Stephen Benard
Biographic Data
| ID | 3610882 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Stephen Benard |
| GIVEN NAMES | Stephen |
| FAMILY NAME | Benard |
| SIGNATURE | BÉNARD S |
| AFFILIATIONS | Indiana University Bloomington |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0745-2029 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 15 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 735 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 15 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
An 'Eye For an Eye' Versus 'Turning The Other Cheek'? The Status Consequences of Revenge and Forgiveness in Intergroup Conflict
Conflict between groups plays a powerful role in shaping social interaction within groups. Within groups, social status-respect, prestige, and deference-organizes, motivates, and stratifies social interaction. Yet, studies exploring how conflict between groups shapes social status within groups are relatively rare. We argue that intergroup conflict creates opportunities for individuals to gain or lose status by demonstrating group commitment. We …
Mapping the Content of Asian Stereotypes in the United States
How are people of Asian origin perceived in contemporary U.S. culture? While often depicted as a “model minority”—competent and hardworking but also quiet, unsociable, or cold—little work measures whether and how these stereotypes vary for Asians in different social locations. We use a large (n ≈ 4,700) quota sample of the United States, matched to key U.S. demographics, to map the content of Asian stereotypes across ethnicity, gender, income, an…
To Forgive Is Divine? Morality and the Status Value of Intergroup Revenge and Forgiveness
Intergroup conflict is a costly and persistent aspect of social life, and one that often carries great moral significance for those who participate in it. Ostensibly moral behaviors can provide a path to social status in groups, as when self-sacrificing in-group members gain respect and prestige relative to their peers. This article bridges these two ideas to examine the perceived morality and status worthiness of intergroup revenge and forgivene…
Democratic Competition for Rank, Cooperation, and Deception in Small Groups
Objective Stratified groups face at least two obstacles in solving collective action problems and producing public goods. Individuals face temptation to free ride, and high‐ranking group members face incentives to protect their position at the group's expense. We introduce democratic competition for rank as a solution to the problem of cooperation in groups. We argue that democratic competition for high rank creates incentives for cooperation tha…
The effects of social vs. asocial threats on group cooperation and manipulation of perceived threats
When Is Retaliation Respected? Status and Vengefulness in Intergroup and Interpersonal Contexts
The authors investigate how conflict between groups shapes social status within groups. Conflict may create opportunities for individuals to gain or lose status by demonstrating group commitment. Pursuing revenge for an intergroup affront can serve as a source of status in settings characterized by a 'culture of honor' or 'code of the street.' Yet little is known about whether this holds in everyday settings. The authors develop a theoretical acc…
Does Aggression Deter or Invite Reciprocal Behavior? Considering Coercive Capacity
How do people respond to aggression? Theory differs on whether aggressive behavior deters antagonists or provokes retaliation, and the empirical evidence is mixed. We bridge contradictory findings in the literature by identifying a previously unexamined moderating variable: the extent to which individuals can increase their coercive capability (which we call escalating). We argue that when escalating is costly, aggression deters potential antagon…
Small Groups
The value of vengefulness
Why do individuals engage in surprisingly costly aggression? Theory and research suggest that individuals aggress in order to establish a reputation as a strong competitor and thereby deter aggression from others. However, we know little about whether these reputational concerns lead individuals to initiate aggression or instead to reciprocate when challenged. Correspondingly, it is unclear whether initiating or reciprocating aggression provides …
Reputation systems, aggression, and deterrence in social interaction
Cohesion from Conflict
Classic work suggests that intergroup conflict increases intragroup cohesion and cooperation. But how do group members respond when their peers refuse to cooperate? Simmel ([1908] 1955) argued that groups in conflict quell dissent by sanctioning group members and supporting centralized leadership systems. This claim has important implications, but little direct support. This research investigates how intergroup conflict shapes individuals’ tenden…
Normative Discrimination and the Motherhood Penalty
This research proposes and tests a new theoretical mechanism to account for a portion of the motherhood penalty in wages and related labor market outcomes. At least a portion of this penalty is attributable to discrimination based on the assumption that mothers are less competent and committed than other types of workers. But what happens when mothers definitively prove their competence and commitment? In this study, we examine whether mothers fa…
A Wealth and Status-Based Model of Residential Segregation
We extend the classic "Schelling model" (Citation1971 Citation1978) to incorporate the wealth and status of agents and the desirability and affordability of residences. We analyze the effects of 1) the degree of the status-wealth correlation, and 2) the extent to which the wealth of residents shapes the affordability of residences, on levels of status and wealth segregation. Both factors generally exert a positive effect on both forms of segregat…
Getting a Job
Survey research finds that mothers suffer a substantial wage penalty, although the causal mechanism producing it remains elusive. The authors employed a laboratory experiment to evaluate the hypothesis that status-based discrimination plays an important role and an audit study of actual employers to assess its real-world implications. In both studies, participants evaluated application materials for a pair of same-gender equally qualified job can…
Biased estimators? Comparing status and statistical theories of gender discrimination
Gender inequality in paid work persists, in the form of a gender wage gap, occupational sex segregation and a “glass ceiling” for women, despite substantial institutional change in recent decades. Two classes of explanations that have been offered as partial explanations of persistent gender inequality include economic theories of statistical discrimination and social psychological theories of status-based discrimination. Despite the fact that th…
Getting a Job
Survey research finds that mothers suffer a substantial wage penalty, although the causal mechanism producing it remains elusive. The authors employed a laboratory experiment to evaluate the hypothesis that status-based discrimination plays an important role and an audit study of actual employers to assess its real-world implications. In both studies, participants evaluated application materials for a pair of same-gender equally qualified job can…
Normative Discrimination and the Motherhood Penalty
This research proposes and tests a new theoretical mechanism to account for a portion of the motherhood penalty in wages and related labor market outcomes. At least a portion of this penalty is attributable to discrimination based on the assumption that mothers are less competent and committed than other types of workers. But what happens when mothers definitively prove their competence and commitment? In this study, we examine whether mothers fa…
Reputation systems, aggression, and deterrence in social interaction
A Wealth and Status-Based Model of Residential Segregation
We extend the classic "Schelling model" (Citation1971 Citation1978) to incorporate the wealth and status of agents and the desirability and affordability of residences. We analyze the effects of 1) the degree of the status-wealth correlation, and 2) the extent to which the wealth of residents shapes the affordability of residences, on levels of status and wealth segregation. Both factors generally exert a positive effect on both forms of segregat…
The value of vengefulness
Why do individuals engage in surprisingly costly aggression? Theory and research suggest that individuals aggress in order to establish a reputation as a strong competitor and thereby deter aggression from others. However, we know little about whether these reputational concerns lead individuals to initiate aggression or instead to reciprocate when challenged. Correspondingly, it is unclear whether initiating or reciprocating aggression provides …
Cohesion from Conflict
Classic work suggests that intergroup conflict increases intragroup cohesion and cooperation. But how do group members respond when their peers refuse to cooperate? Simmel ([1908] 1955) argued that groups in conflict quell dissent by sanctioning group members and supporting centralized leadership systems. This claim has important implications, but little direct support. This research investigates how intergroup conflict shapes individuals’ tenden…
Mapping the Content of Asian Stereotypes in the United States
How are people of Asian origin perceived in contemporary U.S. culture? While often depicted as a “model minority”—competent and hardworking but also quiet, unsociable, or cold—little work measures whether and how these stereotypes vary for Asians in different social locations. We use a large (n ≈ 4,700) quota sample of the United States, matched to key U.S. demographics, to map the content of Asian stereotypes across ethnicity, gender, income, an…
Does Aggression Deter or Invite Reciprocal Behavior? Considering Coercive Capacity
How do people respond to aggression? Theory differs on whether aggressive behavior deters antagonists or provokes retaliation, and the empirical evidence is mixed. We bridge contradictory findings in the literature by identifying a previously unexamined moderating variable: the extent to which individuals can increase their coercive capability (which we call escalating). We argue that when escalating is costly, aggression deters potential antagon…
When Is Retaliation Respected? Status and Vengefulness in Intergroup and Interpersonal Contexts
The authors investigate how conflict between groups shapes social status within groups. Conflict may create opportunities for individuals to gain or lose status by demonstrating group commitment. Pursuing revenge for an intergroup affront can serve as a source of status in settings characterized by a 'culture of honor' or 'code of the street.' Yet little is known about whether this holds in everyday settings. The authors develop a theoretical acc…
To Forgive Is Divine? Morality and the Status Value of Intergroup Revenge and Forgiveness
Intergroup conflict is a costly and persistent aspect of social life, and one that often carries great moral significance for those who participate in it. Ostensibly moral behaviors can provide a path to social status in groups, as when self-sacrificing in-group members gain respect and prestige relative to their peers. This article bridges these two ideas to examine the perceived morality and status worthiness of intergroup revenge and forgivene…
The effects of social vs. asocial threats on group cooperation and manipulation of perceived threats
An 'Eye For an Eye' Versus 'Turning The Other Cheek'? The Status Consequences of Revenge and Forgiveness in Intergroup Conflict
Conflict between groups plays a powerful role in shaping social interaction within groups. Within groups, social status-respect, prestige, and deference-organizes, motivates, and stratifies social interaction. Yet, studies exploring how conflict between groups shapes social status within groups are relatively rare. We argue that intergroup conflict creates opportunities for individuals to gain or lose status by demonstrating group commitment. We …
Biased estimators? Comparing status and statistical theories of gender discrimination
Gender inequality in paid work persists, in the form of a gender wage gap, occupational sex segregation and a “glass ceiling” for women, despite substantial institutional change in recent decades. Two classes of explanations that have been offered as partial explanations of persistent gender inequality include economic theories of statistical discrimination and social psychological theories of status-based discrimination. Despite the fact that th…
A Wealth and Status-Based Model of Residential Segregation
We extend the classic "Schelling model" (Citation1971 Citation1978) to incorporate the wealth and status of agents and the desirability and affordability of residences. We analyze the effects of 1) the degree of the status-wealth correlation, and 2) the extent to which the wealth of residents shapes the affordability of residences, on levels of status and wealth segregation. Both factors generally exert a positive effect on both forms of segregat…
Getting a Job
Survey research finds that mothers suffer a substantial wage penalty, although the causal mechanism producing it remains elusive. The authors employed a laboratory experiment to evaluate the hypothesis that status-based discrimination plays an important role and an audit study of actual employers to assess its real-world implications. In both studies, participants evaluated application materials for a pair of same-gender equally qualified job can…
Normative Discrimination and the Motherhood Penalty
This research proposes and tests a new theoretical mechanism to account for a portion of the motherhood penalty in wages and related labor market outcomes. At least a portion of this penalty is attributable to discrimination based on the assumption that mothers are less competent and committed than other types of workers. But what happens when mothers definitively prove their competence and commitment? In this study, we examine whether mothers fa…
Cohesion from Conflict
Classic work suggests that intergroup conflict increases intragroup cohesion and cooperation. But how do group members respond when their peers refuse to cooperate? Simmel ([1908] 1955) argued that groups in conflict quell dissent by sanctioning group members and supporting centralized leadership systems. This claim has important implications, but little direct support. This research investigates how intergroup conflict shapes individuals’ tenden…
Reputation systems, aggression, and deterrence in social interaction
The value of vengefulness
Why do individuals engage in surprisingly costly aggression? Theory and research suggest that individuals aggress in order to establish a reputation as a strong competitor and thereby deter aggression from others. However, we know little about whether these reputational concerns lead individuals to initiate aggression or instead to reciprocate when challenged. Correspondingly, it is unclear whether initiating or reciprocating aggression provides …
Small Groups
Does Aggression Deter or Invite Reciprocal Behavior? Considering Coercive Capacity
How do people respond to aggression? Theory differs on whether aggressive behavior deters antagonists or provokes retaliation, and the empirical evidence is mixed. We bridge contradictory findings in the literature by identifying a previously unexamined moderating variable: the extent to which individuals can increase their coercive capability (which we call escalating). We argue that when escalating is costly, aggression deters potential antagon…
Democratic Competition for Rank, Cooperation, and Deception in Small Groups
Objective Stratified groups face at least two obstacles in solving collective action problems and producing public goods. Individuals face temptation to free ride, and high‐ranking group members face incentives to protect their position at the group's expense. We introduce democratic competition for rank as a solution to the problem of cooperation in groups. We argue that democratic competition for high rank creates incentives for cooperation tha…
The effects of social vs. asocial threats on group cooperation and manipulation of perceived threats
When Is Retaliation Respected? Status and Vengefulness in Intergroup and Interpersonal Contexts
The authors investigate how conflict between groups shapes social status within groups. Conflict may create opportunities for individuals to gain or lose status by demonstrating group commitment. Pursuing revenge for an intergroup affront can serve as a source of status in settings characterized by a 'culture of honor' or 'code of the street.' Yet little is known about whether this holds in everyday settings. The authors develop a theoretical acc…
To Forgive Is Divine? Morality and the Status Value of Intergroup Revenge and Forgiveness
Intergroup conflict is a costly and persistent aspect of social life, and one that often carries great moral significance for those who participate in it. Ostensibly moral behaviors can provide a path to social status in groups, as when self-sacrificing in-group members gain respect and prestige relative to their peers. This article bridges these two ideas to examine the perceived morality and status worthiness of intergroup revenge and forgivene…
Mapping the Content of Asian Stereotypes in the United States
How are people of Asian origin perceived in contemporary U.S. culture? While often depicted as a “model minority”—competent and hardworking but also quiet, unsociable, or cold—little work measures whether and how these stereotypes vary for Asians in different social locations. We use a large (n ≈ 4,700) quota sample of the United States, matched to key U.S. demographics, to map the content of Asian stereotypes across ethnicity, gender, income, an…
An 'Eye For an Eye' Versus 'Turning The Other Cheek'? The Status Consequences of Revenge and Forgiveness in Intergroup Conflict
Conflict between groups plays a powerful role in shaping social interaction within groups. Within groups, social status-respect, prestige, and deference-organizes, motivates, and stratifies social interaction. Yet, studies exploring how conflict between groups shapes social status within groups are relatively rare. We argue that intergroup conflict creates opportunities for individuals to gain or lose status by demonstrating group commitment. We …
Psychology (14 works) · Social Psychology (14 works) · Political science (9 works) · Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies (7 works) · Economics (6 works) · Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation (6 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (6 works) · Social Psychology (6 works) · Law (5 works) · Aggression (4 works)