Jacob Cohen
Biographic Data
| ID | 3628097 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jacob Cohen |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jacob |
| FAMILY NAME | Cohen |
| SIGNATURE | COHEN J |
| AFFILIATIONS | New York University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2862-6550 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 58 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 2956 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 58 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1952 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2017 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Extending Genome-wide Association Study Results to Test Classic Anthropological Hypotheses: Human Third Molar Agenesis and the “Probable Mutation Effect
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identifies regions of the genome that likely affect the variable state of a phenotype of interest. These regions can then be studied with population genetic methods to make inferences about the evolutionary history of the trait. There are increasing opportunities to use GWAS results—even from clinically motivated studies—for tests of classic anthropological hypotheses. One such example, presented here as a c…
A power primer.
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
This classic text on multiple regression is noted for its nonmathematical, applied, and data-analytic approach. Readers profit from its verbal-conceptual exposition and frequent use of examples. The applied emphasis provides clear illustrations of the principles and provides worked examples of the types of applications that are possible. Researchers learn how to specify regression models that directly address their research questions. An overview…
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
This classic text on multiple regression is noted for its nonmathematical, applied, and data-analytic approach. Readers profit from its verbal-conceptual exposition and frequent use of examples. The applied emphasis provides clear illustrations of the principles and provides worked examples of the types of applications that are possible. Researchers learn how to specify regression models that directly address their research questions. An overview…
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Statistical Power Analysis is a nontechnical guide to power analysis in research planning that provides users of applied statistics with the tools they need for more effective analysis. The Second Edition includes: * a chapter covering power analysis in set correlation and multivariate methods; * a chapter considering effect size, psychometric reliability, and the efficacy of "qualifying" dependent variables and; * expanded power and sample size …
Voices From This Long Brown Land: Oral Recollections of Owens Valley Lives and Manzanar Pasts
Nestled between the Sierra Nevada and the White-Inyo mountain ranges in eastern California, the Owens Valley is geographically isolated and spatially bound. Yet this secluded sliver of California p...
The Problem of Units and the Circumstance for Pomp
Many areas of the behavioral sciences have few measures that are accepted as the standard for the operationalization of a construct. One consequence is that there is hardly ever an articulated and understood framework for the units of the measures that are employed. Without meaningful measurement units, theoretical formulations are limited to statements of the direction of an effect or association, or to effects expressed in standardized units. T…
The earth is round (p < .05): Rejoinder
The earth is round (p < .05)
After 4 decades of severe criticism, the ritual of null hypothesis significance testing (mechanical dichotomous decisions around a sacred .05 criterion) still persists. This article reviews the problems with this practice, including near universal misinterpretation of p as the probability that H0 is false, the misinterpretation that its complement is the probability of successful replication, and the mistaken assumption that if one rejects H0 one…
An Epidemiological Study of Disorders in Late Childhood and Adolescence—I. Age‐ and Gender‐Specific Prevalence
Developmental aspects of psychiatric disorders may be inferred from patterns of age differences in prevalence. Age‐specific prevalences are provided for nine disorders in a general population sample of ages 10–20. Age and gender patterns for several disorders suggest developmental stage‐associated risks. These include oppositional disorder in both genders and conduct disorder and major depression in girls. Major depression shows a pattern suggest…
The Effect of Insurance Benefit Changes on Use of Child and Adolescent Outpatient Mental Health Services
Use of outpatient mental health services by dependent children younger than 18 years of age enrolled in the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Federal Employees Plan (FEP) is examined in 1978 and 1983 focusing on a cut in benefits and a shift from high- to low-option plan enrollment between those years. While use rates increased from 2.13% to 2.76% by 1983, the average number of visits decreased from 18.9 to 12.8. High-option plan use exceeded low-option…
Statistical Power Analysis
pression, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 61-69 (1990). 11. L.R. Baxter, Jr., J.M. Schwartz, B.H. Guze, J.C. Mazziotta, M.P. Szuba, K. Bergman, A. Alazraki, C.E. Selin, H.K. Freng, P. Munford, and M.E. Phelps, Obsessive-compulsive disorder vs. Tourette's disorder: Differential function in subdivi sions of the neostriatum, paper presented at the an nual meeting of the American College of Neuropsy chopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Decembe…
Fuzzy methodology
A power primer
One possible reason for the continued neglect of statistical power analysis in research in the behavioral sciences is the inaccessibility of or difficulty with the standard material. A convenient, although not comprehensive, presentation of required sample sizes is provided here. Effect-size indexes and conventional values for these are given for operationally defined small, medium, and large effects. The sample sizes necessary for .80 power to d…
Statistical Power Analysis for Multiple Regression/Correlation: A Computer Program
A micro-computer program has been developed which enables researchers to compute statistical power for analyses performed by multiple regression/correlation (MRC). The program's structure mirrors the logical application of MRC as a data analytic system, to wit: It allows the user to group variables into sets which will be employed as predictors; it allows the user to determine power for the cumulative impact of any set(s) of variables, and also f…
Robustness of Type I Error and Power in Set Correlation Analysis of Contingency Tables
The analysis of contingency tables by means of set correlation makes possible the assessment of sub-hypotheses involving contrast functions of the categories of the nominal scales. This follow-up analysis of the overall association provides greater interpretive yield than do the standard methods, but has the problem that its significance tests violate the assumption of multivariate normality. The robustness of such tests both with regard to Type …
Things I have learned (so far)
This is an account of what I have learned (so far) about the application of statistics to psychology and the other sociobiomedical sciences. It includes the principles less is (fewer variables, more highly targeted issues, sharp rounding off), simple is better (graphic representation, unit weighting for linear composites), and some things you learn aren't so. I have learned to avoid the many misconceptions that surround Fisherian null hypothesis …
Set Correlation and Contingency Tables
Set correlation is a realization of the general multi variate linear model, can be viewed as a multivariate generalization of multiple correlation analysis, and may be employed in the analysis of multivariate data in any form. Set correlation supplements the four methods for analyzing two-way contingency tables de scribed by Zwick and Cramer (1986), and its applica tion to their example is illustrated. It gives the same results for the overall as…
A Comparison of Two Noncentral F Approximations, with Applications to Power Analysis in Set Correlation
The preparation of tables for power analysis for set correlation requires the use of the noncentral F distribution for which sufficiently detailed tables are not available. Laubscher (1960) provides approximations based on the square and cube roots. As a basis for a choice between them, we undertook a Monte Carlo investigation of the empirical power of Rao's approximate F test that employed 97 correlation matrices of three sizes and resulted in 5…
A Review of Stratgraphics
Estimators for Two Measures of Association for Set Correlation
Two measures of association between sets of variables X and Y have been proposed for set correlation, R Y ,X 2 as a proportion of generalized variance and T Y ,X 2 as a proportion of additive variance. Because these measures are strongly positively biased, approximate expected values and estimators of these measures are derived and checked by means of a Monte Carlo study. It is noted that sample values are subject to more "shrinkage" than is the …
The Cost of Dichotomization
Assuming bivariate normality with correlation r, dichotomizing \none variable at the mean results in the reduction \nin variance accounted for to .647r2; and dichotomizing \nboth at the mean, to .405r2. These losses, in \nturn, result in reduction in statistical power equivalent \nto discarding 38% and 60% of the cases under representative \nconditions. As dichotomization departs from \nthe mean, the costs in variance accounted for and in \npower…
Copset: A FORTRAN IV Program for Set Correlation Analysis
Set correlation is a multivariate generalization of multiple regression/correlation analysis which examines the relationship between sets of variables from which other sets may be partialled. Following a description of the method, a program is presented that creates correlation matrices for partialled sets of variables and then performs a complete set correlation analysis on these matrices
A Temperament Questionnaire for Early Adult Life
The construction of a temperament questionnaire for early adult life is described, utilizing the nine categories of the New York Longitudinal Study. A correlation matrix of the nine categories, as generated from the 140 item questionnaire, and a factor analysis are reported, and the significance of the factor is discussed. The questionnaire was administered to 70 young adult subjects of the NYLS, and independent temperament ratings were also obta…
Set Correlation As A General Multivariate Data-Analytic Method
Set correlation is a multivariate generalization of multiple regression/correlation analysis that features the employment of overall measures of association interpretable as proportions of variance and the use of set-partialled sets of variables, e.g. D·C with B·A. Partialling is a powerful device that may be used for statistical control and for representing non-linear and conditional (interactive) relationships, contrast functions, and the uniqu…
A power primer
One possible reason for the continued neglect of statistical power analysis in research in the behavioral sciences is the inaccessibility of or difficulty with the standard material. A convenient, although not comprehensive, presentation of required sample sizes is provided here. Effect-size indexes and conventional values for these are given for operationally defined small, medium, and large effects. The sample sizes necessary for .80 power to d…
Weighted kappa: Nominal scale agreement provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit
A previously described coefficient of agreement for nominal scales, kappa, treats all disagreements equally. A generalization to weighted kappa (Kw) is presented. The Kw provides for the incorpation of ratio-scaled degrees of disagreement (or agreement) to each of the cells of the k * k table of joi
Things I have learned (so far)
This is an account of what I have learned (so far) about the application of statistics to psychology and the other sociobiomedical sciences. It includes the principles less is (fewer variables, more highly targeted issues, sharp rounding off), simple is better (graphic representation, unit weighting for linear composites), and some things you learn aren't so. I have learned to avoid the many misconceptions that surround Fisherian null hypothesis …
Multiple regression as a general data-analytic system
Techniques for using multiple regression (MR) as a general variance-accounting procedure of great flexibility, power, and fidelity to research aims in both manipula-tive and observational psychological research are presented. As a prelude, the identity of MR and fixed-model analysis of variance/covariance (AV/ACV) is sketched. This requires an exposition of means of expressing nominal scale (qualita-tive) data as independent variables in MR. Atte…
Partialed products are interactions; partialed powers are curve components
Opinions about mental illness in the personnel of two large mental hospitals
Large sample standard errors of kappa and weighted kappa
The statistics kappa (Cohen, 1960) and weighted kappa (Cohen, 1968) were introduced to provide coefficients of agreement between two raters for nominal scales. Kappa is appropriate when all disagreements may be considered equally serious, and weighted kappa is appropriate when the relative seriousness of the different possible disagreements can be specified. The papers describing these two statistics also present expressions for their standard er…
Rc: A profile similarity coefficient invariant over variable reflection
Who are these people
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
This classic text on multiple regression is noted for its nonmathematical, applied, and data-analytic approach. Readers profit from its verbal-conceptual exposition and frequent use of examples. The applied emphasis provides clear illustrations of the principles and provides worked examples of the types of applications that are possible. Researchers learn how to specify regression models that directly address their research questions. An overview…
Fuzzy methodology
The New York Money Market and the Finance of Trade, 1900-1913
Journal Article C. A. E. Goodhart. The New York Money Market and the Finance of Trade, 1900-1913 Get access The New York Money Market and the Finance of Trade, 1900-1913. By C. A. E. Goodhart. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (London: Oxford University Press), 1969. Pp. viii + 235. 63s.) J. Cohen J. Cohen University of Pittsburgh. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Vol…
How Much Economic Sharing in American Federalism
We present in this paper an economic analysis of American federalism as a system of shared functions. Recent political studies have suggested that the federal, state and local governments may be viewed as closely meshed parts of a single system. Functions are not neatly parceled out among the many units, or along the three planes, of the federal system. Rather, it is difficult to find any governmental activity performed by a given plane of govern…
The Element of Lottery in British Government Bonds, 1694-1919
At a time when several governments are attempting to reduce the element of chance in their bond offerings, by selling non-marketable issues which are redeemable at the option of the holder or by bond support operations, it is interesting to consider in retrospect British attempts to save interest on the public debt by offering investors the chance to gamble. The British Treasury has extended two principal types of gamble to the investor: (1) the …
Factors underlying Wechsler-Bellevue performance of three neuropsychiatric groups
Factors underlying Wechsler-Bellevue performance of three neuropsychiatric groups
The Element of Lottery in British Government Bonds, 1694-1919
At a time when several governments are attempting to reduce the element of chance in their bond offerings, by selling non-marketable issues which are redeemable at the option of the holder or by bond support operations, it is interesting to consider in retrospect British attempts to save interest on the public debt by offering investors the chance to gamble. The British Treasury has extended two principal types of gamble to the investor: (1) the …
Financial Intermediaries and the Supply of Money
Who are these people
An aid in the computation of correlations based on Q sorts
A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales
The statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: A review
Opinions about mental illness in the personnel of two large mental hospitals
Factorial Invariance and Other Psychometric Characteristics of Five Opinions About Mental Illness Factors
The Psychogenic Etiology of Premature Births: A Preliminary Report
The hypothesis that psychological factors are significant in the etiology of certain premature births is studied. The subjects were 30 women who delivered prematurely in the absence of any accountable medical factor and 30 matched control mothers of term infants. After psychiatric and psychologic clinical study, each case was scored on a rating scale of pertinent personality traits and studied statistically for discrimination of the two groups. T…
Opinions about Mental Illness: Mental Hospital Occupational Profiles and Profile Clusters
How Much Economic Sharing in American Federalism
We present in this paper an economic analysis of American federalism as a system of shared functions. Recent political studies have suggested that the federal, state and local governments may be viewed as closely meshed parts of a single system. Functions are not neatly parceled out among the many units, or along the three planes, of the federal system. Rather, it is difficult to find any governmental activity performed by a given plane of govern…
Opinions about Mental Illness: Hospital Differences in Attitude for Eight Occupation Groups
When between-hospital ( n = 12) and within-occupation group ( n = 8) differences in attitude-opinion toward the mentally ill are studied for 4784 mental hospital employees, Authoritarianism and Benevolence do not vary among mental health professionals but do for others; the reverse obtains for Interpersonal Etiology; and Social Restrictiveness differentiates in virtually all groups and most sharply in psychiatrists
The Management of Money: The American Experience . Harold Barger
An alternative to Marascuilo's "large-sample multiple comparisons" for proportions
An alternative to Marascuilo's x2 analogue of ScheffS's theorem for performing tests on multiple linear contrasts among proportions coming from K independent populations is described. Based on the arcsin transformation of p, the proposed alternative is suitable for small samples, may be used when a sample $ is(for l,and is computationally simpler. Tests of complex contrasts are also exemplified. Marascuilo's (1966) recent article constitutes a mo…
A method for the analysis of the structure and internal consistency of Q-sort arrays
Multiple regression as a general data-analytic system
Techniques for using multiple regression (MR) as a general variance-accounting procedure of great flexibility, power, and fidelity to research aims in both manipula-tive and observational psychological research are presented. As a prelude, the identity of MR and fixed-model analysis of variance/covariance (AV/ACV) is sketched. This requires an exposition of means of expressing nominal scale (qualita-tive) data as independent variables in MR. Atte…
Weighted kappa: Nominal scale agreement provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit
A previously described coefficient of agreement for nominal scales, kappa, treats all disagreements equally. A generalization to weighted kappa (Kw) is presented. The Kw provides for the incorpation of ratio-scaled degrees of disagreement (or agreement) to each of the cells of the k * k table of joi
Rc: A profile similarity coefficient invariant over variable reflection
Large sample standard errors of kappa and weighted kappa
The statistics kappa (Cohen, 1960) and weighted kappa (Cohen, 1968) were introduced to provide coefficients of agreement between two raters for nominal scales. Kappa is appropriate when all disagreements may be considered equally serious, and weighted kappa is appropriate when the relative seriousness of the different possible disagreements can be specified. The papers describing these two statistics also present expressions for their standard er…
Approximate Power and Sample Size Determination for Common one-Sample and two-Sample Hypothesis Tests
The New York Money Market and the Finance of Trade, 1900-1913
Journal Article C. A. E. Goodhart. The New York Money Market and the Finance of Trade, 1900-1913 Get access The New York Money Market and the Finance of Trade, 1900-1913. By C. A. E. Goodhart. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (London: Oxford University Press), 1969. Pp. viii + 235. 63s.) J. Cohen J. Cohen University of Pittsburgh. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Vol…
Factors influencing the outcome of psychotherapy: A review of quantitative research
Weighted Chi Square: An Extension of the Kappa Method
IN the usual analysis of contingency tables by means of x2, it is frequently the case that the investigator has a priori expectations that a specified few of the cells will have larger than chance pro-portions (or frequencies), while he has no particular hypotheses with regard to the remaining cells. Or, if his theory is stronger, he may be able to articulate his hypotheses about the outcome for each cell with greater refinement, distinguishing c…
The Equivalence of Weighted Kappa and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient as Measures of Reliability
Mathematics (36 works) · Psychology (35 works) · Statistics (33 works) · Computer Science (20 works) · Advanced Statistical Methods and Models (15 works) · Econometrics (13 works) · Clinical Psychology (10 works) · Correlation (10 works) · Psychiatry (9 works) · Advanced Statistical Modeling Techniques (8 works)