Leo A Goodman
Biographic Data
| ID | 3610296 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Leo A Goodman |
| GIVEN NAMES | Leo A |
| FAMILY NAME | Goodman |
| SIGNATURE | GOODMAN L A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Chicago |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 62 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 760 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 62 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1952 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2017 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
A New Way to View the Magnitude of the Difference between the Arithmetic Mean and the Geometric Mean and the Difference between the Slopes When a Continuous Dependent Variable Is Expressed in Raw Form…
In Trond Petersen’s “Multiplicative Models for Continuous Dependent Variables: Estimation on Unlogged versus Logged Form” (this volume, pp. 113–164), the following phenomenon is noted: With the arithmetic and geometric means of a nonnegative quantitative variable measured for two groups (say, groups 1 and 2), it is possible for the arithmetic mean [Formula: see text] for group 1 to be larger than the arithmetic mean [Formula: see text] for group …
Paul Felix Lazarsfeld’s Impact on Sociological Methodology
Paul Felix Lazarsfeld was a major figure in the development of modern empirical methods in sociology and the social sciences. He laid many of the foundations for social survey techniques and other empirical methods for understanding key aspects of contemporary society, such as voting studies, opinion polling, panel studies, and mass media research. The American Sociological Association Methodology Section honors each year a distinguished sociolog…
Otis Dudley Duncan, quantitative sociologist par excellence: Path analysis, loglinear methods, and Rasch models
On the Assignment of Individuals to Latent Classes
Consider an m-way cross-classification table (for m = 3, 4, ...) of m dichotomous variables that describes (1) the 2 m possible response patterns to a set of m questions (where the response to each question is binary), and (2) the number of individuals whose responses to the m questions can be described by a particular response pattern, for each of the 2 m possible response patterns. Consider the situation where the data in the cross-classificati…
Statistical Magic and/or Statistical Serendipity: An Age of Progress in the Analysis of Categorical Data
This essay describes in simple terms some of the major concepts of categorical data analysis (CDA) that have been and will continue to be useful in the analysis of sociological data, examples of which include data in the area of social stratification and mobility, and in many other areas that make use of survey data and/or panel studies data, and in empirical studies of latent types, latent variables, and latent structures. The exposition does no…
How to Analyze Survey Data Pertaining to the Time Bind , and How Not to Analyze Such Data
This note considers various ways of analyzing survey data pertaining to a central thesis of The Time Bind (Hochschild, 1997), and it comments on the particular analysis presented by Brown and Booth (2002). The following kinds of problems will be discussed here: (1) problems pertaining to the measurement of concepts, (2) problems pertaining to the selection of the data to be analyzed, and (3) problems pertaining to the selection of the statistical…
Statistical Methods and Graphical Displays For Analyzing How The Association Between Two Qualitative Variables Differs Among Countries, Among Groups, Or Over Time Part II: Some Exploratory Techniques,…
We introduce some simple models that can be viewed as special cases of the general model and general approach to analyzing the association in multiway tables that we first presented in 1998. We use two empirical examples to demonstrate the flexibility and utility of the simple models introduced here and of our general approach
Statistical Methods and Graphical Displays for Analyzing how the Association between Two Qualitative Variables Differs among Countries, among Groups, or over Time: A Modified Regression-Type Approach
Many interesting sociological questions pertain to how the association between two variables depends on a third variable. In sociological applications, the third variable often pertains to countries, to subgroups of a population, or to time periods. We propose a regression-type approach that specifies that the log-odds-ratios that describe the two-way association of interest are a linear function of latent scores for the third variable. Additive …
The Latent Structure of Job Characteristics of Men and Women
Interesting gender differences are found in this article in the observed patterns of the job characteristics that are considered here, characteristics of men's jobs and characteristics of women's jobs. By applying the methods of latent structure analysis to analyze data on job characteristics obtained in a British national survey, the authors find that, for both the men and women employees considered here, there are underlying latent variables th…
New Methods for the Analysis of Occupational Mobility Tables and Other Kinds of Cross-Classifications
Leo A. Goodman, Clifford C. Clogg, New Methods for the Analysis of Occupational Mobility Tables and Other Kinds of Cross-Classifications, Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 21, No. 5 (Sep., 1992), pp. 609-622
Total-Score Models and Rasch-Type Models for the Analysis of a Multidimensional Contingency Table, or a Set of Multidimensional Contingency Tables, with Specified and/or Unspecified Order for Response…
New Methods for Analyzing the Intrinsic Character of Qualitative Variables Using Cross-Classified Data
This paper describes new methods for analyzing the intrinsic character of qualitative variables (variables pertaining to nominal attributes and/or to ordinal categorical classifications), using the observed cross-classification table pertaining to these variables. The new methods can be applied to determine whether the particular variables of interest can be expressed in intrinsic metric terms, using the pattern of the observed joint distribution…
How Many Ways are There to Parameterize the Social World
The Analysis of Cross-Classified Data Having Ordered Categories
New methods for the analysis of two-way contigency tables: An alternative to Diaconis and Efron
Simultaneous Latent Structure Analysis in Several Groups
This research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation. Clogg was supported in part by Grant SES-7823759 and Goodman by Grant SES-8303838. Previous versions of this chapter were presented at the annual meetings of the American Statistical Association, Detroit, August 1981, and at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Detroit, September 1983. For helpful comments, the authors are indebted to William Dill…
Three Elementary Views of Log Linear Models for the Analysis of Cross-Classifications Having Ordered Categories
This chapter is based on a lecture delivered by the author when he received the Outstanding Statistician of the Year Award for 1978-1979 from the American Statistical Association, Chicago Chapter, on 15 May 1979. The research was partly supported by the Division of the Social Sciences, National Science Foundation. For helpful comments, the author is indebted to D. Andrich, C. Clogg, 0. D. Duncan, S. Haberman, S. Leinhardt, and P. McCullagh
Criteria for Determining Whether Certain Categories in a Cross-Classification Table Should Be Combined, with Special Reference to Occupational Categories in an Occupational Mobility Table
This article considers two kinds of criteria for determining whether certain rows in a two-way cross-classification table should be combined and/or whether certain columns in the table should be combined. These criteria pertain to homogeneity and structure. When these criteria are applied to the classic cross-classification on British occupational mobility recently studied by Duncan, Goodman, Hauser, and Clogg, new insights into these data are ob…
The Limitations of Log-Linear Analysis
Simple Models for the Analysis of Association in Cross-Classifications Having Ordered Categories
A class of models is proposed for the analysis of association in a contingency table with ordered rows and ordered columns. Association is measured in terms of the odds-ratios in 2 × 2 subtables formed from adjacent rows and adjacent columns. This class includes the null association model, the uniform association model, and models that describe the possible effects of the rows and/or columns on the association. With these models, the association …
A Brief Guide to the Causal Analysis of Data from Surveys
Appropriate methods for the causal analysis of certain kinds of systems of quantitative variables have been available for some time now, and they provide useful tools for the research worker in sociology, and in other fields as well, who may be concerned with the study of quantitative variables. Appropriate methods for the causal analysis of corresponding kinds of systems of qualitative variables have been introduced more recently, and they provi…
Multiplicative Models for the Analysis of Occupational Mobility Tables and Other Kinds of Cross-Classification Tables
This note shows how some specific models proposed by Duncan (1979), Goodman (1972), Haberman (1974), and Simon (1974), which turn out to be useful for the analysis of occupational mobility tables and other kinds of cross-classification tables, are related to models obtained by applying the general formulations of multiplicative models in Goodman (1972), Darroch and Ratcliff (1972), Darroch and Ratcliff (1972), and Haberman (1974). It also shows h…
Court Reform
The Relationship between Modified and Usual Multiple-Regression Approaches to the Analysis of Dichotomous Variables
Family formation and the frequency of various kinship relationships
Ecological Regressions and Behavior of Individuals
Some Alternatives to Ecological Correlation
Under certain specified conditions, ecological data, e.g., the percentage of non-whites and the percentage in domestic service for different community areas, can be used to estimate the "individual correlation" between two dichotomous classifications, e.g., the non-white-white classification and the domestic service-other than domestic service classification. Quite accurate estimates are obtained for some data on the relation between color and oc…
A Modified Multiple Regression Approach to the Analysis of Dichotomous Variables
To illustrate the models and methods of the present article, we shall reanalyze those data in the famous study of The American Soldier by Stouffer et al. (1949), subsequently analyzed by Coleman (1964), Zeisel (1968), and Theil (1970). The methods we present reveal how the odds pertaining to a given dichotomized variable (e.g., the odds that a soldier would prefer a Northern to a Southern Camp assignment) are related to other dichotomized variabl…
A General Model for the Analysis of Surveys
This article shows how the combined use of direct estimation methods and indirect testing procedures, which was advocated by Goodman (1970-1971a), can beapplied in survey analysis. this approach to survey analysis replaces a "causal system" diagram (of the kind used, e.g., by Davis 1971) by a more quantitativelyexplicit model of the system, which then leads to a more direct and more unifiedassessment of the relationships among the variables in th…
Causal Analysis of Data from Panel Studies and Other Kinds of Surveys
This article presents new models and methods that are particularly appropriate for the causal analysis of data obtained in panel studies and in other kinds of surveys. For a given path diagram, we provide methods for estimating the magnitude of the various effects represented in the diagram and also methods for determining whether the path-diagram model (described by a given system of equations) is congruent with the data. We present an overall t…
How to Ransack Social Mobility Tables and Other Kinds of Cross-Classification Tables
This article presents (1) methods for examining every part of a social mobility table in search of the various possible relationships between an individual's status category and his father's status category that are congruent with the data in the table; (2) methods for comparing two (or more) social mobility tables by examining the corresponding parts of each of the tables in search of the differences between the corresponding relationships in th…
Multiplicative Models for the Analysis of Occupational Mobility Tables and Other Kinds of Cross-Classification Tables
This note shows how some specific models proposed by Duncan (1979), Goodman (1972), Haberman (1974), and Simon (1974), which turn out to be useful for the analysis of occupational mobility tables and other kinds of cross-classification tables, are related to models obtained by applying the general formulations of multiplicative models in Goodman (1972), Darroch and Ratcliff (1972), Darroch and Ratcliff (1972), and Haberman (1974). It also shows h…
Criteria for Determining Whether Certain Categories in a Cross-Classification Table Should Be Combined, with Special Reference to Occupational Categories in an Occupational Mobility Table
This article considers two kinds of criteria for determining whether certain rows in a two-way cross-classification table should be combined and/or whether certain columns in the table should be combined. These criteria pertain to homogeneity and structure. When these criteria are applied to the classic cross-classification on British occupational mobility recently studied by Duncan, Goodman, Hauser, and Clogg, new insights into these data are ob…
The Analysis of Systems of Qualitative Variables When Some of the Variables Are Unobservable. Part I-A Modified Latent Structure Approach
This article presents methods for analyzing the relationships among a set of qualitative variables when some of these variables are specified manifest (i.e., observed) variables and others are latent (i.e., unobserved or unobservable) variables. We shall show how to estimate the magnitude of the various effects represented in pathdiagram models that include both the manifestand latent variables, and also how to test whether this kind of path-diag…
Statistical Methods and Graphical Displays for Analyzing how the Association between Two Qualitative Variables Differs among Countries, among Groups, or over Time: A Modified Regression-Type Approach
Many interesting sociological questions pertain to how the association between two variables depends on a third variable. In sociological applications, the third variable often pertains to countries, to subgroups of a population, or to time periods. We propose a regression-type approach that specifies that the log-odds-ratios that describe the two-way association of interest are a linear function of latent scores for the third variable. Additive …
On the Statistical Analysis of Mobility Tables
This article presents (a) mathematical models for analyzing patterns of mobility and (b) statistical methods for testing whether observed patterns are congruent with patterns predicted by the models. To illustrate the application of these rather general models an methods, we reanalyze data on intergeneration social mobility in Britain and in Denmark which were studied earlier by Glass and his co-workers, by Svalastoga, and by White. We find, for …
The Latent Structure of Job Characteristics of Men and Women
Interesting gender differences are found in this article in the observed patterns of the job characteristics that are considered here, characteristics of men's jobs and characteristics of women's jobs. By applying the methods of latent structure analysis to analyze data on job characteristics obtained in a British national survey, the authors find that, for both the men and women employees considered here, there are underlying latent variables th…
On the Assignment of Individuals to Latent Classes
Consider an m-way cross-classification table (for m = 3, 4, ...) of m dichotomous variables that describes (1) the 2 m possible response patterns to a set of m questions (where the response to each question is binary), and (2) the number of individuals whose responses to the m questions can be described by a particular response pattern, for each of the 2 m possible response patterns. Consider the situation where the data in the cross-classificati…
Statistical Magic and/or Statistical Serendipity: An Age of Progress in the Analysis of Categorical Data
This essay describes in simple terms some of the major concepts of categorical data analysis (CDA) that have been and will continue to be useful in the analysis of sociological data, examples of which include data in the area of social stratification and mobility, and in many other areas that make use of survey data and/or panel studies data, and in empirical studies of latent types, latent variables, and latent structures. The exposition does no…
On the Measurement of Social Mobility: An Index of Status Persistence
Sevareid, Eric. 1967 Dissent or destruction? Look 31 (September 5):21ff. Silver, Allan A. 1968 Official interpretations of racial riots. Robert H. Connery (ed.), Urban Riots: Violence and Social Change. New York: Academy of Political Science. Simmel, Georg 1955 Conflict and the Web of Group-Affiliations. Translated by Kurt Wolff and Reinhard Bendix. New York: Free Press. Smelser, Neil J. 1963 Theory of Behavior. New York: Free Press. Tomlinson, T…
The Relationship between Modified and Usual Multiple-Regression Approaches to the Analysis of Dichotomous Variables
Statistical Methods for Analyzing Processes of Change
Methods for making predictions and for testing various hypotheses concerning processes of change are presented here. Applying these methods to the reanalysis of panel data on pre-election vote intention, we find that the tests given here permit more detailed analysis than did tests applied earlier analysis suggested that the process of attitude change in the July-August period (during which time the Democratic convention was held) differed from t…
Statistical Methods and Graphical Displays For Analyzing How The Association Between Two Qualitative Variables Differs Among Countries, Among Groups, Or Over Time Part II: Some Exploratory Techniques,…
We introduce some simple models that can be viewed as special cases of the general model and general approach to analyzing the association in multiway tables that we first presented in 1998. We use two empirical examples to demonstrate the flexibility and utility of the simple models introduced here and of our general approach
Simultaneous Latent Structure Analysis in Several Groups
This research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation. Clogg was supported in part by Grant SES-7823759 and Goodman by Grant SES-8303838. Previous versions of this chapter were presented at the annual meetings of the American Statistical Association, Detroit, August 1981, and at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Detroit, September 1983. For helpful comments, the authors are indebted to William Dill…
Empirical evaluation of formal theory
New Methods for Analyzing the Intrinsic Character of Qualitative Variables Using Cross-Classified Data
This paper describes new methods for analyzing the intrinsic character of qualitative variables (variables pertaining to nominal attributes and/or to ordinal categorical classifications), using the observed cross-classification table pertaining to these variables. The new methods can be applied to determine whether the particular variables of interest can be expressed in intrinsic metric terms, using the pattern of the observed joint distribution…
On the age-sex composition of the population that would result from given fertility and mortality conditions
Este artículo presenta nuevasfórmulas para calcular la proporción eventual de sexos y la composición eventual de sexos por edad de la población que resultaría de determinadas condiciones de fecundi dad y mortalidad. Estas fórmulas proveen métodos más seguros y son de aplicación más amplia que los primeros méiodos que aparecieron en la literatura. Se ilustra la aplicación de estas fórmulas utilizando los datos disponsibles sobre las condiciones de…
Social Choice and Individual Values
Modifications of the Dorn-Stouffer-Tibbitts Method for 'Testing the Significance of Comparisons in Sociological Data
The published formulas for testing the statistical significance of the difference between the differences in two proportions, and for testing the statistical significance of other related kinds of comparisons, require modification. The present paper indicates what is unsatisfactory about the published formulas, and it presents more satisfactory modifications of them. Some actual and hypothetical data on rates of parole violation are used to expli…
Three Elementary Views of Log Linear Models for the Analysis of Cross-Classifications Having Ordered Categories
This chapter is based on a lecture delivered by the author when he received the Outstanding Statistician of the Year Award for 1978-1979 from the American Statistical Association, Chicago Chapter, on 15 May 1979. The research was partly supported by the Division of the Social Sciences, National Science Foundation. For helpful comments, the author is indebted to D. Andrich, C. Clogg, 0. D. Duncan, S. Haberman, S. Leinhardt, and P. McCullagh
An Application of Sequential Analysis to Problems Relative to the Use of Qualitative Tests
Generalizing the Problem of Prediction
Social Welfare Functions Based on Individual Rankings
K. J. Arrow has described five apparently reasonable properties which any voting system or other "social welfare function" should have. He has demostrated mathematically that none could possibly have all these properties. One of his requirements is questionable, but if it is modified many "voting systems" become acceptable
Committee Decisions with Complementary Valuation. Duncan Black , R. A. Newing
On Urbanization Indices
Journal Article On Urbanization Indices Get access Leo A. Goodman Leo A. Goodman University of Chicago Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 31, Issue 4, May 1953, Pages 360–362, https://doi.org/10.2307/2573073 Published: 01 May 1953
The Use and Validity of a Prediction Instrument. I. a Reformulation of the Use of a Prediction Instrument
On the basis of the analysis of experience tables alone, the use of a prediction instrument as a decision-making procedure which replaces the procedure in use is found to be injustified. The experience tables are determined in part by the actual decision-making procedure in use. Hence any analysis of a prediction instrument by experience tables alone must be made relative to the actual decision-making procedure. This calls for reformulating the u…
Ecological Regressions and Behavior of Individuals
Social Choice and Individual Values
II. The Validation of Prediction
The usual methods of validation may not measure the validity of a predictive instrument. Hence the choice of a most valid predictive instrument by the usual validation methods is a doubtful procedure. A procedure is suggested for determining which of several predictive instruments is most valid; the procedure requires that the several predictive instruments be used for the same period of time in the decision process
Measures of Association for Cross Classifications
Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests for psychological research
Mathematical Thinking in the Social Sciences
Statistical Inference about Markov Chains
Maximum likelihood estimates and their asymptotic distribution are obtained for the transition probabilities in a Markov chain of arbitrary order when there are repeated observations of the chain. Likelihood ratio tests and $\chi^2$-tests of the form used in contingency tables are obtained for testing the following hypotheses: (a) that the transition probabilities of a first order chain are constant, (b) that in case the transition probabilities …
Quantitative Methods for the Study of Identifiability
Various concepts pertaining to the study of identifiability are presented, and quantitative methods relating to them are developed. To illustrate the appliclation of these concepts and methods, the data presented by Savitz and Tomasson on the "Identifiability of Jews" are re-examined, and aditional findings are obtained; e.g., in contrast to their statement that "physiognomy, speech, and gesture together were less valid clues than physiognomy alo…
Some Alternatives to Ecological Correlation
Under certain specified conditions, ecological data, e.g., the percentage of non-whites and the percentage in domestic service for different community areas, can be used to estimate the "individual correlation" between two dichotomous classifications, e.g., the non-white-white classification and the domestic service-other than domestic service classification. Quite accurate estimates are obtained for some data on the relation between color and oc…
On the Exact Variance of Products
A simple exact formula for the variance of the product of two random variables, say, x and y, is given as a function of the means and central product-moments of x and y. The usual approximate variance formula for xy is compared with this exact formula; e.g., we note, in the special case where x and y are independent, that the “variance” computed by the approximate formula is less than the exact variance, and that the accuracy of the approximation…
Snowball Sampling
An $s$ stage $k$ name snowball sampling procedure is defined as follows: A random sample of individuals is drawn from a given finite population. (The kind of random sample will be discussed later in this section.) Each individual in the sample is asked to name $k$ different individuals in the population, where $k$ is a specified integer; for example, each individual may be asked to name his "$k$ best friends," or the "$k$ individuals with whom he…
Modifications of the Dorn-Stouffer-Tibbitts Method for 'Testing the Significance of Comparisons in Sociological Data
The published formulas for testing the statistical significance of the difference between the differences in two proportions, and for testing the statistical significance of other related kinds of comparisons, require modification. The present paper indicates what is unsatisfactory about the published formulas, and it presents more satisfactory modifications of them. Some actual and hypothetical data on rates of parole violation are used to expli…
Statistical Methods for Analyzing Processes of Change
Methods for making predictions and for testing various hypotheses concerning processes of change are presented here. Applying these methods to the reanalysis of panel data on pre-election vote intention, we find that the tests given here permit more detailed analysis than did tests applied earlier analysis suggested that the process of attitude change in the July-August period (during which time the Democratic convention was held) differed from t…
Mathematical Methods for the Study of Systems of Groups
This article presents mathematical methods for analyzing models pertaining to systems of groups. Applying these methods to the models proposed earlier by Coleman and James and by White, we find, for example, that their main conclusions require modification. Coleman and James claim to have derived the truncated-Poisson (T-P) formula for the equilibrium distribution of the sizes of groups in their model of a system of groups, and White claims that …
On the Multivariate Analysis of Three Dichotomous Variables
Taking Yule's coefficient, Q, as a measure of the intensity of association in a 2 X 2 contigency table, Costner and Wager recommend in a recent article in this Journal that the statistical significance of the difference between the values of Q calculated for two different 2 X 2 tables can be tested using the usual x test for the second-order interaction in a 2 X 2 X 2 contingency table. They note that the calculation of this test is tedious and t…
On the Statistical Analysis of Mobility Tables
This article presents (a) mathematical models for analyzing patterns of mobility and (b) statistical methods for testing whether observed patterns are congruent with patterns predicted by the models. To illustrate the application of these rather general models an methods, we reanalyze data on intergeneration social mobility in Britain and in Denmark which were studied earlier by Glass and his co-workers, by Svalastoga, and by White. We find, for …
On the age-sex composition of the population that would result from given fertility and mortality conditions
Este artículo presenta nuevasfórmulas para calcular la proporción eventual de sexos y la composición eventual de sexos por edad de la población que resultaría de determinadas condiciones de fecundi dad y mortalidad. Estas fórmulas proveen métodos más seguros y son de aplicación más amplia que los primeros méiodos que aparecieron en la literatura. Se ilustra la aplicación de estas fórmulas utilizando los datos disponsibles sobre las condiciones de…
An Elementary Approach to the Population Projection-Matrix, to the Population Reproductive Value, and to Related Topics in the Mathematical Theory of Population Growth
Leo A. Goodman, An Elementary Approach to the Population Projection-Matrix, to the Population Reproductive Value, and to Related Topics in the Mathematical Theory of Population Growth, Demography, Vol. 5, No. 1 (1968), pp. 382-409
An elementary approach to the population projection-matrix, to the population reproductive value, and to related topics in the mathematical theory of population growth
Este artículo presenia una aproximación elemental al estudio de la matriz de proyeccian de poblaci'on, el reverso (o inversa) matriz de proyección, el proceso de desarrollo de la poblacian generado por la matriz de proyección, el “a priori” proceso de desarrollo de población asociado con la matriz de proyección inversa, la distribución de edades eetoble que pertenece a la matriz de proyección, la ecuación característica de la matriz de proyección…
Mathematics (45 works) · Statistics (38 works) · Computer Science (35 works) · Econometrics (30 works) · Psychology (21 works) · Sociology (16 works) · Advanced Statistical Methods and Models (10 works) · Data mining (10 works) · Artificial Intelligence (8 works) · Artificial Intelligence (7 works)