Raoul Naroll
Biographic Data
| ID | 3616213 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Raoul Naroll |
| GIVEN NAMES | Raoul |
| FAMILY NAME | Naroll |
| SIGNATURE | NAROLL R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Northwestern University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 76 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1127 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 76 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1950 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1989 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
Women's Occupational Opportunities: A Cross-Cultural Test
In this article, we use a worldwide sample of forty mostly preindustrial societies to test whether in simpler societies women have as many occupational opportunities as men do, and whether women's share of occupations rises as societies grow more complex The answers are no and no. Men have significantly more occupational opportunities than women do, and the proportion of occupations open to women does not grow as we move from simpler to more comp…
The Moral Order: An Introduction to the Human Situation
A distinguished cross-cultural researcher presents a brave, heartfelt and exciting challenge to the social sciences: the creation of an international, moral order. He advocates the use of cross-cultural research to uncover a common core of values and morality. This research would then be used to ameliorate problems and guide policy in the light of those values. He shows his procedures at work in the study of ten major social and personal ills, su…
The Moral Order: An Introduction to the Human Situation
Demographic Estimates in Archaeology: Contributions From Ethnoarchaeology on Mesoamerican Peasants [and Comments and Reply]
Anthropological archaeologists often employ ethnohistoric and ethnographic data to interpret the archaeological record. Of special concern to the subdiscipline of "action" or "living" archaeology is the problem of devising reasonably accurate methods for estimating the population of a site or of a prehistoric household. Techniques developed by various researchers are here summarized and critiqued. Then the available ethnographic evidence on house…
Evolutionary Epistemology and Human Values [and Comments and Reply]
The theory of evolution is a body of concepts and relations that applies to social and cultural phenomena as well as to biological ones. The fundamental ideas of the theory-taxonomy, developmental relations, processes of change, and directionality-are shown to apply to human society and culture. Next it is argued that an evolutionary approach implies that the tension between "value-free" and value-biased research is essential to adaptation. Final…
Nature and Use of the HRAF Files: A Research and Teaching Guide
A Guide to Social Theory: Worldwide Cross-Cultural Tests
More on Scale and Social Relations
Hraf: Resource for Tests of Conflict Theories
The HRAF Files offer a cost-effective tool for the most general worldwide tests of theories about human conflict and conflict resolution among paleos. By a paleo I mean what used to be called a primitive tribe-namely, a society without any cities. While the HRAF Files include all kinds of societies, most of them are on paleos. The Files are well fitted to test such theories when these predict high correlations between variables that an anthropolo…
On Lomax and Arensberg's Evolutionary Classification
Guidelines for Holocultural Research
Cost-Effective Research Versus Safer Research: A Reply to Murdock
Standardization and Measurement in Cultural Anthropology: A Neglected Area [and Comments and Reply]
One of the major problems facing anthropology as it continues to develop as a scientific discipline is the development of standardized research approaches. This article reviews the issues involved in the creation of standardized research procedures in the discipline. The relationship between cross-cultural comparison and the collection of field data is explored. The process of standardization, incliding the operationalization of concepts, the cre…
Overview
Galton's Problem and HRAFLIB
Two aspects of Galton's problem are considered here—the tendency for cultural diffusion to inflate coefficients of correlation and also its tendency to inflate the number of independent cases for significance tests. Spatial autocorrelation is seen as a generally useful tool for measuring and control ling the influence of diffusion. The Strauss-Orans cluster reduction method reduces spatial autocorrelation in 2 x 2 matrices. In special cases, clus…
Murdock-White Interdependence Alignment of Ethnographic Atlas Culture Clusters
The Murdock-White sampling alignment, prepared for their Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, is the procedure of choice for solving Galton's problem, in place of any of Naroll's alignments. In order to use the Mur dock-White alignment for societies other than the 186 in their sample, it is necessary to take advantage of the Loftin-Hill concordance, which cov ers the 862 societies of the 1967 Ethnographic Atlas. However, Loftin and Hill's original con…
Toward a Global Monitoring System
Journal Article Toward a Global Monitoring System Get access Raoul Naroll Raoul Naroll Department of Anthropology, SUNY at Buffalo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Studies Quarterly, Volume 20, Issue 3, September 1976, Pages 483–486, https://doi.org/10.2307/2600096 Published: 01 September 1976
Military Deterrence in History: A Pilot Cross-Historical Survey
Natural Selection in Cultural Evolution: Warfare Versus Peaceful Diffusion
In the past two decades several methods for objectively measuring cultural evolution have been developed. It is now possible to measure the degree of cultural evolution, but we know very little about its processes. Theorists have long proposed that among human societies warfare is the primary mechanism of natural selection. In other words, they say it is through success in warfare that societies evolve. We tested this theory cross‐culturally on a…
Borrowing Versus Migration as Selection Factors in Cultural Evolution
This paper reports a measurement of the relative importance in cultural evolution of the spread of human culture through peaceful borrowing on one hand and warlike migration on the other. From the worldwide sample of 852 societies in the Ethnographic Atlas, a set of 78 triads was selected by matching from an alphabetized list. Each triad consisted of (1) a base society, (2) a nearby society belonging to a different language family from that of th…
Military Deterrence in History: A Pilot Cross-Historical Survey
Apologies to Otterbein
Hraflib: A Computer Program Library for Hologeistic Research
The Human Relations Area Files has a number of computer programs specifically designed for cross-cultural survey ( hologeistic) research. The programs can deal with many of the methodological problems routinely encountered in such research, greatly simplifying the task of data analysis. These HRAFLIB programs are being made available to the general pub lic. People who want to use them can either obtain the programs from HRAF (and adapt them to th…
Mighty Sifts: A Critical Appraisal of Solutions to Galton's Problem and a Partial Solution [and Comments and Replies]
Galton's problem arises from historical connection between societies, which makes the canon of statistical independence inapplicable. The resulting indeterminacy of sample size renders standard tests of statistical significance also inapplicable. In addition, replication might bias results. Seven solutions to Galton's problem have been previously offered, and we have found all of them invalid. Three of them suffer from what we have termed the "sy…
An Exact Test of Significance for Goodman and Kruslkal's Gamma
Goodman and Kruskal's gamma is a convenient measure of association between ordered polytomies. It is here proposed to perform an exact test of significance of a given gamma by: (a) setting forth all possible sets of all frequencies of the matrix in question, leaving the marginals fixed; (b) computing gamma for each such arrangement; and (c) computing and sum ming the exact probabilities of all such sets where gamma is at least as great as that ob…
A handbook of method in cultural anthropology.
Floor Area and Settlement Population
Total area of the dwelling floors and total population of the largest settlements of eighteen societies show a loglog regression which suggests that the population of a prehistoric settlement can be very roughly estimated as of the order of one-tenth the floor area in square meters
A Preliminary Index of Social Development
Two Solutions to Galton's Problem
Two solutions are offered to the problem of distinguishing “historical” from “functional” associations in cross-cultural surveys. The underlying logic of the mathematical model is discussed and three kinds of association distinguished: hyperdiffusional or purely “historical” association, undiffusional or purely “functional” association, and semidiffusional or mixed “historical-functional” association. Two overland diffusion arcs constitute the te…
What Have We Learned from Cross-Cultural Surveys?1
This is a review of cross-cultural surveys. The tasks and problems of such surveys are reviewed and a system of evaluating their validity is presented. Surveys of kinship have shown the validity of a developmental pattern in residence rules, descent rules, and kin terms; much has been learned about kin avoidances and much suggested about inheritance, marriage, and divorce patterns. Surveys of cultural evolution have established the validity of se…
On Ethnic Unit Classification [and Comments and Reply]
This paper discusses the general concept of the basic culture-bearing unit and proposes a new definition-the cultunit. This proposal is a response to the need for units of cross-cultural surveys to be comparable and to be rigorously defined if these studies are to be validated statistically. Such anthropologists as Schapera, Berndt, Whiting, Evans-Pritchard, Reichard, Radcliffe-Brown, Fortes, Ember, Murdock, Nadel, Leach and Driver have given muc…
The Proposed HRAF Probability Sample
Demographic Estimates in Archaeology: Contributions From Ethnoarchaeology on Mesoamerican Peasants [and Comments and Reply]
Anthropological archaeologists often employ ethnohistoric and ethnographic data to interpret the archaeological record. Of special concern to the subdiscipline of "action" or "living" archaeology is the problem of devising reasonably accurate methods for estimating the population of a site or of a prehistoric household. Techniques developed by various researchers are here summarized and critiqued. Then the available ethnographic evidence on house…
A Fifth Solution to Galton's Problem1
Two Further Solutions to Galton's Problem1
Color Term Salience
Eleven focal colors are named by basic color terms in many languages. The most salient colors (black, white, and perhaps red) are named in all languages; the least salient of the set are named in fewer languages. Salience correlates with earliness of introduction, as measured by a scale of social evolution; with brevity of expression, as measured by phonemic length of basic color terms; with frequency of use, as measured by frequency of basic col…
A Standard Ethnographic Sample: Second Edition
Mighty Sifts: A Critical Appraisal of Solutions to Galton's Problem and a Partial Solution [and Comments and Replies]
Galton's problem arises from historical connection between societies, which makes the canon of statistical independence inapplicable. The resulting indeterminacy of sample size renders standard tests of statistical significance also inapplicable. In addition, replication might bias results. Seven solutions to Galton's problem have been previously offered, and we have found all of them invalid. Three of them suffer from what we have termed the "sy…
Natural Selection in Cultural Evolution: Warfare Versus Peaceful Diffusion
In the past two decades several methods for objectively measuring cultural evolution have been developed. It is now possible to measure the degree of cultural evolution, but we know very little about its processes. Theorists have long proposed that among human societies warfare is the primary mechanism of natural selection. In other words, they say it is through success in warfare that societies evolve. We tested this theory cross‐culturally on a…
A Standard Ethnographic Sample: Preliminary Edition
The Double Language Boundary in Cross-Cultural Surveys
Language is the most widely proposed criterion for operational culture- bearing units used in cross-cultural surveys. The double boundary method eliminates the need to define exact language boundaries. The solution pro poses : (1) choosing a particular local community, at a particular point in time, as the sampling unit; (2) checking its linguistic affiliation in Voegelin and Voegelin's "Languages of the World" (keeping in mind that if two units …
Guidelines for Holocultural Research
Data Quality Control-A New Research Technique: Prolegomena to a Cross- Cultural Study of Culture Stress
On Bias of Exotic Data
Evolutionary Epistemology and Human Values [and Comments and Reply]
The theory of evolution is a body of concepts and relations that applies to social and cultural phenomena as well as to biological ones. The fundamental ideas of the theory-taxonomy, developmental relations, processes of change, and directionality-are shown to apply to human society and culture. Next it is argued that an evolutionary approach implies that the tension between "value-free" and value-biased research is essential to adaptation. Final…
Ethnic Unit Classification
Creativity: A Cross-Historical Pilot Survey
This is a study of the causes of creative florescences in particular periods of time in certain countries. Five hypotheses were tested which have been proposed to explain such florescences. No support was found for four of these supposed causes: wealth, geographical expansion, democratic government and external challenge. Some support however was found for the fifth hypothesis: the more politically fragmented a civilization at a given time, the h…
Borrowing Versus Migration as Selection Factors in Cultural Evolution
This paper reports a measurement of the relative importance in cultural evolution of the spread of human culture through peaceful borrowing on one hand and warlike migration on the other. From the worldwide sample of 852 societies in the Ethnographic Atlas, a set of 78 triads was selected by matching from an alphabetized list. Each triad consisted of (1) a base society, (2) a nearby society belonging to a different language family from that of th…
Chaney and Ruiz Revilla: Sampling Methods: Comment 1
The following comments pertain to "Sampling Methods and Interpretation of Correlation: A Comparative Analysis of Seven Cross-Cultural Samples," Richard P. Chaney and Rogelio Ruiz Revilla, AA 71:597-633
Does military deterrence deter
A Draft Map of the Culture Areas of Asia
Historians and "Laws" of History
Lincoln and the Sherman Peace Fiasco-Another Fable
A Preliminary Index of Social Development
General and Theoretical: Feudalism in History. Rushton Coulborn (Ed.). Foreword by A. L. Kroeber
A Tentative Index of Culture-Stress
Two Solutions to Galton's Problem
Two solutions are offered to the problem of distinguishing “historical” from “functional” associations in cross-cultural surveys. The underlying logic of the mathematical model is discussed and three kinds of association distinguished: hyperdiffusional or purely “historical” association, undiffusional or purely “functional” association, and semidiffusional or mixed “historical-functional” association. Two overland diffusion arcs constitute the te…
General: Evolution and Culture . Marshall D. Sahlins and Elman R. Service (Eds.)
T he A ctivity B ias of E thnography: A R eply to E ngelmann
Social Development of a Tyrolean Village
survey of thirty peoples, mostly primitive tribes. Now we report its application to a small community of mountain peasants in the Upper Inn district of the western Tyrol. The proposed preliminary index involves three basic factors: local community population, occupational specialization, and organizational ramification. As a measure of each of these three, the 1956 paper offered three indicators defined in great detail: settlement population, cra…
Floor Area and Settlement Population
Total area of the dwelling floors and total population of the largest settlements of eighteen societies show a loglog regression which suggests that the population of a prehistoric settlement can be very roughly estimated as of the order of one-tenth the floor area in square meters
Introduction to Applied Statistics. John G. Peatman
Data Quality Control-A New Research Technique: Prolegomena to a Cross- Cultural Study of Culture Stress
On Bias of Exotic Data
Two Further Solutions to Galton's Problem1
On Ethnic Unit Classification [and Comments and Reply]
This paper discusses the general concept of the basic culture-bearing unit and proposes a new definition-the cultunit. This proposal is a response to the need for units of cross-cultural surveys to be comparable and to be rigorously defined if these studies are to be validated statistically. Such anthropologists as Schapera, Berndt, Whiting, Evans-Pritchard, Reichard, Radcliffe-Brown, Fortes, Ember, Murdock, Nadel, Leach and Driver have given muc…
A Fifth Solution to Galton's Problem1
Data Quality Control
An essential feature of the oral history project is the comparability of material once it has been collected. It should be made clear that for comparative analysis it is not essential (although it makes the work easier, if this has already been standardized) for all categories of data collection to be standardized in all countries studied; it is essential only that a full picture of all significant aspects of each movement will be covered--a task…
An Anatomy of Kinship: Mathematical Models for Structures of Cumulated Roles. Harrison C. White
Other: Foundations of Behavioral Research: Educational and Psychological Inquiry. Fred N. Kerlinger
Ethnic Unit Classification
Feedback from our readers
Other: A Study of a Biased Friendship Net. T. J. Fararo and Morris H. Sunshine
Does military deterrence deter
General and Ethnology: Cross Tabulations of Murdock's World Ethnographic Sample. A llan D. C oult and R obert W. H abenstein
Computer Science (51 works) · Sociology (45 works) · History (29 works) · History (28 works) · Library science (28 works) · Anthropology (22 works) · Psychology (20 works) · Mathematics (17 works) · Citation (15 works) · Political science (15 works)