Eric Plutzer
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3604339 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Eric Plutzer |
| PRENOMES | Eric |
| SOBRENOME | Plutzer |
| ASSINATURA | PLUTZER E |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Pennsylvania State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5456-7227 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 40 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 1109 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 40 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1985 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 13 |
Governing During a Culture War
As battles over transgender rights play out at the local level, this study offers the first large‐scale analysis of religion and U.S. local government officials’ views on key transgender rights policies. Drawing on our 2023 national probability sample of U.S. municipal, county, and school district officials, we examine officials’ attitudes toward policies related to restroom access and gender markers on driver's licenses. We find that religious a…
Generations in contemporary US politics
The cultural salience of generational categories is on the rise: the large and powerful Baby-Boom generation continues to dominate electoral politics while younger Millennials’ and Gen Zers’ fluency in digital communication technology lets them voice their frustrations. We demonstrate that these three generational groups show many signs of being—or becoming—collective political actors. Majorities identify with their generation, they find these id…
Reassessing the Effects of Emotions on Turnout
Discrete emotions such as anger, pride, worry, and hopefulness have been shown to predict candidate preferences, issue attitudes, reports of participation other than voting, and stated intention to participate in various civic and electoral activities. Yet we know very little about how emotions might affect the most fundamental individual act in a democracy: turning out to vote. Using original survey data linked to past and future validated turno…
Religion-State Interaction at the Local Level
Relationships between religion and state are a core focus for social scientists, but little is known about a central set of actors in 'church-state' relations in the United States: local elected officials (mayors, town councilpersons, city commissioners). We report on a unique, representative survey of local elected officials, examining their religiosity, their interactions with religion through governance (prayers, meetings, symbol placement req…
Religion at the Frontline
Frontline officials (such as mayors and commissioners) are responsible for local-level responses to the COVID-19 pandemic across the United States. Their actions and attitudes, either in support of or opposition to public health recommendations, have resulted in widespread variation in local-level pandemic response. Despite evidence that religion significantly impacts the general public’s response to the pandemic, the influence of religion on off…
Federalism and the Racialization of Welfare Policy
Considerable research shows that welfare policies are stricter in states with large African American caseloads. We challenge the universality of this claim by extending Soss, Fording, and Schram's Racial Classification Model to account for the multidimensionality of policy, the constraints imposed by federal funding, and state legislators' ideological goals and racial stereotypes. Examining the work requirements, sanctions, time limits, and exemp…
Publication Ethics, Transparency, and Replication
Privacy, Sensitive Questions, and Informed Consent
Survey science is driven to maximize data quality and reduce Total Survey Error (TSE). At the same time, survey methodologists have ethical and professional obligations to protect the privacy of respondents and ensure their capacity to provide informed consent for their participation, for data linkage, passive data collection, and the archiving of replication data. We have learned, however, that both sensitive topics and the consent process can c…
Measuring Complex State Policies
Welfare policy is multidimensional because of the political compromises, competing goals, and federalist structure underpinning it. This complexity has hindered measurement and, therefore, the comparability of research on race and welfare policy. This paper describes a measurement strategy that is transparent, replicable, and attuned to matching the assumptions of statistical models to the policy process. We demonstrate that this strategy leads t…
Climate confusion among U.S. teachers
Teachers' knowledge and values can hinder climate education
Enablers of Doubt
Evolution deniers do not need to establish their own scientific position but merely cast doubt on some aspect of evolution or obtain a small amount of legitimacy for creationism or intelligent design to sow sufficient doubt in the mainstream. This doubt is one of three pillars, along with demands for equal time and the incompatibility of science and religion, that Eugenie Scott has argued define contemporary anti-evolution efforts. High school bi…
The Racial Gap in Confidence in Science
African Americans, compared to Whites, are starkly underrepresented in scientific and technological professions, are especially reluctant to participate as research subjects, and they express attitudes that are skeptical of science and scientific institutions. This article seeks to explain the racial gap in confidence in science (race being socially defined), putting to empirical test explanations suggested by research on human capital, inequalit…
Local Autonomy versus State Constraints
Do state curricular standards and examinations constrain the behavior of public school teachers? More specifically, do they interfere with teachers' responsiveness to local district preferences? We explore these questions in the highly contested arena of instruction in evolutionary biology. Drawing upon an original national survey of high school biology teachers, we find that their classroom practices conform to community preferences. This respon…
Scientific Expertise and the Culture War
The teaching of evolution in public schools has been a central element in the nation's “culture wars” since the 1920s and remains a contentious issue today. Content standards for the teaching of biology have been flashpoints for conflict, with well publicized battles occurring in state governments, in federal courts, and in local school districts. We show that a full understanding of evolution politics at the state level must simultaneously accou…
Political Participation and Cumulative Disadvantage
In this article, we seek to provide the most comprehensive exploration to date of the effects of economic and social disadvantage on young citizens' voter turnout. We look at four overlapping domains of hardship—those rooted in (a) the family context, (b) the community context, (c) the school context, and (d) major events and life transitions. Our conceptual model of cumulative advantage/disadvantage identifies the different ways in which disadva…
Trends
Journal Article Trends: Evolution, Creationism, and the Teaching of Human Origins in Schools Get access Eric Plutzer, Eric Plutzer Address correspondence to Michael Berkman; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Michael Berkman Michael Berkman Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 72, Issue 3, Fall 2008,…
Stay in School, Don’t Become a Parent
We investigate three important life transitions—becoming a parent, getting married, and dropping out or graduating from high school—on the development of civic engagement. We qualify the socioeconomic status and resources frameworks by arguing that effects should differ across racial and ethnic lines. We address these issues by analyzing data from a nationally representative, 12-year panel study comprising more than 12,000 eighth graders in 1988 …
Family Transitions, Economic Status, and Voter Turnout Among African‐American Inner‐City Women
Objectives. We examine voter turnout of inner‐city African‐American mothers, many of whom are single parents and endure long‐term, economic hardship. Previous research suggests that income is a more important factor among these groups than in the general population. We seek to understand the interplay of family structure, income, and voter turnout. Methods. We explore these ideas using panel data on 754 mothers living in Chicago and interviewed a…
It Takes a Candidate
It Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don't Run for Office. By Jennifer L. Lawless and Richard L. Fox. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 2005. 203 pp. 22.99 paper.Why do so few women occupy elected offices in the United States? One reason, perhaps the most important one, is that fewer women than men are politically ambitious. That is the major conclusion to emerge from the innovative research conducted by Jennifer Lawless and Richard …
The Graying of America and Support for Funding the Nation's Schools
Surveys spanning more than 35 years show that older Americans are less likely than younger citizens to endorse increased spending on public schools. The conventional explanation for this gen- erational cleavage presumes that citizens' interests change as they approach or transition into retirement-the absence of school-age children and fixed incomes combine to lower their interest in supporting spending increases for public education. We show tha…
Families, divorce and voter turnout in the US
George E. Marcus, W. Russell Neuman, and Michael MacKuen, Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment
Journal Article George E. Marcus, W. Russell Neuman, and Michael MacKuen, Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment Get access ERIC PLUTZER ERIC PLUTZER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 66, Issue 3, September 2002, Pages 455–458, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.poq.a005079 Published: 01 September 2002
Becoming a Habitual Voter
This paper reframes our inquiry into voter turnout by making aging the lens through which the traditional resource and cost measures of previous turnout research are viewed, thereby making three related contributions. (1) I offer a developmental theory of turnout. This framework follows from the observation that most citizens are habitual voters or habitual nonvoters (they display inertia). Most young citizens start their political lives as habit…
Class, Gender, and the Family Unit
Ideology and Elites' Perceptions of the Safety of New Technologies
Theory: The policy learning and advocacy coalition framework emphasizes the importance of journalists and scientists, as well as policymakers, in models of the policy process. At the same time, research from several traditions suggests that elite opinion concerning the safety of nuclear energy, genetic engineering, and other new technologies derives primarily from political ideology. We examine the attitudes of three elite groups that influence p…
Becoming a Habitual Voter
This paper reframes our inquiry into voter turnout by making aging the lens through which the traditional resource and cost measures of previous turnout research are viewed, thereby making three related contributions. (1) I offer a developmental theory of turnout. This framework follows from the observation that most citizens are habitual voters or habitual nonvoters (they display inertia). Most young citizens start their political lives as habit…
Identity Politics, Partisanship, and Voting for Women Candidates
In 1992 a record 14 women sought statewide office by running “as women” and as representatives of women. In this article we examine whether their appeals led to widespread vot ing on the basis of gender identity. We find evidence that the sex of the voter is significantly related to voting for female candidates in eight of 13 states, and among partisans of both parties as well as Independents. Further, we find that these effects are amplified by …
Alternative Contexts of Political Behavior
This paper examines the political consequences that arise due to multiple and simultaneous bases of social experience. Two alternative contexts--those of neighborhoods and churches--provide an empirical setting for the effort; and the analysis focuses on two different political attitudes--policy preferences regarding abortion and partisan self-identification. Several questions are addressed: In what manner are the alternative contexts of politics…
Work Life, Family Life, and Women's Support of Feminism
Recent research has attempted to explain wide ecological divisions among women in terms of their different life styles and their subjective commitment to them. Special attention has been given to the potential effects of womens work and family life on their attitudes. This paper uses a large representative sample of American women to systematically evaluate these explanations for the 1st time. The evidence suggests that various aspects of womens …
Contextual Determinants of Feminist Attitudes
We augment the survey-based studies of attitudes toward feminism with comparative, contextual perspectives emphasizing the importance of social structure and culture. In doing so, we are able to assess the relative merits of two very different structural theories. Most researchers implicitly assume a simple linear effect of social context on attitudes. On the other hand, some early works on American conservatism suggest to us that status disconte…
Gender Differences in Voting for Female Candidates
This paper analyzes voting in five 1982 elections in which women ran as major party candidates for high-level offices: Governor in Vermont and Iowa; and U.S. Senator in Missouri, New York, and New Jersey. Results indicate that the sex of the candidate generally has little impact on voting and that solid women candidates can attract cross-over votes, while weaker ones can lose them. The implications of these results are discussed in the concluding…
The Social Bases of Feminism in the European Community
Although several studies explore the political environments and institutional features of Western European women's movements, few have examined the mass attitudinal bases for feminist politics in Europe. This article extends the study of feminist politics by testing models of feminist attitudes developed in the United States with data collected in the European Community in 1983. We explore the connections between the support of feminist goals and…
Families, divorce and voter turnout in the US
Trends
Journal Article Trends: Evolution, Creationism, and the Teaching of Human Origins in Schools Get access Eric Plutzer, Eric Plutzer Address correspondence to Michael Berkman; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Michael Berkman Michael Berkman Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 72, Issue 3, Fall 2008,…
Political Participation and Cumulative Disadvantage
In this article, we seek to provide the most comprehensive exploration to date of the effects of economic and social disadvantage on young citizens' voter turnout. We look at four overlapping domains of hardship—those rooted in (a) the family context, (b) the community context, (c) the school context, and (d) major events and life transitions. Our conceptual model of cumulative advantage/disadvantage identifies the different ways in which disadva…
Family Life and American Politics
Journal Article FAMILY LIFE AND AMERICAN POLITICS: THE "MARRIAGE GAP" RECONSIDERED Get access ERIC PLUTZER, ERIC PLUTZER ERIC PLUTZER is Assistant Professor of Political Science at lowa State University Address all correspondence to the first author at the Department of Political Science, 503 Ross Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1204 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar MICHAEL McBURNETT MICHAEL McB…
Stay in School, Don’t Become a Parent
We investigate three important life transitions—becoming a parent, getting married, and dropping out or graduating from high school—on the development of civic engagement. We qualify the socioeconomic status and resources frameworks by arguing that effects should differ across racial and ethnic lines. We address these issues by analyzing data from a nationally representative, 12-year panel study comprising more than 12,000 eighth graders in 1988 …
The Graying of America and Support for Funding the Nation's Schools
Surveys spanning more than 35 years show that older Americans are less likely than younger citizens to endorse increased spending on public schools. The conventional explanation for this gen- erational cleavage presumes that citizens' interests change as they approach or transition into retirement-the absence of school-age children and fixed incomes combine to lower their interest in supporting spending increases for public education. We show tha…
Ideology and Elites' Perceptions of the Safety of New Technologies
Theory: The policy learning and advocacy coalition framework emphasizes the importance of journalists and scientists, as well as policymakers, in models of the policy process. At the same time, research from several traditions suggests that elite opinion concerning the safety of nuclear energy, genetic engineering, and other new technologies derives primarily from political ideology. We examine the attitudes of three elite groups that influence p…
Scientific Expertise and the Culture War
The teaching of evolution in public schools has been a central element in the nation's “culture wars” since the 1920s and remains a contentious issue today. Content standards for the teaching of biology have been flashpoints for conflict, with well publicized battles occurring in state governments, in federal courts, and in local school districts. We show that a full understanding of evolution politics at the state level must simultaneously accou…
Family Transitions, Economic Status, and Voter Turnout Among African‐American Inner‐City Women
Objectives. We examine voter turnout of inner‐city African‐American mothers, many of whom are single parents and endure long‐term, economic hardship. Previous research suggests that income is a more important factor among these groups than in the general population. We seek to understand the interplay of family structure, income, and voter turnout. Methods. We explore these ideas using panel data on 754 mothers living in Chicago and interviewed a…
Religion at the Frontline
Frontline officials (such as mayors and commissioners) are responsible for local-level responses to the COVID-19 pandemic across the United States. Their actions and attitudes, either in support of or opposition to public health recommendations, have resulted in widespread variation in local-level pandemic response. Despite evidence that religion significantly impacts the general public’s response to the pandemic, the influence of religion on off…
Reassessing the Effects of Emotions on Turnout
Discrete emotions such as anger, pride, worry, and hopefulness have been shown to predict candidate preferences, issue attitudes, reports of participation other than voting, and stated intention to participate in various civic and electoral activities. Yet we know very little about how emotions might affect the most fundamental individual act in a democracy: turning out to vote. Using original survey data linked to past and future validated turno…
Measuring Complex State Policies
Welfare policy is multidimensional because of the political compromises, competing goals, and federalist structure underpinning it. This complexity has hindered measurement and, therefore, the comparability of research on race and welfare policy. This paper describes a measurement strategy that is transparent, replicable, and attuned to matching the assumptions of statistical models to the policy process. We demonstrate that this strategy leads t…
Federalism and the Racialization of Welfare Policy
Considerable research shows that welfare policies are stricter in states with large African American caseloads. We challenge the universality of this claim by extending Soss, Fording, and Schram's Racial Classification Model to account for the multidimensionality of policy, the constraints imposed by federal funding, and state legislators' ideological goals and racial stereotypes. Examining the work requirements, sanctions, time limits, and exemp…
Wives and Husbands
Two decades after Joan Acker (1973) castigated mainstream stratification research for its 'intellectual sexism', the debate over the impact that married women's paid employment has on class analysis is perhaps the most controversial issue in social stratification. Using two decades of survey data from the U.S., we assess the conditions under which wife's class affects the class identification of both spouses. Our principal findings include: (a) a…
Class, Gender, and the Family Unit
Privacy, Sensitive Questions, and Informed Consent
Survey science is driven to maximize data quality and reduce Total Survey Error (TSE). At the same time, survey methodologists have ethical and professional obligations to protect the privacy of respondents and ensure their capacity to provide informed consent for their participation, for data linkage, passive data collection, and the archiving of replication data. We have learned, however, that both sensitive topics and the consent process can c…
Enablers of Doubt
Evolution deniers do not need to establish their own scientific position but merely cast doubt on some aspect of evolution or obtain a small amount of legitimacy for creationism or intelligent design to sow sufficient doubt in the mainstream. This doubt is one of three pillars, along with demands for equal time and the incompatibility of science and religion, that Eugenie Scott has argued define contemporary anti-evolution efforts. High school bi…
Scientific Information, Elite Attitudes, and the Public Debate Over Food Safety
Why do consumers often react with alarm to food technologies (such as irradiation, genetic engineering, artificial hormones, and chemical pesticides) that scientists regard as essentially safe? We examine the attitudes toward food safety of three types of elites who serve as providers of scientific information regarding food safety to the United States public. Previous research suggests that journalists are likely to exaggerate risks associated w…
Gender Differences in Voting for Female Candidates
This paper analyzes voting in five 1982 elections in which women ran as major party candidates for high-level offices: Governor in Vermont and Iowa; and U.S. Senator in Missouri, New York, and New Jersey. Results indicate that the sex of the candidate generally has little impact on voting and that solid women candidates can attract cross-over votes, while weaker ones can lose them. The implications of these results are discussed in the concluding…
Determinants of Leftist Radical Belief in the United States
Work Life, Family Life, and Women's Support of Feminism
Recent research has attempted to explain wide ecological divisions among women in terms of their different life styles and their subjective commitment to them. Special attention has been given to the potential effects of womens work and family life on their attitudes. This paper uses a large representative sample of American women to systematically evaluate these explanations for the 1st time. The evidence suggests that various aspects of womens …
When Married Women Have Abortions
Data from a survey of 506 women undergoing abortion at a family planning clinic in Illinois suggest that the assumption that spousal notification promotes marital harmony is plausible only for the subset of women whose marriages are already harmonious. In this sample 89.5% of the women told their husband or boyfriend about the pregnancy and 82.5% of these men were appraised of the womans decision to terminate the pregnancy. 8% of the married wome…
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Academia
Sociologists administer graduate programs irrationally, in ways that run counter to accepted sociological knowledge and to approaches that we might advocate for undergraduate education. This irrational behavior becomes understandable if we assume that sociologists act in accordance with a belief in predestination. According to this belief, some graduate.students are members of the elect and are predestined for success. Acting in accordance with s…
Family Life and American Politics
Journal Article FAMILY LIFE AND AMERICAN POLITICS: THE "MARRIAGE GAP" RECONSIDERED Get access ERIC PLUTZER, ERIC PLUTZER ERIC PLUTZER is Assistant Professor of Political Science at lowa State University Address all correspondence to the first author at the Department of Political Science, 503 Ross Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1204 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar MICHAEL McBURNETT MICHAEL McB…
The Social Bases of Feminism in the European Community
Although several studies explore the political environments and institutional features of Western European women's movements, few have examined the mass attitudinal bases for feminist politics in Europe. This article extends the study of feminist politics by testing models of feminist attitudes developed in the United States with data collected in the European Community in 1983. We explore the connections between the support of feminist goals and…
Contextual Determinants of Feminist Attitudes
We augment the survey-based studies of attitudes toward feminism with comparative, contextual perspectives emphasizing the importance of social structure and culture. In doing so, we are able to assess the relative merits of two very different structural theories. Most researchers implicitly assume a simple linear effect of social context on attitudes. On the other hand, some early works on American conservatism suggest to us that status disconte…
Alternative Contexts of Political Behavior
This paper examines the political consequences that arise due to multiple and simultaneous bases of social experience. Two alternative contexts--those of neighborhoods and churches--provide an empirical setting for the effort; and the analysis focuses on two different political attitudes--policy preferences regarding abortion and partisan self-identification. Several questions are addressed: In what manner are the alternative contexts of politics…
The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion
Child Care Registration Form
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button
Identity Politics, Partisanship, and Voting for Women Candidates
In 1992 a record 14 women sought statewide office by running “as women” and as representatives of women. In this article we examine whether their appeals led to widespread vot ing on the basis of gender identity. We find evidence that the sex of the voter is significantly related to voting for female candidates in eight of 13 states, and among partisans of both parties as well as Independents. Further, we find that these effects are amplified by …
Scientific Information, Elite Attitudes, and the Public Debate Over Food Safety
Why do consumers often react with alarm to food technologies (such as irradiation, genetic engineering, artificial hormones, and chemical pesticides) that scientists regard as essentially safe? We examine the attitudes toward food safety of three types of elites who serve as providers of scientific information regarding food safety to the United States public. Previous research suggests that journalists are likely to exaggerate risks associated w…
Wives and Husbands
Two decades after Joan Acker (1973) castigated mainstream stratification research for its 'intellectual sexism', the debate over the impact that married women's paid employment has on class analysis is perhaps the most controversial issue in social stratification. Using two decades of survey data from the U.S., we assess the conditions under which wife's class affects the class identification of both spouses. Our principal findings include: (a) a…
In Focus … Census 2000
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button
Ideology and Elites' Perceptions of the Safety of New Technologies
Theory: The policy learning and advocacy coalition framework emphasizes the importance of journalists and scientists, as well as policymakers, in models of the policy process. At the same time, research from several traditions suggests that elite opinion concerning the safety of nuclear energy, genetic engineering, and other new technologies derives primarily from political ideology. We examine the attitudes of three elite groups that influence p…
Class, Gender, and the Family Unit
George E. Marcus, W. Russell Neuman, and Michael MacKuen, Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment
Journal Article George E. Marcus, W. Russell Neuman, and Michael MacKuen, Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment Get access ERIC PLUTZER ERIC PLUTZER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 66, Issue 3, September 2002, Pages 455–458, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.poq.a005079 Published: 01 September 2002
Becoming a Habitual Voter
This paper reframes our inquiry into voter turnout by making aging the lens through which the traditional resource and cost measures of previous turnout research are viewed, thereby making three related contributions. (1) I offer a developmental theory of turnout. This framework follows from the observation that most citizens are habitual voters or habitual nonvoters (they display inertia). Most young citizens start their political lives as habit…
The Graying of America and Support for Funding the Nation's Schools
Surveys spanning more than 35 years show that older Americans are less likely than younger citizens to endorse increased spending on public schools. The conventional explanation for this gen- erational cleavage presumes that citizens' interests change as they approach or transition into retirement-the absence of school-age children and fixed incomes combine to lower their interest in supporting spending increases for public education. We show tha…
Families, divorce and voter turnout in the US
Family Transitions, Economic Status, and Voter Turnout Among African‐American Inner‐City Women
Objectives. We examine voter turnout of inner‐city African‐American mothers, many of whom are single parents and endure long‐term, economic hardship. Previous research suggests that income is a more important factor among these groups than in the general population. We seek to understand the interplay of family structure, income, and voter turnout. Methods. We explore these ideas using panel data on 754 mothers living in Chicago and interviewed a…
It Takes a Candidate
It Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don't Run for Office. By Jennifer L. Lawless and Richard L. Fox. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 2005. 203 pp. 22.99 paper.Why do so few women occupy elected offices in the United States? One reason, perhaps the most important one, is that fewer women than men are politically ambitious. That is the major conclusion to emerge from the innovative research conducted by Jennifer Lawless and Richard …
Stay in School, Don’t Become a Parent
We investigate three important life transitions—becoming a parent, getting married, and dropping out or graduating from high school—on the development of civic engagement. We qualify the socioeconomic status and resources frameworks by arguing that effects should differ across racial and ethnic lines. We address these issues by analyzing data from a nationally representative, 12-year panel study comprising more than 12,000 eighth graders in 1988 …
Political Participation and Cumulative Disadvantage
In this article, we seek to provide the most comprehensive exploration to date of the effects of economic and social disadvantage on young citizens' voter turnout. We look at four overlapping domains of hardship—those rooted in (a) the family context, (b) the community context, (c) the school context, and (d) major events and life transitions. Our conceptual model of cumulative advantage/disadvantage identifies the different ways in which disadva…
Political science (33 obras) · Sociology (29 obras) · Psychology (28 obras) · Politics (26 obras) · Law (21 obras) · Law (20 obras) · Economics (15 obras) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (12 obras) · Social Psychology (11 obras) · Social Psychology (9 obras)