Paul Lewis
Biographic Data
| ID | 3603281 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Paul Lewis |
| GIVEN NAMES | Paul |
| FAMILY NAME | Lewis |
| SIGNATURE | LEWIS P |
| AFFILIATIONS | King's College London |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1459-3981 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 93 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 174 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 89 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 4 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1967 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-communist Europe
This work surveys processes of party development in the context of the ten years of democratic change in post-communist eastern Europe. It examines the capacity of the former ruling parties to attract contemporary voters and their role in contributing to the consolidation of the new democratic regimes
Challenging (mis)understandings of labour productivity for levelling-up: A broader research agenda for regional development
Policy work typically conflates measures of real and nominal labour productivity, using them interchangeably, often leading to misdiagnoses of the causes of regional disparities, with potentially flawed policy as a response. The Levelling Up White Paper is no exception, reflecting a fundamental misunderstanding of what is being measured and why it matters. This article makes two contributions to the literature on this point. First, it shows theor…
Constitutional artisans: James Buchanan and Vincent Ostrom on artifactual man, the constitutional attitude, and the political economy of constitutional design
This paper examines the relationship between the work of James Buchanan and Vincent Ostrom. It adds to existing work by providing a comprehensive analysis of Buchanan’s and Ostrom’s changing views about how the ‘logical foundations of constitutional democracy’ should be conceptualised. The paper traces how in the 1960s and 1970s Ostrom took inspiration from the rational choice analysis of constitutional democracy in Buchanan and Tullock’s The Cal…
Wilkie Collins in Context
A neglected topos in behavioural normative economics: The opportunity and process aspect of freedom
Robert Sugden has advanced various critiques of behavioural welfare economics, offering the notion of opportunity as an alternative. We agree with much of Sugden's critique but argue that his approach would benefit from a broadening of the informational base beyond opportunities to include people's concern for decision processes. We follow Amartya Sen in arguing that the process through which choices are made ( process freedom ) is something indi…
The Hand Behind the Invisible Hand: Reflections on a Recurring Theme in Classical Liberal Political Economy
This article is a review essay of Karl Mittermaier’s ‘The Hand Behind the Invisible Hand’, first written as a PhD thesis that was submitted in 1987 and finally published in 2020. The essay examines the main question upon which Mittermaier focuses, namely, whether the institutional framework required for spontaneous market order to arise itself also arises spontaneously, via an invisible hand process, or whether it must instead be deliberately cre…
Innovation, technician skills, and vocational education and training: Connecting Innovation Systems and Vocational Education and Training
The paper adds to the literature on vocational education and training by developing an account of the role played by technicians, and vocational education and training, in innovation. It also fills a gap in the innovation systems literature by analysing the neglected role of technicians and providers of vocational education and training in innovation. It outlines technicians’ contribution to innovation, sets out a theoretical framework for analys…
The Atavism of Social Justice 1
Essays on Liberalism and the Economy
Across seventeen volumes to date, the Collected Works of F. A. Hayek series has anthologized the diverse and prolific writings of the Austrian economist synonymous with classical liberalism. Essays on Liberalism and the Economy traces the author’s long and evolving writings on the cluster of beliefs he championed most: liberalism, its core tenets, and how its tradition represents the best hope for Western civilization. This deft selection include…
The Principles of a Liberal Social Order 1
Liberalism and democracy, although compatible, are not the same. The first is concerned with the extent of governmental power, the second with who holds this power. The difference is best seen if we consider their opposites: the opposite of liberalism is totalitarianism, while the opposite of democracy is authoritarianism. Liberalism thus derives from the discovery of a self-generating or spontaneous order in social affairs, an order which made i…
Contesting neoliberalism: Mapping the terrain of social conflict
This article explores the terrain of social conflict as it developed across advanced capitalist democracies throughout the 'age of austerity' that followed the global economic crisis. It shows how a (broadly defined) working class mobilised in different ways in different capitalist contexts, contesting the institutional forms (and the crises that emerged from them) which constitute each particular model of capitalism. Considered this way, we are …
Essays on Liberalism and the Economy, Volume 18
A deft selection of unpublished and little-known works by F. A. Hayek that will serve to enlighten and enliven debates around the ever-changing face of Western liberalism Across seventeen volumes to date, the University of Chicago Press’s Collected Works of F. A. Hayek series has anthologized the diverse and prolific writings of the Austrian economist synonymous with classical liberalism. Essays on Liberalism and the Economy traces the author’s l…
January 6 and Its Aftermath: Moral Inversion 21st Century Style
In response to the events of January 6 and the second impeachment trial, which made clear the fragility of democracy in the USA, several scholars whose work has appeared in this journal comment on one or more of the following questions: (1) What causes, epistemic and/or social, might Polanyi see as contributing to the incivility, rancor, and division that now characterize American politics? (2) What would Polanyi say about the events of January 6…
Inhabiting the World: Identity, Politics, and Theology in Radical Baptist Perspective. By Ryan Andrew Newson
Cooking Irish in the People's Republic of China
Research Article| February 01 2020 Cooking Irish in the People's Republic of China Paul Lewis Paul Lewis Paul Lewis is from Cork City and lives in Galway, Ireland. His other work is to be found in The Stinging Fly and Channel magazine. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Gastronomica (2020) 20 (1): 42–44. https://doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2020.20.1.42 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio S…
A Socio-political Overview of Post-socialist Southeastern Europe Today
According to Freedom House, those southeast European states which have joined the European Union are "free" while the rest are "partly free. " For ordinary citizens, the most important issues are corruption, unemployment, and poverty. There is an approximate correlation between Freedom House's assessments of democratic attainment and local perceptions of corruption: the more corrupt the country, the less democratic it is likely to be. The media a…
In gun we trust? A homily
Exegetically and homiletically, I offer the possibility that gun violence in US society represents God’s judgment upon our culture’s love for the gun. Talk of judgment may sound foreboding, but properly understood, it may be what the Exodus reading depicts. Current events involving multiple mass shootings in schools, churches, and public spaces may be indicative of the judgment of God on succeeding, innocent generations for the sins of our ancest…
Variegated Anti-Austerity: Exploring the Demise and Rise of Class Struggle during the Crisis of Neoliberalism
This article maps important trends that mark a new stage in neoliberal capitalism since 2008, with a focus on class struggle and resistance in the advanced industrial democracies. New forms of collective action have arisen in response to austerity which has been imposed, in different forms, across most of the advanced industrial democracies, in a context in which established solidaristic institutions – trade unions, social democratic parties, wel…
Archaeology in the home: Neoclassical ceramics for new audiences in mid-nineteenth-century Britain
For audiences not familiar with antiquity, the shattering of the Portland Vase at the British Museum in 1845 raised awareness of a classical past which was claimed by many European nations as their cultural heritage. This article explores how the British ceramics industry quickly exploited a ready market, prompted by such interest. A new genre of wares was produced industrially, mainly in Stoke-on-Trent until the 1870s, although manufacture conti…
Lines Written by a Lady”: Judith Sargent Murray and a Mystery of Feminist Authorship
A regular and prolific contributor to the Massachusetts Magazine, Judith Sargent Murray probably wrote an anonymously published and joyfully feminist poem that ran in the September 1794 issue: “Lines Written by a Lady, who was questioned respecting her inclination to marry.”
Interact: A comprehensive approach to assess urban form interventions through natural experiments
INTERACT aims to advance the evidence base on population health intervention research and address challenges related to big data, knowledge mobilization and engagement, ethics, and causality. We will collect ~ 100 TB of sensor data from participants over 5 years. We will address these challenges using interdisciplinary partnerships, training of highly qualified personnel, and modern methodologies for using sensor-based data
The Organ Maker’s Shop, Erotic Attention, Teaching, and Trust
The Austrian and Bloomington Schools of Political Economy
Prelims -- ABC-Austria, Bloomington, Chicago: political economy the Ostrom Way -- The Ostroms and Hayek as theorists of complex adaptive systems: commonality and complementarity -- A practical approach to understanding: the possibilities and limitations of applied work in political economy -- The organizational evolution of the American National Red Cross: an Austrian and Bloomington approach to organizational growth and expansion -- Covenant and…
Austrian and Bloomington Schools of Political Economy
Welfare Capitalism in Post-Industrial Times: Trilemma or Power Over Rents
The structure of ‘post-industrial’ economies is widely held to be problematic for welfare capitalism, because of inherent limits to productivity growth in services compared to manufacturing. The so-called post-industrial trilemma is suggested to allow only two of relative earnings equality, high levels of employment and fiscal balance, and has resulted in the widespread policy belief that greater earnings inequality and welfare state retrenchment…
Realism, Causality and the Problem of Social Structure
The Muhammad cartoons and humor research: A collection of essays
At the 2006 conference of the International Society for Humor Studies (Danish University of Education, Copenhagen), several panels addressed issues raised by the Muhammad cartoon story. Among these, a colloquium organized by Paul Lewis and decorously titled “Transnational Ridicule and Response” focused on the implications for humor research of the events surrounding the publication of the cartoons. Along with other materials, panelists were encou…
Metaphor and Critical Realism
Advocates of critical realism often refer to the importance of “the logic of analogy and metaphor’ for the development of scientific theories. However, critical realists have failed to provide a detailed account of the part that metaphor plays in scientific theorizing. It is argued that such an account reveals that metaphor is integral to science, as understood by critical realists, serving both to provide suggestions of scientific models and a t…
Agency, Structure and Causality in Political Science: A Comment on Sibeon
Researchers in political science are devoting increasing attention to the ontological commitments of their theories – that is, to what those theories presuppose about the nature of the political world. This article focuses on a recent contribution to this ‘ontological turn’ in political science ( Sibeon, 1999 ). Tensions are identified in Sibeon's account of the causal interplay between agency and social structure. It is argued that these tension…
Subjectivism, social structures and the possibility of socio-economic order. The case of Ludwig Lachmann
We address the challenge of attempting to advance a strong and consistently subjectivist view of economic agency without simultaneously undermining the possibility of providing a coherent account of social institutions and socio-economic order. The argument is presented as a case study and development of the ideas of Ludwig Lachmann, a prominent and self-confessed 'radical subjectivist' member of the modern Austrian School, who was both aware of …
Non-Competitive Elections and Regime Change: Poland 1989
Journal Article NON-COMPETITIVE ELECTIONS AND REGIME CHANGE: POLAND 1989 Get access Paul Lewis Paul Lewis Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 43, Issue 1, January 1990, Pages 90–107, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a052239 Published: 01 January 1990
Peter Berger and His Critics: The Significance of Emergence
Les parents et les déplacements entre la maison et l’école primaire: Quelle place pour l’enfant dans la ville
La forme urbaine et l’organisation du système scolaire ont une influence sur la mobilité des enfants et, en particulier, sur leurs déplacements scolaires. Les habitudes, les perceptions et les choix des parents pèsent tout autant. Le présent article porte sur les relations entre les considérations et les comportements parentaux, d’une part, et les modes de déplacement des enfants lors des déplacements entre la maison et l’école, d’autre part. Il …
Structure, agency and causality in post-revival Austrian economics: Tensions and Resolutions
This paper aims to illustrate the benefits that accrue from critical realism's sustained, explicit reflection about ontological issues. The paper pursues this aim by examining the work of radical subjectivist Austrian economists as it has developed since the post-1974 revival in the fortunes of the Austrian school, focusing in particular on their account of the generation of socio-economic order in decentralized market economies. Ambiguities and …
Joke and Anti‐Joke: Three Jews and a Blindfold
Contesting neoliberalism: Mapping the terrain of social conflict
This article explores the terrain of social conflict as it developed across advanced capitalist democracies throughout the 'age of austerity' that followed the global economic crisis. It shows how a (broadly defined) working class mobilised in different ways in different capitalist contexts, contesting the institutional forms (and the crises that emerged from them) which constitute each particular model of capitalism. Considered this way, we are …
"Solving the "Lachmann Problem: Orientation, Individualism, and the Causal Explanation of Socioeconomic Order
This article examines the question of whether social institutions should be treated as possessing the sui generis causal power to influence people's actions. It does so by means of a case study of the work of the Austrian economist Ludwig Lachmann. Lachmann's account of how social institutions facilitate intentional human agency in the face of uncertainty contains significant ambiguities and tensions, stemming from his reluctance to acknowledge t…
A neglected topos in behavioural normative economics: The opportunity and process aspect of freedom
Robert Sugden has advanced various critiques of behavioural welfare economics, offering the notion of opportunity as an alternative. We agree with much of Sugden's critique but argue that his approach would benefit from a broadening of the informational base beyond opportunities to include people's concern for decision processes. We follow Amartya Sen in arguing that the process through which choices are made ( process freedom ) is something indi…
Variegated Anti-Austerity: Exploring the Demise and Rise of Class Struggle during the Crisis of Neoliberalism
This article maps important trends that mark a new stage in neoliberal capitalism since 2008, with a focus on class struggle and resistance in the advanced industrial democracies. New forms of collective action have arisen in response to austerity which has been imposed, in different forms, across most of the advanced industrial democracies, in a context in which established solidaristic institutions – trade unions, social democratic parties, wel…
The Emergence of “Emergence” In the Work of F. A. Hayek: A Historical Analysis
This article identifies the sources on which Friedrich Hayek drew in order to develop his understanding of the notion of emergence. It is widely acknowledged that the notion of emergence plays a significant role in Hayek's analyses of both the mind and the market. In Hayek's account, the key capacities of the human mind—such as its capacity to enable people to perceive the world around them and to form plans about how to act—are emergent properti…
Hayek, Social Theory, and the Contrastive Explanation of Socio-Economic Order
Hayek's later work on the possibility of socio-economic order in decentralized market economies is an exercise in contrastive causal explanation as conceptualized by realist social theorists and philosophers. This interpretation of Hayek's work lends support to the view that Hayek's post-1960 writings can be thought of as an example of comparative institutional analysis. It also provides a means of reinforcing Hayek's own efforts to establish the…
Openness and foreign policy reform in communist states
Journal Article Openness and foreign policy reform in communist states Get access Openness and foreign policy reform in communist states. By Gerald Segal. London: Routledge for Royal Institute of International Affairs. 1992. 248p. Index. £40.00. ISBN 0 415 08275 7. Paul Lewis Paul Lewis 1The Open University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 69, Issue 2, April 1993, Pages 357–358…
Welfare Capitalism in Post-Industrial Times: Trilemma or Power Over Rents
The structure of ‘post-industrial’ economies is widely held to be problematic for welfare capitalism, because of inherent limits to productivity growth in services compared to manufacturing. The so-called post-industrial trilemma is suggested to allow only two of relative earnings equality, high levels of employment and fiscal balance, and has resulted in the widespread policy belief that greater earnings inequality and welfare state retrenchment…
On the Merits of Critical Realism and the “Ontological Turn” in Economics: Reply to Steele
The discipline of economics can benefit from a more explicit, systematic, and sustained concern with ontology; that is, with the philosophical analysis of the nature of the social world. Contrary to the argument advanced in these pages by Gerry Steele (2005), critical-realist ontological analysis encourages fruitful economic research in a number of ways: by helping to identify research methods suitable for analyzing economic issues; by promoting …
Upskilling the Workers will not Upskill the Work. Why the Dominant Economic Framework Limits Child Poverty Reduction in the UK
This paper assesses the policy consensus that exists amongst political parties in the UK in their shared ambition to eradicate child poverty by 2020. Three major pillars of policy - work intensification, re-distribution and skill upgrading - are challenged in terms of their likely success in reducing child poverty. In particular, the assumption that upgrading skills will raise earnings is challenged by examining the changing patterns of work in a…
Uncertainty, power and trust
Uncertainty, Conventional Behavior, and Economic Sociology
This paper addresses the problem of the conceptualization of social structure and its relationship to human agency in economic sociology. The background is provided by John Maynard Keynes's writings on uncertainty and conventional behavior on the stock market, and the analysis consists of a comparison of the social ontologies of the French Intersubjectivist School and the Economics as Social Theory Project in the light of these observations. The …
The killing jokes of the American eighties
Constitutional artisans: James Buchanan and Vincent Ostrom on artifactual man, the constitutional attitude, and the political economy of constitutional design
This paper examines the relationship between the work of James Buchanan and Vincent Ostrom. It adds to existing work by providing a comprehensive analysis of Buchanan’s and Ostrom’s changing views about how the ‘logical foundations of constitutional democracy’ should be conceptualised. The paper traces how in the 1960s and 1970s Ostrom took inspiration from the rational choice analysis of constitutional democracy in Buchanan and Tullock’s The Cal…
The Hand Behind the Invisible Hand: Reflections on a Recurring Theme in Classical Liberal Political Economy
This article is a review essay of Karl Mittermaier’s ‘The Hand Behind the Invisible Hand’, first written as a PhD thesis that was submitted in 1987 and finally published in 2020. The essay examines the main question upon which Mittermaier focuses, namely, whether the institutional framework required for spontaneous market order to arise itself also arises spontaneously, via an invisible hand process, or whether it must instead be deliberately cre…
Preference for Warned Shock: Information and/or Preparation
Human Ss preferred warned shock to unwarned shock when the warning signal contained 2 bits of information (25% shock) but not when it was redundant, i.e., 0 bits (100% shock). Rated strength of preference was also related to the information contained in the warning
Suppression of Rat Vocalizations to Shock by an Auditory CS
Two studies are reported using rat vocalization to electric shock as the behavioral measure. Study 1 used a classical conditioning procedure with an auditory CS for one group while presenting only the UCS to a second group. The second study investigated the same phenomenon but used a within- instead of a between-groups design. In both studies, Ss given CS-UCS pairings vocalized significantly less to UCS than when the UCS was given alone. Both stu…
The Great Rogue: A Biography of Captain John Smith
"The Role and Function of the Akha "Village Priest
The Peasantry
As a social type the peasant is a country-dweller of low status who supports himself primarily from small-scale agriculture conducted more as a way of life than as a commercial enterprise. In both production and consumption, the family is the basic unit and is the fundamental social institution of the little community in which he lives. The formally peripheral aspects of this summary ‘typical’ picture, however, are more likely to determine the ac…
Effect of Signal Duration on Preference for Signalled Reinforcement
By responding on a changeover key, subjects could change the prevailing unsignalled VI 65-sec. schedule to a signalled, but otherwise identical, schedule. On the signalled schedule a brief tone preceded reinforcement. Regardless of the duration of the signal (5.0, 3.0, 1.0, 0.5, or 0.1 sec.), subjects strongly preferred the signalled schedule. Withdrawal of the signal produced a rapid decline in the changeover key response rate, demonstrating tha…
Maps and Statistics
Interpretation of “Practicable” and “Just” in Relation to “Re‐employment” in Unfair Dismissal Cases
Turbulent Priest: Political Implications of the Popieluszko Affair
Social Security Bill
Trade Unions and the Labour Party: Changes in the Group of Trade Union Sponsored MPs
Joke and Anti‐Joke: Three Jews and a Blindfold
Signal Control by Six Signals
In previous signal-control experiments, several types of stimuli elicited pecking when paired with peck-contingent grain. Here, we compared the effectiveness of an auditory stimulus and five visual stimuli. For 12 pigeons, the first keypeck to follow the offset of a 4-sec. signal was reinforced with grain. We examined the following signals: a tone, a white keylight, a dark keylight, a keylight that changed from white to red, houselight onset, and…
Keypecking as a Self-Control Response
Self-control was analyzed in an operant conditioning experiment using pigeons as subjects. In past experiments, subjects were presented a brief stimulus such that a peck against a response key during the stimulus resulted in a small reinforcer, and not pecking during the stimulus resulted in a large reinforcer, delivered sometime later. Pecking the response key represented a lack of self-control; not keypecking represented self-control. Because e…
Non-Competitive Elections and Regime Change: Poland 1989
Journal Article NON-COMPETITIVE ELECTIONS AND REGIME CHANGE: POLAND 1989 Get access Paul Lewis Paul Lewis Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 43, Issue 1, January 1990, Pages 90–107, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a052239 Published: 01 January 1990
The failure of authoritarian change: Reform, opposition and geopolitics in Poland in the 1980s
Journal Article The failure of authoritarian change: reform, opposition and geopolitics in Poland in the 1980s Get access The failure of authoritarian change: reform, opposition and geopolitics in Poland in the 1980s. By André W. M. Gerrits. Aldershot, Hants: Dartmouth. 1990. 260pp. £30.00. ISBN 1 85521 133 5. Paul Lewis Paul Lewis 1The Open University, Milton Keynes Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Interna…
Partenariat public-privé et revitalisation des zones commerciales
The Stroessner Era: Authoritarian Rule in Paraguay
Communist regimes in comparative perspective: The evolution of the Soviet, Chinese and Yugoslav models
Journal Article Communist regimes in comparative perspective: the evolution of the Soviet, Chinese and Yugoslav models Get access Communist regimes in comparative perspective: the evolution of the Soviet, Chinese and Yugoslav models. By Peter Ferdinand. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester/Wheatsheaf. 1991. 332pp. Index. £49.95; ISBN 0 7108 0175 0. Pb.: £12.95 ; ISBN 0 7108 0180 7. Paul Lewis Paul Lewis 1The Open University Search for other works by this a…
Professionals, power and Solidarity in Poland: A critical sociology of Soviet-type society
Journal Article Professionals, power and Solidarity in Poland: a critical sociology of Soviet-type society Get access Professionals, power and Solidarity in Poland: a critical sociology of Soviet-type society. By Michael D. Kennedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991. 421pp. Index. £45.00. ISBN 0 521 39083 4. Paul Lewis Paul Lewis 1The Open University, Milton Keynes Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar…
Openness and foreign policy reform in communist states
Journal Article Openness and foreign policy reform in communist states Get access Openness and foreign policy reform in communist states. By Gerald Segal. London: Routledge for Royal Institute of International Affairs. 1992. 248p. Index. £40.00. ISBN 0 415 08275 7. Paul Lewis Paul Lewis 1The Open University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 69, Issue 2, April 1993, Pages 357–358…
Introducing discrete-event control concepts and state-transition methodology into control system curricula
A significant academic concern is discussed in terms of introducing the study of methods of discrete-event control in hierarchical systems. This is an area with a blend of computer and control system concepts that is often avoided (or perhaps lost between areas) in undergraduate engineering programs. Applications to factory automation may involve very extensive and critical design considerations, and this area is often an important concern to pra…
The rise and fall of communism in Eastern Europe
Journal Article The rise and fall of communism in Eastern Europe Get access The rise and fall of communism in Eastern Europe. By Ben Fowkes. London: Macmillan with St Martin's Press, New York. 1993. 228pp. Index. £40.00. ISBN 0 333 54478 1. Paul Lewis Paul Lewis 1The Open University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 70, Issue 2, April 1994, Page 365, https://doi.org/10.2307/2625…
Stabilising Fragile Democracies: New Party Systems in Southern and Eastern Europe
Introduction: Stabilising Fragile Democracies and Party System Development 1. Party Inheritance and Party Identities 2. From Nomenclature to Clientura: The Emergence of New Party Systems in East-Central Europe 3. Structuring the New Party Systems after the Dictatorship: Coalitions, Alliances, Fusions and Splits during the Transition and Post Transition Stages 4. Parties and Electoral Choices in East-Central Europe 5. Italy's Postwar Transition in…
A Naturalistic Test of Two Fundamental Propositions: Correspondence Bias and the Actor‐Observer Hypothesis
This research examines factors which influence the lay‐explainer in everyday life. Correspondence bias (cf. Gilbert & Jones, 1986) and Jones and Nisbett's (1971) actor‐observer hypothesis are reviewed. Descriptions and explanations of behavior were obtained in everyday life via experience sampling. Traits as explanations were accessed minimally. The only significant difference between actor and observer was that actors used the person explanation…
Political science (54 works) · Sociology (43 works) · Law (37 works) · Politics (31 works) · Economics (28 works) · Art (19 works) · Law (19 works) · History (17 works) · Philosophy (16 works) · Computer Science (15 works)