James C Cramer
Biographic Data
| ID | 3630544 |
|---|---|
| NAME | James C Cramer |
| GIVEN NAMES | James C |
| FAMILY NAME | Cramer |
| SIGNATURE | CRAMER J C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Davis |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 12 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 208 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 12 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1979 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2000 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Lost in the ozone: Population growth and ozone in California
Population growth and air quality in California
Demographers are often interested in the environmental impacts of population growth. I examine the impact of growth specifically on air quality in California. In recent decades, California has suffered from notoriously polluted air and has experienced rapid population growth. Despite the population .growth, air quality actually has improved since the early 1980s due to aggressive regulatory efforts. Using data for 56 counties, I analyze the contr…
Kin Support and Family Stress: Two Sides to Early Childbearing and Support Networks
Family assistance helps many teenage or young unmarried mothers to cope with poverty and the challenges of childbearing. Kin support to young mothers, while beneficial, should not be romanticized. It also often entails conflict, stress, frustration, and disappointment due to interpersonal tensions, or conflicting interests, or relatives' limited ability to provide support. Nearly always the underlying issue is a discrepancy between the young moth…
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Birthweight: The Role of Income and Financial Assistance
This paper attempts to explain the differences in birthweight observed between blacks, white Anglos, Chicanos, and other racial and ethnic groups. The analysis focuses on the role of income and financial assistance from relatives and public programs. Using data from the NLS Youth Panel, I construct a causal model of birthweight containing exogenous social and demographic risk factors and intervening proximate determinants of birthweight. A substa…
Trends in infant mortality among racial and ethnic groups in California
Social factors and infant mortality: Identifying high-risk groups and proximate causes
The infant mortality rate is regarded as one of the most revealing measures of how well a society is meeting the needs of its people (Newland, 1981:5). In comparisons of groups within a society, as well as comparisons among societies, it is considered an indicator of deprivation. Although the absolute risk is low for most groups in the United States, differences in risk nevertheless are socially meaningful and politically sensitive. Infant mortal…
Geothermal Energy Development: Problems and Prospects in the Imperial Valley of California
1. Projected Population, Growth, and Displacement from Geothermal Development.- Farm Labor Force Reduction Based on Land Area Analysis.- Farm Labor Reduction.- Historical Migration and Age Structure.- Population Projections.- Series (I) and (II).- Series (III) and (IV).- Series (V) and (VI).- Results.- Conclusions.- Transferability of Methods and Results.- 6. Geothermal Development. Update.- Beginnings of Geothermal Impact on County Population an…
Models of Fertility and Women's Work: Reply
Reply to criticisms of an earlier article published in the Journal (1980) in which the author was critical of the methodology employed in a 1978 study by Smith-Lovin and Tickamyer. The author notes that several useful and important issues have been raised regarding static and dynamic models but concludes that the Smith-Lovin and Tickamyer study is of limited usefulness because of the inefficiency in estimating static nonrecursive models
Instrumental Variables Analysis
Social impact assessment of regional plans: A review of methods and issues and a recommended process
Fertility and Female Employment: Problems of Causal Direction
Seemingly contradictory results have been reported recently on the causal relationship between fertility and female employment. Data from a panel study of income dynamics are used to investigate 4 possible explanations of the contradictions: 1) Multicollinearity in nonrecursive models. 2) Discrepancies between attitudes of intention and behavior. 3) Misspecification of models. 4) Differences between static and dynamic models. All 4 explanations a…
Employment trends of young mothers and the opportunity cost of babies in the United States
The central concept of microeconomic theories of fertility is opportunity cost—the product of wife’s employment lost due to childbearing and the value of her employment. This paper presents a model for analyzing opportunity cost using panel data. The average loss of employment attributable to a second- or higher-order birth, calculated at around age 2, is over 400 hours per year. This time cost represents an income loss of about $1050 in 1969 dol…
Fertility and Female Employment: Problems of Causal Direction
Seemingly contradictory results have been reported recently on the causal relationship between fertility and female employment. Data from a panel study of income dynamics are used to investigate 4 possible explanations of the contradictions: 1) Multicollinearity in nonrecursive models. 2) Discrepancies between attitudes of intention and behavior. 3) Misspecification of models. 4) Differences between static and dynamic models. All 4 explanations a…
Social factors and infant mortality: Identifying high-risk groups and proximate causes
The infant mortality rate is regarded as one of the most revealing measures of how well a society is meeting the needs of its people (Newland, 1981:5). In comparisons of groups within a society, as well as comparisons among societies, it is considered an indicator of deprivation. Although the absolute risk is low for most groups in the United States, differences in risk nevertheless are socially meaningful and politically sensitive. Infant mortal…
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Birthweight: The Role of Income and Financial Assistance
This paper attempts to explain the differences in birthweight observed between blacks, white Anglos, Chicanos, and other racial and ethnic groups. The analysis focuses on the role of income and financial assistance from relatives and public programs. Using data from the NLS Youth Panel, I construct a causal model of birthweight containing exogenous social and demographic risk factors and intervening proximate determinants of birthweight. A substa…
Population growth and air quality in California
Demographers are often interested in the environmental impacts of population growth. I examine the impact of growth specifically on air quality in California. In recent decades, California has suffered from notoriously polluted air and has experienced rapid population growth. Despite the population .growth, air quality actually has improved since the early 1980s due to aggressive regulatory efforts. Using data for 56 counties, I analyze the contr…
Employment trends of young mothers and the opportunity cost of babies in the United States
The central concept of microeconomic theories of fertility is opportunity cost—the product of wife’s employment lost due to childbearing and the value of her employment. This paper presents a model for analyzing opportunity cost using panel data. The average loss of employment attributable to a second- or higher-order birth, calculated at around age 2, is over 400 hours per year. This time cost represents an income loss of about $1050 in 1969 dol…
Lost in the ozone: Population growth and ozone in California
Trends in infant mortality among racial and ethnic groups in California
Models of Fertility and Women's Work: Reply
Reply to criticisms of an earlier article published in the Journal (1980) in which the author was critical of the methodology employed in a 1978 study by Smith-Lovin and Tickamyer. The author notes that several useful and important issues have been raised regarding static and dynamic models but concludes that the Smith-Lovin and Tickamyer study is of limited usefulness because of the inefficiency in estimating static nonrecursive models
Instrumental Variables Analysis
Employment trends of young mothers and the opportunity cost of babies in the United States
The central concept of microeconomic theories of fertility is opportunity cost—the product of wife’s employment lost due to childbearing and the value of her employment. This paper presents a model for analyzing opportunity cost using panel data. The average loss of employment attributable to a second- or higher-order birth, calculated at around age 2, is over 400 hours per year. This time cost represents an income loss of about $1050 in 1969 dol…
Social impact assessment of regional plans: A review of methods and issues and a recommended process
Fertility and Female Employment: Problems of Causal Direction
Seemingly contradictory results have been reported recently on the causal relationship between fertility and female employment. Data from a panel study of income dynamics are used to investigate 4 possible explanations of the contradictions: 1) Multicollinearity in nonrecursive models. 2) Discrepancies between attitudes of intention and behavior. 3) Misspecification of models. 4) Differences between static and dynamic models. All 4 explanations a…
Instrumental Variables Analysis
Models of Fertility and Women's Work: Reply
Reply to criticisms of an earlier article published in the Journal (1980) in which the author was critical of the methodology employed in a 1978 study by Smith-Lovin and Tickamyer. The author notes that several useful and important issues have been raised regarding static and dynamic models but concludes that the Smith-Lovin and Tickamyer study is of limited usefulness because of the inefficiency in estimating static nonrecursive models
Geothermal Energy Development: Problems and Prospects in the Imperial Valley of California
1. Projected Population, Growth, and Displacement from Geothermal Development.- Farm Labor Force Reduction Based on Land Area Analysis.- Farm Labor Reduction.- Historical Migration and Age Structure.- Population Projections.- Series (I) and (II).- Series (III) and (IV).- Series (V) and (VI).- Results.- Conclusions.- Transferability of Methods and Results.- 6. Geothermal Development. Update.- Beginnings of Geothermal Impact on County Population an…
Social factors and infant mortality: Identifying high-risk groups and proximate causes
The infant mortality rate is regarded as one of the most revealing measures of how well a society is meeting the needs of its people (Newland, 1981:5). In comparisons of groups within a society, as well as comparisons among societies, it is considered an indicator of deprivation. Although the absolute risk is low for most groups in the United States, differences in risk nevertheless are socially meaningful and politically sensitive. Infant mortal…
Trends in infant mortality among racial and ethnic groups in California
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Birthweight: The Role of Income and Financial Assistance
This paper attempts to explain the differences in birthweight observed between blacks, white Anglos, Chicanos, and other racial and ethnic groups. The analysis focuses on the role of income and financial assistance from relatives and public programs. Using data from the NLS Youth Panel, I construct a causal model of birthweight containing exogenous social and demographic risk factors and intervening proximate determinants of birthweight. A substa…
Kin Support and Family Stress: Two Sides to Early Childbearing and Support Networks
Family assistance helps many teenage or young unmarried mothers to cope with poverty and the challenges of childbearing. Kin support to young mothers, while beneficial, should not be romanticized. It also often entails conflict, stress, frustration, and disappointment due to interpersonal tensions, or conflicting interests, or relatives' limited ability to provide support. Nearly always the underlying issue is a discrepancy between the young moth…
Population growth and air quality in California
Demographers are often interested in the environmental impacts of population growth. I examine the impact of growth specifically on air quality in California. In recent decades, California has suffered from notoriously polluted air and has experienced rapid population growth. Despite the population .growth, air quality actually has improved since the early 1980s due to aggressive regulatory efforts. Using data for 56 counties, I analyze the contr…
Lost in the ozone: Population growth and ozone in California
Population (8 works) · Demography (7 works) · Economics (7 works) · Demography (6 works) · Sociology (6 works) · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics (5 works) · Political science (5 works) · Psychology (4 works) · Demographic economics (3 works) · Fertility (3 works)