Wade C Mackey
Biographic Data
| ID | 3618522 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Wade C Mackey |
| GIVEN NAMES | Wade C |
| FAMILY NAME | Mackey |
| SIGNATURE | MACKEY W C |
| AFFILIATIONS | Iowa Wesleyan College |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 39 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 85 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 39 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1976 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2007 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Fatherlessness by Divorce Contrasted to Fatherlessness by Non-Marital Births: A Distinction with a Difference for the Community
Although “marriage” and the “family” have tended to be analyzed with the individual participants as the frame of reference, recent trends in family-formation have taken a trajectory that clearly affects the community or any intact social group. One such trend is increased levels of father-absence: Preclusion or abrasion of the father from the mother-child dyad. Evidence is presented which argues that father-preclusion and father-abrasion are two …
Sexually Transmitted Disease and Gender Roles: An Index of Cultural Evolution
In the last 25 years of the 20th century, two events occurred that may affect cultural evolution into the foreseeable future. First, birth rates in a number of industrialized nations dropped below the level of population maintenance,and, second, the HIV/AIDS virus emerged, spread, and became embedded and endemic in many nations. The relationship between the spread of HIV/AIDS and several parameters of a nation's demography is empirically examined…
The Presence of Fathers in Attenuating Young Male Violence: Dad as a Social Palliative
Although violent crime is typically viewed as a public safety problem, the sequelae of violent crime can also be viewed as a public health problem, with at least part of its roots aligned with the family. Murder, rape, and assault result in substantial societal costs as well as individual costs. It is suggested here that the prior presence of a residential and biological father inhibits violent behavior in their sons who have grown to adulthood. …
Pair-Bonding and the Evolutionary Trajectory of Homo: Disease Avoidance as an Adaptive Trait
As the ancestors of both the great apes and humans began to separate into two lineages, several distinctions emerged and solidified for the separate genera. It is suggested here that the sequelae to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and subsequent behavioral tendencies to avoid sexually transmitted diseases played an important role in forging the unique character of the Australopithecine/Homo line. In particular, the advantage of pair-bonding …
New ideas/viewpoints: A proposed feedback loop of sexually transmitted diseases and sexual behavior: The red queen's dilemma
(Micro)organisms, such as bacteria, which cause sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in humans are presented with an interesting ecological challenge. These microorganisms need humans to have sexual contact with each other in order for the microorganisms to spread to other hosts as well as to have subsequent generations of descendants. However, diseases tend to lower the sex drive and to render the host less sexually attractive. It is argued that…
The father(to)child affiliative bond: Convergent evolution with the canid analogue
Primate homologues, especially from the African great apes, can usually be successfully utilized to form comparisons with the human condition. However, the man(to)child pair-bond is not paralleled by any terrestrial primate nor even many mammals. Hence, knowledge of primate behavior would not be predictive of the pan-human social father. It is suggested that female choices of mating partners shifted in the direction of a canid analogue in that me…
Cultural Viability and Gender Egalitarianism: An Elusive Balance Yet To Be Struck
A sine qua non of a, or any, culture's continuity across generations is the existence of citizens within that culture. With a systematic replenishment of very mortal citizens, the culture can enjoy extended longevity or perpetuity. Without citizens, a culture becomes, at best, an historical footnote. With the advent of inexpensive, effective reproductive technology, a paradox has been created in the 21st century. To wit: when effective reproducti…
Support for the existence of an independent man-to-child affiliative bond: Fatherhood as a biocultural invention
Support for the existence of an independent man-to-child affiliative bond: Fatherhood as a biocultural invention
Restriction of Sexual Activity as a Partial Function of Disease Avoidance: A Cultural Response to Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Across cultures, sexual relations are expected between husbands and wives. This expectation is virtually a constant, a universal. On the other hand, sexual relations between two persons who are not married to each other is much more of a variable across cultures. It is argued that part of the differences among cultures in their treatment of extramarital sexual activity is a function of the presence or absence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD…
Sexually transmitted diseases, pair bonding, fathering, and alliance formation: Disease avoidance behaviors as a proposed element in human evolution
Sexually transmitted diseases, pair bonding, fathering, and alliance formation: Disease avoidance behaviors as a proposed element in human evolution
The Enigma of Father Presence in Relationship to Sons' Violence and Daughters' Mating Strategies: Empiricism in Search of a Theory
Since the 1960s, the role for the U.S. father has undergone a kaleidoscope of interpretations: from supernumerary to optional to vital. Two routes of fatherlessness—out-of-wedlock births and divorce—are analyzed here in terms of an increased exposure to social problems (i.e., violent crime and sexually transmitted diseases), which occurs to their children who have grown to maturity. Violent crime is primarily a young man's event. Rates of violent…
Cultural Evolution and Gender Roles: A Re-Affirmation of J.K. Brown's Note
In 1970, Brown offered note on the division of labor. Her observation was that - across cultures - if a task interfered with child-rearing, then that task would be given to men. If a task did not interfere with child-rearing, then that task could be included in the set of chores assigned to women. A reasonable extension of her note would be that if a group's women, as a class, were performing tasks incompatible with child-rearing, then the fertil…
The Feminization of Domestic Violence in America: The Woozle Effect Goes beyond Rhetoric
One U.S. societal reaction to and evaluation of poverty among its citizens was the concept of the “feminization of poverty.” In an analogous manner, the frame of reference of domestic violence has been to align women, rather than men, as the recipients of domestic violence. However, epidemiological surveys on the distribution of violent behavior between adult partners suggest gender parity. Similarly, in terms of child abuse, levels of fathers' d…
The Societal Dilemma of Multiple Sexual Partners: The Costs of the Loss of Pair-Bonding
Although human reproductive strategies, mating, do not preclude multiple sexual partners, virtually all marriage systems across the world reinforce a pair-bonding template. The question is addressed: why would cultural traditions so universally reinforce monogamy-pair-bonding-as a marriage system? Conversely, what happens when multiple partners are increased within a social group? Data are presented which suggest that an unraveling of the pair-bo…
Father Presence: An Enhancement of a Child's Well-Being
For the last quarter of a century, American academics and literati have assumed that the traditional father figure was supernumerary and rather optional. This perspective viewed a child's life-space trajectory as little perturbed if a father was present or not. The present paper argues against this assumption. Available evidence clearly indicates that fathers do enhance their children's well-being. The problems aligned with fatherlessness are ana…
Motivations toward Fathering: Two Minority Profiles within the Majority's Context
Recently, both the popular and academic press have shown increasing interest in American fathers, portraying them as simply additive to their children's well-being. In other words, if men enact their role as social fathers (i.e., providers) then there is a net social gain for the community. Earlier surveys found that, in the majority community, men have a shared motivational hierarchy that helps determine whether they will enter into and remain i…
On Whose Watch? The Silent Separation of American Children from Their Fathers
Within two generations, the primary reason that American children were deprived of a father shifted from a father's death to a woman's choice. That is, prior to the 1960s, the major cause of fatherlessness was the death of the father through illness or accident. After the 1960s, the children became deprived of fathers primarily because of women's decisions to petition for a divorce or to become a single parent mother. The path of the shift is exa…
The woman as final arbiter: A case for the facultative character of the human sex ratio
The sex of an individual drives the gender‐role expectations for that person essentially from birth to death. To the extent that gender‐role expectations, in turn, drive an individual's life chances and options, the sex of the individual is an important causal agent upon the individual's life experiences. Two separate explanations are available to help understand the determination of a person's sex at birth: (1) sex determination is random, or (2…
A biocultural analysis of circumcision
The phenomenon of circumcision may well serve a range of religious and symbolic functions. In addition to these conceptual categories, we argue that circumcision also serves a more mundane, practical function of lowering excitability and distractibility quotients--sexual arousal--of pubescent males, i.e., biasing young males more toward increased tractability which would enhance group efforts and less toward individual goals of amorous exchanges.…
A reexamination of Gilligan's analysis of the female moral system: Distaff altruism will not succeed
Not about Mozart
Relationships between the human sex ratio and the woman's microenvironment: Four tests
Observations of Japanese Men and Children in Public Places: A Comparative Study
The popular image of Japanese men, both in the United States and Japan, is that of "salaryman" who works such long hours that he has no time left for his children. The little empirical evidence available, however, suggests that Japanese men have familial involvement patterns not unlike those of men in the United States. In the study reported here, prepubertal children and adult males in Japan and the USA were observed together disproportionately …
Police Violence as a Function of Community Characteristics
The authors find that existing models concerning police violence are not i designed to explain variation among the states in the rates of police use ‘of deadly force. This variation correlates significantly with numerous cultural attributes of the public. The strongest correlates are with the public rates of violence. Therefore, the authors propose to moody existing modeb, and explain the police use of violence as a response to community characte…
An Alternate Standard for Evaluating American Fathers
Since the mid-1970s social scientists have given unprecedented attention to American fathers. As birth rates have declined and more women have entered the labor force, expectations for men to assume parenting duties and responsibilities have increased, and numerous studies have compared the parenting of men and women. The studies have generally shown that the parenting of fathers is deficient in comparison to that of mothers. In the study reporte…
Some Indicators of Fathering Behaviors in the United States: A Crosscultural Examination of Adult Male-Child Interaction
Wade C. Mackey, Randal D. Day, Some Indicators of Fathering Behaviors in the United States: A Crosscultural Examination of Adult Male-Child Interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 41, No. 2 (May, 1979), pp. 287-299
The Role Image of the American Father: An Examination of A Media Myth
A lack of correspondence exists between the image of the American male as a father-figure and field data gathered on adult male-child interaction. The U.S. father-figure is examined in two time frames demarcated by the mid-1970s. In the earlier intervale both media portrayal, exemplified by SATURDAY EVENING POST cartoons, and "conventional wisdom" depicted American men as incompetent or irrelevant child caretakers. In the later interval, the men …
The Enigma of Father Presence in Relationship to Sons' Violence and Daughters' Mating Strategies: Empiricism in Search of a Theory
Since the 1960s, the role for the U.S. father has undergone a kaleidoscope of interpretations: from supernumerary to optional to vital. Two routes of fatherlessness—out-of-wedlock births and divorce—are analyzed here in terms of an increased exposure to social problems (i.e., violent crime and sexually transmitted diseases), which occurs to their children who have grown to maturity. Violent crime is primarily a young man's event. Rates of violent…
A Preliminary Test for the Validation of the Adult Male-Child Bond as a Species-Characteristic Trait
The Adult Male-Child Bond: An Example of Convergent Evolution
A quantitative and qualitative analysis of adult male-child patterns of association in Virginia (the United States), Mexico, and Spain indicates an independent bond between men and children. Gender of adult, gender of child, and developmental status of child are important variables in the patterns of adult-child associations in public places with equal access by gender. Cultural and phylogenetic sources of influence on the adult male-child dyad a…
The Feminization of Domestic Violence in America: The Woozle Effect Goes beyond Rhetoric
One U.S. societal reaction to and evaluation of poverty among its citizens was the concept of the “feminization of poverty.” In an analogous manner, the frame of reference of domestic violence has been to align women, rather than men, as the recipients of domestic violence. However, epidemiological surveys on the distribution of violent behavior between adult partners suggest gender parity. Similarly, in terms of child abuse, levels of fathers' d…
The woman as final arbiter: A case for the facultative character of the human sex ratio
The sex of an individual drives the gender‐role expectations for that person essentially from birth to death. To the extent that gender‐role expectations, in turn, drive an individual's life chances and options, the sex of the individual is an important causal agent upon the individual's life experiences. Two separate explanations are available to help understand the determination of a person's sex at birth: (1) sex determination is random, or (2…
Restriction of Sexual Activity as a Partial Function of Disease Avoidance: A Cultural Response to Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Across cultures, sexual relations are expected between husbands and wives. This expectation is virtually a constant, a universal. On the other hand, sexual relations between two persons who are not married to each other is much more of a variable across cultures. It is argued that part of the differences among cultures in their treatment of extramarital sexual activity is a function of the presence or absence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD…
Sexually transmitted diseases, pair bonding, fathering, and alliance formation: Disease avoidance behaviors as a proposed element in human evolution
The Societal Dilemma of Multiple Sexual Partners: The Costs of the Loss of Pair-Bonding
Although human reproductive strategies, mating, do not preclude multiple sexual partners, virtually all marriage systems across the world reinforce a pair-bonding template. The question is addressed: why would cultural traditions so universally reinforce monogamy-pair-bonding-as a marriage system? Conversely, what happens when multiple partners are increased within a social group? Data are presented which suggest that an unraveling of the pair-bo…
Relationships between the human sex ratio and the woman's microenvironment: Four tests
A Sociobiological Perspective on Divorce Patterns of Men in the United States
High levels of divorce and remarriage within the United States potentially constitute a structural and theoretical problem for the sociobiological tenets of inclusive fitness and paternal investment. The marital histories of many United States men appear to be antithetical to an effective strategy in nurturing their children, i.e., their genes. However, an empirical analysis of marriage, divorce, and fertility by age and gender indicates that the…
The Presence of Fathers in Attenuating Young Male Violence: Dad as a Social Palliative
Although violent crime is typically viewed as a public safety problem, the sequelae of violent crime can also be viewed as a public health problem, with at least part of its roots aligned with the family. Murder, rape, and assault result in substantial societal costs as well as individual costs. It is suggested here that the prior presence of a residential and biological father inhibits violent behavior in their sons who have grown to adulthood. …
Cultural Viability and Gender Egalitarianism: An Elusive Balance Yet To Be Struck
A sine qua non of a, or any, culture's continuity across generations is the existence of citizens within that culture. With a systematic replenishment of very mortal citizens, the culture can enjoy extended longevity or perpetuity. Without citizens, a culture becomes, at best, an historical footnote. With the advent of inexpensive, effective reproductive technology, a paradox has been created in the 21st century. To wit: when effective reproducti…
Support for the existence of an independent man-to-child affiliative bond: Fatherhood as a biocultural invention
Father Presence: An Enhancement of a Child's Well-Being
For the last quarter of a century, American academics and literati have assumed that the traditional father figure was supernumerary and rather optional. This perspective viewed a child's life-space trajectory as little perturbed if a father was present or not. The present paper argues against this assumption. Available evidence clearly indicates that fathers do enhance their children's well-being. The problems aligned with fatherlessness are ana…
Motivations toward Fathering: Two Minority Profiles within the Majority's Context
Recently, both the popular and academic press have shown increasing interest in American fathers, portraying them as simply additive to their children's well-being. In other words, if men enact their role as social fathers (i.e., providers) then there is a net social gain for the community. Earlier surveys found that, in the majority community, men have a shared motivational hierarchy that helps determine whether they will enter into and remain i…
On Whose Watch? The Silent Separation of American Children from Their Fathers
Within two generations, the primary reason that American children were deprived of a father shifted from a father's death to a woman's choice. That is, prior to the 1960s, the major cause of fatherlessness was the death of the father through illness or accident. After the 1960s, the children became deprived of fathers primarily because of women's decisions to petition for a divorce or to become a single parent mother. The path of the shift is exa…
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Adult-Child Proxemics in Relation to the Plowman-Protector Complex: A Preliminary Study1
Cross-cultural analyses have documented linkages between sub sistence economy, socialization pressure, and personality type. Here I extend the sequence to include proxemic behaviors between adults and children. Proxemic data were gathered from eleven cultures; prox emic relationships between men and children varied predictably with variations in other societal components. As the reliance upon the male's superior strength in handling large animals…
A cross-cultural analysis of recruitment into all male groups: An ethological perspective
The Adult Male-Child Bond: An Example of Convergent Evolution
A quantitative and qualitative analysis of adult male-child patterns of association in Virginia (the United States), Mexico, and Spain indicates an independent bond between men and children. Gender of adult, gender of child, and developmental status of child are important variables in the patterns of adult-child associations in public places with equal access by gender. Cultural and phylogenetic sources of influence on the adult male-child dyad a…
Police Violence as a Function of Community Characteristics
The authors find that existing models concerning police violence are not i designed to explain variation among the states in the rates of police use ‘of deadly force. This variation correlates significantly with numerous cultural attributes of the public. The strongest correlates are with the public rates of violence. Therefore, the authors propose to moody existing modeb, and explain the police use of violence as a response to community characte…
Some Indicators of Fathering Behaviors in the United States: A Crosscultural Examination of Adult Male-Child Interaction
Wade C. Mackey, Randal D. Day, Some Indicators of Fathering Behaviors in the United States: A Crosscultural Examination of Adult Male-Child Interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 41, No. 2 (May, 1979), pp. 287-299
A Sociobiological Perspective on Divorce Patterns of Men in the United States
High levels of divorce and remarriage within the United States potentially constitute a structural and theoretical problem for the sociobiological tenets of inclusive fitness and paternal investment. The marital histories of many United States men appear to be antithetical to an effective strategy in nurturing their children, i.e., their genes. However, an empirical analysis of marriage, divorce, and fertility by age and gender indicates that the…
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Adult-Child Proxemics in Relation to the Plowman-Protector Complex: A Preliminary Study1
Cross-cultural analyses have documented linkages between sub sistence economy, socialization pressure, and personality type. Here I extend the sequence to include proxemic behaviors between adults and children. Proxemic data were gathered from eleven cultures; prox emic relationships between men and children varied predictably with variations in other societal components. As the reliance upon the male's superior strength in handling large animals…
A cross-cultural analysis of recruitment into all male groups: An ethological perspective
A Preliminary Test for the Validation of the Adult Male-Child Bond as a Species-Characteristic Trait
The placenta: The Celibate Sibling
A cross-cultural perspective on perceptions of paternalistic deficiencies in the United States: The myth of the derelict daddy
Fathering Behaviors: The Dynamics of the Man-Child Bond
Like the lines of a secret map made dimly apparent by the chemical potion brushed on a piece of paper from a child's detective kit, the outlines of what may be a substantial behavioral biology of human life seem to be coming clear. From genetic science at its most molecular to demography with its assessment of the vital experience of massive populations, there is a growing understanding of the various ways in which the human species reveals under…
The Role Image of the American Father: An Examination of A Media Myth
A lack of correspondence exists between the image of the American male as a father-figure and field data gathered on adult male-child interaction. The U.S. father-figure is examined in two time frames demarcated by the mid-1970s. In the earlier intervale both media portrayal, exemplified by SATURDAY EVENING POST cartoons, and "conventional wisdom" depicted American men as incompetent or irrelevant child caretakers. In the later interval, the men …
Patterns of Adult-Child Associations in 18 Cultures: An Index of the “Nuclear Family
During discretionary times and in public places for men and women and children, the incidences of various combinations of adults and children who were associating with each other were recorded in 18 cultures. Over 49,000 children who were associating with adults were recorded. The relative proportion of man-woman-child triads (defined as a “nuclear family template”) was of particular interest. Across cultures, the predominate group was the adult-…
Dimensions of Fatherhood
Observations of Japanese Men and Children in Public Places: A Comparative Study
The popular image of Japanese men, both in the United States and Japan, is that of "salaryman" who works such long hours that he has no time left for his children. The little empirical evidence available, however, suggests that Japanese men have familial involvement patterns not unlike those of men in the United States. In the study reported here, prepubertal children and adult males in Japan and the USA were observed together disproportionately …
An Alternate Standard for Evaluating American Fathers
Since the mid-1970s social scientists have given unprecedented attention to American fathers. As birth rates have declined and more women have entered the labor force, expectations for men to assume parenting duties and responsibilities have increased, and numerous studies have compared the parenting of men and women. The studies have generally shown that the parenting of fathers is deficient in comparison to that of mothers. In the study reporte…
Relationships between the human sex ratio and the woman's microenvironment: Four tests
A biocultural analysis of circumcision
The phenomenon of circumcision may well serve a range of religious and symbolic functions. In addition to these conceptual categories, we argue that circumcision also serves a more mundane, practical function of lowering excitability and distractibility quotients--sexual arousal--of pubescent males, i.e., biasing young males more toward increased tractability which would enhance group efforts and less toward individual goals of amorous exchanges.…
A reexamination of Gilligan's analysis of the female moral system: Distaff altruism will not succeed
Not about Mozart
Father Presence: An Enhancement of a Child's Well-Being
For the last quarter of a century, American academics and literati have assumed that the traditional father figure was supernumerary and rather optional. This perspective viewed a child's life-space trajectory as little perturbed if a father was present or not. The present paper argues against this assumption. Available evidence clearly indicates that fathers do enhance their children's well-being. The problems aligned with fatherlessness are ana…
Motivations toward Fathering: Two Minority Profiles within the Majority's Context
Recently, both the popular and academic press have shown increasing interest in American fathers, portraying them as simply additive to their children's well-being. In other words, if men enact their role as social fathers (i.e., providers) then there is a net social gain for the community. Earlier surveys found that, in the majority community, men have a shared motivational hierarchy that helps determine whether they will enter into and remain i…
On Whose Watch? The Silent Separation of American Children from Their Fathers
Within two generations, the primary reason that American children were deprived of a father shifted from a father's death to a woman's choice. That is, prior to the 1960s, the major cause of fatherlessness was the death of the father through illness or accident. After the 1960s, the children became deprived of fathers primarily because of women's decisions to petition for a divorce or to become a single parent mother. The path of the shift is exa…
The woman as final arbiter: A case for the facultative character of the human sex ratio
The sex of an individual drives the gender‐role expectations for that person essentially from birth to death. To the extent that gender‐role expectations, in turn, drive an individual's life chances and options, the sex of the individual is an important causal agent upon the individual's life experiences. Two separate explanations are available to help understand the determination of a person's sex at birth: (1) sex determination is random, or (2…
The Feminization of Domestic Violence in America: The Woozle Effect Goes beyond Rhetoric
One U.S. societal reaction to and evaluation of poverty among its citizens was the concept of the “feminization of poverty.” In an analogous manner, the frame of reference of domestic violence has been to align women, rather than men, as the recipients of domestic violence. However, epidemiological surveys on the distribution of violent behavior between adult partners suggest gender parity. Similarly, in terms of child abuse, levels of fathers' d…
The Societal Dilemma of Multiple Sexual Partners: The Costs of the Loss of Pair-Bonding
Although human reproductive strategies, mating, do not preclude multiple sexual partners, virtually all marriage systems across the world reinforce a pair-bonding template. The question is addressed: why would cultural traditions so universally reinforce monogamy-pair-bonding-as a marriage system? Conversely, what happens when multiple partners are increased within a social group? Data are presented which suggest that an unraveling of the pair-bo…
Psychology (34 works) · Developmental psychology (26 works) · Sociology (26 works) · Social Psychology (21 works) · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior (18 works) · Social Psychology (17 works) · Demography (12 works) · Family Dynamics and Relationships (12 works) · Biology (11 works) · Political science (11 works)