, Codes, and Cultural Systems [and Comments and Reply]
Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare
We discuss and test competing explanations for polygyny based on household economics, malecentered kin groups, warfare, and environmental characteristics. Data consist of codes for 142 societies from the Standard Cross‐Cultural Sample, including new codes for polygyny and environmental characteristics. An explanatory model is tested for the worldwide sample using regression analysis, and then replicated with regional samples. We obtain convergent…
Anthropology and Computing: The Challenges of the 1990s
The use of computers in the analysis of fieldwork, texts, and socioculturally embedded systems is examined in relation to advances in problems of cultural anthropology, including synthesis of trait with textual and network analysis within a more general conception of cultures as distributed systems. Keywords: ethnography, cognitive testing, representation and inference generators, hypertext and text analysis, hypermedia, spatial autocorrelation, …
The Multiplication of Labor: Historical Methods in the Study of Gender and Agricultural Change in Modern Africa [and Comments and Reply]
The Murdock Legacy: The Ethnographic Atlas and the Search for a Method
There is no doubt that George Peter Murdock contributed to anthropology something novel, vital, and authentic.To explore the Murdock legacy is a valuable experience for anyone who is concerned with the history of the discipline, its core paradigm shifts, and its basic assumptions about the nature of fact.Among other things, Murdock challenged traditional culture theory as it had been handed down by the evolutionists and later sharply revised by B…
The Shared Workstation Applications Project
Questioning the Correlational Evidence for Kipsigis Wealth as a Cause of Reproductive Success Rather than Polygyny as a Cause of Both Extra Children and Extra Wealth
Sociology (39 works) · Computer Science (30 works) · Anthropology (19 works) · Mathematics (19 works) · History (16 works) · Kinship (11 works) · Epistemology (10 works) · Political science (10 works) · Complex Network Analysis Techniques (9 works) · Geography (9 works)