James E Wright
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3620072 |
|---|---|
| NOME | James E Wright |
| PRENOMES | James E |
| SOBRENOME | Wright |
| ASSINATURA | WRIGHT J E |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Florida State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6896-563X |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 29 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 192 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 29 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1965 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
The impact of public agency representation on citizen perception in the face of technological discrimination
This study explores how public agency representation and expertise shape citizen perceptions of algorithmic discrimination. Using theories of representative bureaucracy and Human-In-The-Loop (HITL), an experimental design with a general population and an African American sample examines how algorithmic correction approaches influence trust, legitimacy, and perceived performance. Expert involvement increases positive perceptions across samples, wi…
Changing the narrative
In the past decade, both citizens and activist organizations have pushed for reform of the administrative state. Concurrently, athletes or “super citizens” entered the administrative state as they used their voice, platform, and social and financial capital to become major actors in these calls for reform. This article presents a revised theoretical framework in which to situate professional athletes within the field of public administration and …
The fallacy of representative bureaucracy theory
Internal representation? How Black and White firefighters view racial diversity within the fire service
This study investigates leadership representation and the perceptions of public employees, specifically focusing on a fire department led by a Black fire chief. Drawing from literature on representative bureaucracy and relational demography, we explore how leadership representation influences street-level bureaucrats’ views on diversity and representation within the organization. Through in-depth interviews with both Black and White firefighters,…
Bridging the gap
For more than forty years, giants in the field have argued that the study of policing can deepen our understanding of key concepts in the policy process literature. Despite this, there remains a noticeable gap in policy‐driven policing research. This article revisits that gap—not solely to integrate policing into policy process research, but to show how policing subsystems offer unique opportunities for researchers to test and refine core policy …
Bureaucrat or artificial intelligence
The increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in public service delivery presents important yet unanswered questions about citizens’ views of AI. Are citizens’ perceptions of decisions made by AI different from those made by bureaucrats? We answer this question by conducting a conjoint experiment. Our results show that individuals prefer minority bureaucrats over AI to make decisions. This is particularly true for racially minoritized citize…
Use of Performance Information and External Accountability
Despite being touted as a game-changing technology, studies on the influence of body-worn cameras (BWCs) on policing outcomes have produced mixed results, with the underlying reasons for such findings unclear. Drawing on the sociology of culture and organizational theory, we argue that BWCs often have mixed impacts due to deeply ingrained, valued occupational assumptions and practices shaped by the structural and organizational context. These ass…
Administrative Decentralization and the Role of Information
The U.S. federal government often devolves administrative processes and decision making to state and local governments. Prior studies have found that the success of decentralization and implementation depends on several mediating factors at the subnational level, such as a state's political ideology or administrative capacity. This study focuses on one mechanism—the ability of states to leverage their information advantage about the local context…
Does administrative burden create racialized policy feedback? How losing access to public benefits impacts beliefs about government
Public trust and civic predisposition are cornerstones of well-functioning democratic societies, and burdensome citizen-state encounters may undermine positive views of government, especially for racially minoritized clientele. Leveraging insights from policy feedback theory, we argue that administrative burden has the potential to undermine trust in government and civic predisposition through two mechanisms: (1) interpretive effects: burdensome …
Evaluating the determinants of support for police militarization among officers
We evaluate the determinants of officer support for their agency participating in the 1033 Program: a program that facilitates the flow of military hardware to local law enforcement agencies. In doing so, we provide insight into why officers demand such equipment, which, in turn, may partially explain patterns of program participation and equipment usage. We utilize a series of random forest models to examine survey data collected from officers i…
Beyond social equity
Body‐worn cameras and representation
Public administration scholarship seeks to understand ways to increase accountability within the policing profession. We employ an online conjoint experiment to disentangle the effects of both representation and body‐worn cameras (BWC) on police accountability and legitimacy. In the experiment, we ask participants to rate the likelihood that a police use of force incident prompts an investigation when there is a BWC present and racial and gender …
The power of protest on policing
In 2020, police brutality against Black Americans catalyzed Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests across all 50 states. Though BLM protests continue to permeate society, few scholars explore how these protests change Americans' perceptions of the police. To investigate this phenomenon more meticulously, we administered an online survey experiment—oversampling Black American participants—to measure how protest culture, specifically BLM protests, influ…
The erosion of the administrative state under President Trump
President Trump encouraged bad state actors within the administrative state to contribute to inequities for civilians. We highlight how Trump's actions and rhetoric led to increased individual, institutional, and systemic racism and violence. As a response to this increased violence and rhetoric, we discuss the role civilians (including professional athletes) played in engaging in protests and the 2020 election. Given that more individuals voted …
The perceived effectiveness of collaborative approaches to address domestic violence
The Domestic Violence Enhanced Response Team (DVERT) program is a mandated collaboration between police and victim advocates. Understanding the determinants of its perceived effectiveness among implementing officers will help illuminate and explain the various ways in which officers carry out their program-related duties. Using survey data collected from officers in a large city with a DVERT program, we find that officers who have i) history of u…
We can’t just shut up and play
In 2020, the lack of an administrative response to the rising rates of COVID-19 and the inability of public leaders to provide proper oversight and accountability for unjust government actions by (police officers) presents a clear case of the failure of the administrative state. These actions have led to a national outcry by individuals and organizations (in particular Black Lives Matter (BLM)) that are fed up with the inequity that exists in soc…
Implementation has failed, implementation studies have failed even more
Objective This article identifies the role of structural racism in policy implementation and argues that a starting point to evaluate the potential outcomes of calls for systemic change is to better situate racism in the study of policy implementation. Method This article reviews existing policy implementation literature to assess the extent to which they account for structural racism in their analyses of policy implementation success and failure…
Bureaucracy, Democracy, and Race
A bureaucracy that is representative of the public it serves—passive representation—can result in both active representation and symbolic representation. Symbolic representation occurs when passive representation improves perceptions of legitimacy and enhances bureaucratic outcomes because the public is more cooperative and more likely to engage in coproduction. We present a new micro‐theory of symbolic representation to show that symbolic benefi…
What is Public? Big Questions Emerging from the Clash of Legal and Policy Paradigms
This article draws on three main sources to define the constitutional boundaries for outsourcing public goods and services in the age of new governance: (1) public administration research related to public–private distinctions; (2) Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-76, federal policy on “inherently governmental” functions; and (3) the State Action Doctrine, the judiciary’s approach for distinguishing state actors from non-state act…
Can Technology Work for Policing? Citizen Perceptions of Police-Body Worn Cameras
Recent incidents between police and people of color have further strained police–community relationships. Scholars, practitioners, activists, policy makers, and several police departments have advocated for the implementation of body-worn cameras (BWC), a technological adoption promoted to address growing mistrust in the United States. This article examines perception of this technological adoption through 40 in-depth interviews in Washington, D.…
Police Use of Force Interactions
Representative bureaucracy research has examined the influence of race and ethnicity on policing outcomes, yet little is known about police use of force specifically at the individual-level. To address this topic more meticulously, we utilize individual-level data (from Indianapolis and Dallas police departments) to explore differences in the amount of force used by officers in ethnic, racial, and gender matches in police–civilian dyads. Findings…
Social Equity and Covid ‐19
Emerging statistics demonstrate that COVID‐19 disproportionately affects African Americans. The effects of COVID‐19 for this population are inextricably linked to areas of systemic oppression and disenfranchisement, which are exacerbated by COVID‐19: (1) health care inequality; (2) segregation, overall health, and food insecurity; (3) underrepresentation in government and the medical profession; and (4) inequalities in participatory democracy and…
Is Representation Enough? Racial Disparities in Levels of Force and Arrests by Police
The research in representative bureaucracy that examines the extent to which racial congruence impacts bureaucrats’ decisions is mixed. This study adds to this literature by examining the impact of representative bureaucracy on the level of force that police officers use and whether they make an arrest in use of force encounters, while taking into consideration key situational conditions. Using individual‐level data from New Orleans to estimate t…
National Police Reform Commissions
The Kerner Commission devoted significant attention to the issue of policing and its impact on communities of color in particular. In light of the 50th anniversary of the Kerner Commission, the focus of this article is twofold. First, this article provides a literature review on police commissions across time, both pre- and post-Kerner, to identify similarities. There are three key areas of focus that most of the police commissions have touched o…
The Ethnocultural Model of Voting
Social Equity and Covid ‐19
Emerging statistics demonstrate that COVID‐19 disproportionately affects African Americans. The effects of COVID‐19 for this population are inextricably linked to areas of systemic oppression and disenfranchisement, which are exacerbated by COVID‐19: (1) health care inequality; (2) segregation, overall health, and food insecurity; (3) underrepresentation in government and the medical profession; and (4) inequalities in participatory democracy and…
Does administrative burden create racialized policy feedback? How losing access to public benefits impacts beliefs about government
Public trust and civic predisposition are cornerstones of well-functioning democratic societies, and burdensome citizen-state encounters may undermine positive views of government, especially for racially minoritized clientele. Leveraging insights from policy feedback theory, we argue that administrative burden has the potential to undermine trust in government and civic predisposition through two mechanisms: (1) interpretive effects: burdensome …
Police Use of Force Interactions
Representative bureaucracy research has examined the influence of race and ethnicity on policing outcomes, yet little is known about police use of force specifically at the individual-level. To address this topic more meticulously, we utilize individual-level data (from Indianapolis and Dallas police departments) to explore differences in the amount of force used by officers in ethnic, racial, and gender matches in police–civilian dyads. Findings…
Beyond social equity
The power of protest on policing
In 2020, police brutality against Black Americans catalyzed Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests across all 50 states. Though BLM protests continue to permeate society, few scholars explore how these protests change Americans' perceptions of the police. To investigate this phenomenon more meticulously, we administered an online survey experiment—oversampling Black American participants—to measure how protest culture, specifically BLM protests, influ…
Can Technology Work for Policing? Citizen Perceptions of Police-Body Worn Cameras
Recent incidents between police and people of color have further strained police–community relationships. Scholars, practitioners, activists, policy makers, and several police departments have advocated for the implementation of body-worn cameras (BWC), a technological adoption promoted to address growing mistrust in the United States. This article examines perception of this technological adoption through 40 in-depth interviews in Washington, D.…
We can’t just shut up and play
In 2020, the lack of an administrative response to the rising rates of COVID-19 and the inability of public leaders to provide proper oversight and accountability for unjust government actions by (police officers) presents a clear case of the failure of the administrative state. These actions have led to a national outcry by individuals and organizations (in particular Black Lives Matter (BLM)) that are fed up with the inequity that exists in soc…
National Police Reform Commissions
The Kerner Commission devoted significant attention to the issue of policing and its impact on communities of color in particular. In light of the 50th anniversary of the Kerner Commission, the focus of this article is twofold. First, this article provides a literature review on police commissions across time, both pre- and post-Kerner, to identify similarities. There are three key areas of focus that most of the police commissions have touched o…
The Ethnocultural Model of Voting
The fallacy of representative bureaucracy theory
Bridging the gap
For more than forty years, giants in the field have argued that the study of policing can deepen our understanding of key concepts in the policy process literature. Despite this, there remains a noticeable gap in policy‐driven policing research. This article revisits that gap—not solely to integrate policing into policy process research, but to show how policing subsystems offer unique opportunities for researchers to test and refine core policy …
Evaluating the determinants of support for police militarization among officers
We evaluate the determinants of officer support for their agency participating in the 1033 Program: a program that facilitates the flow of military hardware to local law enforcement agencies. In doing so, we provide insight into why officers demand such equipment, which, in turn, may partially explain patterns of program participation and equipment usage. We utilize a series of random forest models to examine survey data collected from officers i…
Implementation has failed, implementation studies have failed even more
Objective This article identifies the role of structural racism in policy implementation and argues that a starting point to evaluate the potential outcomes of calls for systemic change is to better situate racism in the study of policy implementation. Method This article reviews existing policy implementation literature to assess the extent to which they account for structural racism in their analyses of policy implementation success and failure…
Differences in Extinction in Electrical Brain-Stimulation under Traditional Procedures of Reward Presentation
Rats were trained to bar-press for electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) or H 2 O reinforcement in order to examine differences in resistance to extinction as related to method of presentation of reward. The methods of presentation of ESB were: (1) immediate with the appropriate bar-press, (2) immediate with the appropriate bar-press with addition of a momentarily presented dry water cup, (3) immediate with the licking of the water cup presen…
The Galena Lead District
Journal Article The Galena Lead District: Federal Policy and Practice, 1824–1847. By James E. Wright. (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 1966. xv + 148 pp. Maps, illustrations, tables, notes, bibliography, and index. $3.25.) Get access John H. Krenkel John H. Krenkel Arizona State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 54, Issue 3, December 1967, Page 654,…
The Galena Lead District
The West of the American People
Journal Article The West of the American People Get access The West of the American People. Edited by Bouge Allan G. Phillips Thomas D. Wright James E.. (Itasca, Ill.: F. E. Peacock Publishers, 1970. xiv, 650 p. Index. $10.95.) Nelson Klose Nelson Klose San Jose State College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Western Historical Quarterly, Volume 2, Issue 1, January 1971, Pages 65–66, https://doi.org/10.2307/…
The Ethnocultural Model of Voting
National Police Reform Commissions
The Kerner Commission devoted significant attention to the issue of policing and its impact on communities of color in particular. In light of the 50th anniversary of the Kerner Commission, the focus of this article is twofold. First, this article provides a literature review on police commissions across time, both pre- and post-Kerner, to identify similarities. There are three key areas of focus that most of the police commissions have touched o…
What is Public? Big Questions Emerging from the Clash of Legal and Policy Paradigms
This article draws on three main sources to define the constitutional boundaries for outsourcing public goods and services in the age of new governance: (1) public administration research related to public–private distinctions; (2) Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-76, federal policy on “inherently governmental” functions; and (3) the State Action Doctrine, the judiciary’s approach for distinguishing state actors from non-state act…
Can Technology Work for Policing? Citizen Perceptions of Police-Body Worn Cameras
Recent incidents between police and people of color have further strained police–community relationships. Scholars, practitioners, activists, policy makers, and several police departments have advocated for the implementation of body-worn cameras (BWC), a technological adoption promoted to address growing mistrust in the United States. This article examines perception of this technological adoption through 40 in-depth interviews in Washington, D.…
Police Use of Force Interactions
Representative bureaucracy research has examined the influence of race and ethnicity on policing outcomes, yet little is known about police use of force specifically at the individual-level. To address this topic more meticulously, we utilize individual-level data (from Indianapolis and Dallas police departments) to explore differences in the amount of force used by officers in ethnic, racial, and gender matches in police–civilian dyads. Findings…
Social Equity and Covid ‐19
Emerging statistics demonstrate that COVID‐19 disproportionately affects African Americans. The effects of COVID‐19 for this population are inextricably linked to areas of systemic oppression and disenfranchisement, which are exacerbated by COVID‐19: (1) health care inequality; (2) segregation, overall health, and food insecurity; (3) underrepresentation in government and the medical profession; and (4) inequalities in participatory democracy and…
Is Representation Enough? Racial Disparities in Levels of Force and Arrests by Police
The research in representative bureaucracy that examines the extent to which racial congruence impacts bureaucrats’ decisions is mixed. This study adds to this literature by examining the impact of representative bureaucracy on the level of force that police officers use and whether they make an arrest in use of force encounters, while taking into consideration key situational conditions. Using individual‐level data from New Orleans to estimate t…
The perceived effectiveness of collaborative approaches to address domestic violence
The Domestic Violence Enhanced Response Team (DVERT) program is a mandated collaboration between police and victim advocates. Understanding the determinants of its perceived effectiveness among implementing officers will help illuminate and explain the various ways in which officers carry out their program-related duties. Using survey data collected from officers in a large city with a DVERT program, we find that officers who have i) history of u…
We can’t just shut up and play
In 2020, the lack of an administrative response to the rising rates of COVID-19 and the inability of public leaders to provide proper oversight and accountability for unjust government actions by (police officers) presents a clear case of the failure of the administrative state. These actions have led to a national outcry by individuals and organizations (in particular Black Lives Matter (BLM)) that are fed up with the inequity that exists in soc…
Implementation has failed, implementation studies have failed even more
Objective This article identifies the role of structural racism in policy implementation and argues that a starting point to evaluate the potential outcomes of calls for systemic change is to better situate racism in the study of policy implementation. Method This article reviews existing policy implementation literature to assess the extent to which they account for structural racism in their analyses of policy implementation success and failure…
Bureaucracy, Democracy, and Race
A bureaucracy that is representative of the public it serves—passive representation—can result in both active representation and symbolic representation. Symbolic representation occurs when passive representation improves perceptions of legitimacy and enhances bureaucratic outcomes because the public is more cooperative and more likely to engage in coproduction. We present a new micro‐theory of symbolic representation to show that symbolic benefi…
The power of protest on policing
In 2020, police brutality against Black Americans catalyzed Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests across all 50 states. Though BLM protests continue to permeate society, few scholars explore how these protests change Americans' perceptions of the police. To investigate this phenomenon more meticulously, we administered an online survey experiment—oversampling Black American participants—to measure how protest culture, specifically BLM protests, influ…
The erosion of the administrative state under President Trump
President Trump encouraged bad state actors within the administrative state to contribute to inequities for civilians. We highlight how Trump's actions and rhetoric led to increased individual, institutional, and systemic racism and violence. As a response to this increased violence and rhetoric, we discuss the role civilians (including professional athletes) played in engaging in protests and the 2020 election. Given that more individuals voted …
Evaluating the determinants of support for police militarization among officers
We evaluate the determinants of officer support for their agency participating in the 1033 Program: a program that facilitates the flow of military hardware to local law enforcement agencies. In doing so, we provide insight into why officers demand such equipment, which, in turn, may partially explain patterns of program participation and equipment usage. We utilize a series of random forest models to examine survey data collected from officers i…
Beyond social equity
Body‐worn cameras and representation
Public administration scholarship seeks to understand ways to increase accountability within the policing profession. We employ an online conjoint experiment to disentangle the effects of both representation and body‐worn cameras (BWC) on police accountability and legitimacy. In the experiment, we ask participants to rate the likelihood that a police use of force incident prompts an investigation when there is a BWC present and racial and gender …
Bureaucrat or artificial intelligence
The increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in public service delivery presents important yet unanswered questions about citizens’ views of AI. Are citizens’ perceptions of decisions made by AI different from those made by bureaucrats? We answer this question by conducting a conjoint experiment. Our results show that individuals prefer minority bureaucrats over AI to make decisions. This is particularly true for racially minoritized citize…
Use of Performance Information and External Accountability
Despite being touted as a game-changing technology, studies on the influence of body-worn cameras (BWCs) on policing outcomes have produced mixed results, with the underlying reasons for such findings unclear. Drawing on the sociology of culture and organizational theory, we argue that BWCs often have mixed impacts due to deeply ingrained, valued occupational assumptions and practices shaped by the structural and organizational context. These ass…
Administrative Decentralization and the Role of Information
The U.S. federal government often devolves administrative processes and decision making to state and local governments. Prior studies have found that the success of decentralization and implementation depends on several mediating factors at the subnational level, such as a state's political ideology or administrative capacity. This study focuses on one mechanism—the ability of states to leverage their information advantage about the local context…
Does administrative burden create racialized policy feedback? How losing access to public benefits impacts beliefs about government
Public trust and civic predisposition are cornerstones of well-functioning democratic societies, and burdensome citizen-state encounters may undermine positive views of government, especially for racially minoritized clientele. Leveraging insights from policy feedback theory, we argue that administrative burden has the potential to undermine trust in government and civic predisposition through two mechanisms: (1) interpretive effects: burdensome …
The fallacy of representative bureaucracy theory
Political science (24 obras) · Law (17 obras) · Law (17 obras) · Public Administration (14 obras) · Sociology (14 obras) · Public Administration (13 obras) · Policing Practices and Perceptions (11 obras) · Psychology (11 obras) · Public relations (11 obras) · Politics (10 obras)