Leonard I Pearlin
Biographic Data
| ID | 3630797 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Leonard I Pearlin |
| GIVEN NAMES | Leonard I |
| FAMILY NAME | Pearlin |
| SIGNATURE | PEARLIN L I |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Maryland, College Park |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 49 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 4534 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 49 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1952 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2013 |
| H-INDEX | 18 |
Current Issues and Future Directions in Research into the Stress Process
SES, Trajectories of Physical Limitations, and Change in Depression in Late Life
This research examines whether the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and change in depression in late life is explained by trajectories of risk of physical limitations. Using a longitudinal study of older adults, this study documents multiple trajectories of risk of mobility limitations and basic activities of daily living (ADLs). Membership in these trajectories explains a substantial portion of the association between SES and chan…
The Life Course and the Stress Process: Some Conceptual Comparisons
This paper compares the meanings and applications of concepts relevant to both the life course and the stress process frameworks. Some of these concepts bear the same labels but serve quite different scholarly agendas. Other concepts have different labels but have closely related applications. The purpose of this kind of comparative analysis is to help both fields clarify the conceptual tools needed to advance their scholarly goals
The Life-Course Origins of Mastery among Older People
In this article, we aim to identify the sources of mastery-the understanding that individuals hold about their ability to control the circumstances of their lives. The sample for our inquiry was drawn from the Medicare beneficiary files of people 65 and older living in Washington, DC, and two adjoining Maryland counties. We find that past circumstances, particularly those reflecting status attainment and early exposure to intractable hardships, c…
Neighborhood Disadvantage, Social Comparisons, and the Subjective Assessment of Ambient Problems Among Older Adults
Using data from adults age 65 and older in the District of Columbia and two adjoining counties in Maryland, we examine the association between community-level structural disadvantage and individuals' subjective assessments of neighborhood problems. In addition, we test whether or not perceptions of relative financial equality or inequality with neighbors moderate those effects. Results show an overall positive relationship between community-level…
The Sense of Divine Control and Psychological Distress: Variations Across Race and Socioeconomic Status
This study examines race and socioeconomic status (SES) differences in levels of the sense of divine control and its association with psychological distress. Using data from adults aged 65 and older in the District of Columbia and two adjoining counties in Maryland, we document that levels of the sense of divine control are highest among African Americans and individuals of low SES. Although the association between SES and perceived divine contro…
Neighborhood Disadvantage and Anger among Older Adults: Social Comparisons as Effect Modifiers
Using data from a sample of 1,136 adults ages 65 and older in the District of Columbia and two adjoining counties in Maryland, we examine the association between neighborhood structural disadvantage and levels of anger. In addition, we test whether subjective financial comparisons with neighbors modify those effects differently for elders at different levels of income. We find that the association between neighborhood disadvantage and anger is po…
Financial Strain over the Life Course and Health among Older Adults
This paper focuses on financial strain across the life course as a condition underlying health inequalities observed in later life. The analysis is based on data from 1,167 adults 65 years and older collected as part of the 'Aging, Stress and Health Study.' Relying on retrospective data about hardship experienced over the life course, we find that long-term financial hardship is reflected in a range of health outcomes at late life, even after con…
The Sense of Mastery as a Mediator and Moderator in the Association Between Economic Hardship and Health in Late Life
Integrating the stress process model and a life course perspective, the authors argue that to fully understand protective capacity of psychosocial resources, stressors encountered at different life stages should be taken into account
Special Issue on Health Inequalities Across the Life Course
T HE articles making up this special issue were originally presented at a conference, ‘‘Health Inequalities Across the Life Course,’’ held at Penn State University in June 2004. The conference was organized by Steve Zarit and Len Pearlin and supported by a grant from the National Institute on Aging (R13 AG22994). Each of the articles is guided by both a concern with the persistent and systemic inequalities in rates of morbidity and mortality in s…
Stress, Health, and the Life Course: Some Conceptual Perspectives
This article proposes several conceptual perspectives designed to advance our understanding of the material and experiential conditions contributing to persistent disparities in rates of morbidity and mortality among groups unequal in their social and economic statuses. An underlying assumption is that these disparities, which are in clear evidence at mid- and late life, may be anchored to earlier circumstances of the life course. Of particular i…
The Transition From Home to Nursing Home Mortality Among People With Dementia
These data demonstrate selection processes for postadmission mortality, but indicate that the admission of patients in poor health may not fully account for the elevation in mortality that occurs immediately following admission
The Stress Process Revisited
Sources and Determinants of Social Support for Caregivers of Persons with Aids
Heather A. Turner, Leonard I. Pearlin, Joseph T. Mullan, Sources and Determinants of Social Support for Caregivers of Persons with AIDS, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Jun., 1998), pp. 137-151
The Forms and Mechanisms of Stress Proliferation: The Case of Aids Caregivers
Processes of stress proliferation are explored in a sample of informal caregivers to people with AIDS. Proliferation refers to the tendency for stressors to beget stressors. Two forms of proliferation are explored, each based on the distinction between primary and secondary stressors. Among AIDS caregivers, primary stressors are the hardships rooted in the caregiving role. Secondary stressors result from primary stressors, but arise in roles and …
Stress and the Life Course: A Paradigmatic Alliance
Research both into the stress process and into the life course is concerned with changing lives. Yet, the conceptual paradigms that guide the work of these two fields are largely segregated, borrowing little from each other. This article explores some of the junctures at which the study of social stress might benefit from life-course perspectives and, conversely, those at which life-course research might profitably employ the vantage points of st…
Profiles in Caregiving: The Unexpected Career
More and more people are being pressed into service as caregivers for their siblings, parents, or spouses with Alzheimer's Disease or other dementia. With this caregiving role comes added stress and a difficult adjustment period for what begins as a part-time role and can become an unexpected career. Profiles in Caregiving: The Unexpected Career is a practical source of information for anyone who teaches caregiving, acts as a caregiver, or studie…
Caregiving: The unexpected career
Stress, Role Captivity, and the Cessation of Caregiving
Difficulties experienced when caring for an impaired elderly relative, including decisions to place this person in institutional care, are examined as a function of caregiver stress. Three annual interviews were conducted with 555 caregivers to parents or spouses with Alzheimer's Disease. All patients were initially cared for at home, but 192 were subsequently placed in institutional care and 146 died. Background-contextual factors and disease ch…
Caregiving: Role Engulfment and the Loss of Self
"Loss of self" was examined in a sample of spouses and adult children caring for a relative with Alzheimer's disease. Defined as a loss of identity that comes about as a result of engulfment in the caregiver role, it was found to be more common among spouses, females, and younger caregivers. Limited social contact and lack of social roles outside that of caregiver were found to be related to greater loss of self. It is associated with lower self-…
Structure and Meaning in Medical Sociology
The point of all this, one made by others as well (e.g., Cook and Reichhardt 1979), is to emphasize the potential for a synergistic exchange between structuralists who do surveys and meaning-oriented workers who do qualitative work. The ways in which survey researchers come to understand the social worlds of people can and should be influenced by the ways in which people understand and interpret their own worlds. Correspondingly, our efforts to c…
Caregiving and the Stress Process: An Overview of Concepts and Their Measures
This paper views caregiver stress as a consequence of a process comprising a number of interrelated conditions, including the socioeconomic characteristics and resources of caregivers and the primary and secondary stressors to which they are exposed. Primary stressors are hardships and problems anchored directly in caregiving. Secondary stressors fall into two categories: the strains experienced in roles and activities outside of caregiving, and …
Reply to Jacobson and Lennon
The Sociological Study of Stress
This paper presents a critical overview of current concepts and analytic practices in stress research and considers how they can be changed to make the research more consistent with core sociological interests. An overarching concern of the paper is the analytic use of basic information about people's social and institutional affiliations and statuses. It is important that such information be treated not simply as data that need to be controlled …
Stress of Aids caregiving: A preliminary overview of the issues
This paper describes the stressors experienced by lovers and friends who were caregivers to AIDS patients and the social supports and coping strategies they drew on in efforts to mediate stress. From exploratory, intensive interviews with San Francisco men who provided care in their homes or those of the patients, three types of stressor were identified. One involves exigencies within the caregiver role itself, such as the demands and burdens enc…
The Sociological Study of Stress
This paper presents a critical overview of current concepts and analytic practices in stress research and considers how they can be changed to make the research more consistent with core sociological interests. An overarching concern of the paper is the analytic use of basic information about people's social and institutional affiliations and statuses. It is important that such information be treated not simply as data that need to be controlled …
The Stress Process
The Structure of Coping
Caregiving and the Stress Process: An Overview of Concepts and Their Measures
This paper views caregiver stress as a consequence of a process comprising a number of interrelated conditions, including the socioeconomic characteristics and resources of caregivers and the primary and secondary stressors to which they are exposed. Primary stressors are hardships and problems anchored directly in caregiving. Secondary stressors fall into two categories: the strains experienced in roles and activities outside of caregiving, and …
Stress, Health, and the Life Course: Some Conceptual Perspectives
This article proposes several conceptual perspectives designed to advance our understanding of the material and experiential conditions contributing to persistent disparities in rates of morbidity and mortality among groups unequal in their social and economic statuses. An underlying assumption is that these disparities, which are in clear evidence at mid- and late life, may be anchored to earlier circumstances of the life course. Of particular i…
Marital Status, Life-Strains and Depression
Steiner, Ivan D. 1970 Perceived freedom. Pp. 187-247 in Leonard Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 5. New York: Academic Press. Steiner, Ivan D. and William L. Field 1960 Role assignment and interpersonal influence. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 61:239-45. Turner, Ralph H. 1956 Role-taking, role standpoint, and reference-group behavior. American Journal of Sociology 61:316-28. 1961 problem of social dime…
The Forms and Mechanisms of Stress Proliferation: The Case of Aids Caregivers
Processes of stress proliferation are explored in a sample of informal caregivers to people with AIDS. Proliferation refers to the tendency for stressors to beget stressors. Two forms of proliferation are explored, each based on the distinction between primary and secondary stressors. Among AIDS caregivers, primary stressors are the hardships rooted in the caregiving role. Secondary stressors result from primary stressors, but arise in roles and …
Financial Strain over the Life Course and Health among Older Adults
This paper focuses on financial strain across the life course as a condition underlying health inequalities observed in later life. The analysis is based on data from 1,167 adults 65 years and older collected as part of the 'Aging, Stress and Health Study.' Relying on retrospective data about hardship experienced over the life course, we find that long-term financial hardship is reflected in a range of health outcomes at late life, even after con…
The Life Course and the Stress Process: Some Conceptual Comparisons
This paper compares the meanings and applications of concepts relevant to both the life course and the stress process frameworks. Some of these concepts bear the same labels but serve quite different scholarly agendas. Other concepts have different labels but have closely related applications. The purpose of this kind of comparative analysis is to help both fields clarify the conceptual tools needed to advance their scholarly goals
Social Class and Self-Esteem Among Children and Adults
The literature on the relationship of social class to self-esteem is riddled with contradictions, showing positive, null, and inverse relationships. Two studies examinig this relationship are compared-one, a sample of children aged 8-18; the other, a sample of adults aged 18-65. The results indicate virtually no association for younger children, a modest association for adolescents, and a moderate association for adults. Four principles of self-e…
The Sense of Mastery as a Mediator and Moderator in the Association Between Economic Hardship and Health in Late Life
Integrating the stress process model and a life course perspective, the authors argue that to fully understand protective capacity of psychosocial resources, stressors encountered at different life stages should be taken into account
Social Class, Occupation, and Parental Values: A Cross-National Study
Status Inequality and Stress in Marriage
Emotional stresses that are experienced in marriage are traced to differences in spouses' status origins. Linking status differences to such stress are a number of intervening conditions. People to whom status advancement is important and who have married mates of lower status are apt to have a sense of loss that leads, in turn, to a disruptions of reciprocity, expressiveness, affection and value sharing in marital exchange. Such disruptions then…
Economic Strains and the Coping Function of Alcohol
Some of the social and psychological antecedents of the use of alcohol to control emotional distress are examined. Interconnections are shown to exist among economic hardship, anxiety, and drinking for the relief of distress. These relationships are especially close among intensely anxious people having little sense of mastery and possessing low self-esteem. The results indicate that some functions of drinking stem from experiences and feelings r…
The Life-Course Origins of Mastery among Older People
In this article, we aim to identify the sources of mastery-the understanding that individuals hold about their ability to control the circumstances of their lives. The sample for our inquiry was drawn from the Medicare beneficiary files of people 65 and older living in Washington, DC, and two adjoining Maryland counties. We find that past circumstances, particularly those reflecting status attainment and early exposure to intractable hardships, c…
The Sense of Divine Control and Psychological Distress: Variations Across Race and Socioeconomic Status
This study examines race and socioeconomic status (SES) differences in levels of the sense of divine control and its association with psychological distress. Using data from adults aged 65 and older in the District of Columbia and two adjoining counties in Maryland, we document that levels of the sense of divine control are highest among African Americans and individuals of low SES. Although the association between SES and perceived divine contro…
Alienation from Work: A Study of Nursing Personnel
Alienation, defined as subjectively experienced powerlessness to control one's own work activities, is examined among the nursing force of a large mental hospital. It is found that alienation is intensified where authority relations are such as to limit the reciprocal influence of subordinates. This is reflected in situations where there is great positional disparity between superordinates and their subjects, where authority is exercised in a per…
Stress, Role Captivity, and the Cessation of Caregiving
Difficulties experienced when caring for an impaired elderly relative, including decisions to place this person in institutional care, are examined as a function of caregiver stress. Three annual interviews were conducted with 555 caregivers to parents or spouses with Alzheimer's Disease. All patients were initially cared for at home, but 192 were subsequently placed in institutional care and 146 died. Background-contextual factors and disease ch…
Structure and Meaning in Medical Sociology
The point of all this, one made by others as well (e.g., Cook and Reichhardt 1979), is to emphasize the potential for a synergistic exchange between structuralists who do surveys and meaning-oriented workers who do qualitative work. The ways in which survey researchers come to understand the social worlds of people can and should be influenced by the ways in which people understand and interpret their own worlds. Correspondingly, our efforts to c…
Stress of Aids caregiving: A preliminary overview of the issues
This paper describes the stressors experienced by lovers and friends who were caregivers to AIDS patients and the social supports and coping strategies they drew on in efforts to mediate stress. From exploratory, intensive interviews with San Francisco men who provided care in their homes or those of the patients, three types of stressor were identified. One involves exigencies within the caregiver role itself, such as the demands and burdens enc…
Caregiving: The unexpected career
Neighborhood Disadvantage and Anger among Older Adults: Social Comparisons as Effect Modifiers
Using data from a sample of 1,136 adults ages 65 and older in the District of Columbia and two adjoining counties in Maryland, we examine the association between neighborhood structural disadvantage and levels of anger. In addition, we test whether subjective financial comparisons with neighbors modify those effects differently for elders at different levels of income. We find that the association between neighborhood disadvantage and anger is po…
Sources and Determinants of Social Support for Caregivers of Persons with Aids
Heather A. Turner, Leonard I. Pearlin, Joseph T. Mullan, Sources and Determinants of Social Support for Caregivers of Persons with AIDS, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Jun., 1998), pp. 137-151
Social and Personal Stress and Escape Television Viewing
People's reactions to the strains and stresses induced by their environments take many forms. Watching television, or at least watching certain types of television programs, appears to be the latest mode of response to stress. Whether television viewing is in fact an escape from stressful reality may well be debated. Here is a modest study which supplies some of the facts needed for intelligent discussion and understanding of the question
Neighborhood Disadvantage, Social Comparisons, and the Subjective Assessment of Ambient Problems Among Older Adults
Using data from adults age 65 and older in the District of Columbia and two adjoining counties in Maryland, we examine the association between community-level structural disadvantage and individuals' subjective assessments of neighborhood problems. In addition, we test whether or not perceptions of relative financial equality or inequality with neighbors moderate those effects. Results show an overall positive relationship between community-level…
Propaganda Techniques in Institutional Advertising
Institutional advertising has already begun to transform the format and content of the mass media. Beyond its physical impact it has also begun to assume formidable proportions as an instrument of intra-societal psychological warfare. In this article, the authors examine the psychological devices implicit in the institutional advertising of three large industrial associations. These devices range from self-congratulations for the incidental by-pr…
Shifting Group Attachments and Attitudes Toward Negroes
Journal Article Shifting Group Attachments and Attitudes Toward Negroes Get access Leonard I. Pearlin Leonard I. Pearlin The Woman's College of the University of North Carolina Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 33, Issue 1, October 1954, Pages 47–50, https://doi.org/10.2307/2573143 Published: 01 October 1954
The Influence of Information on Three Dimensions of Prejudice Toward Negroes
Journal Article The Influence of Information on Three Dimensions of Prejudice Toward Negroes Get access Louise E. Merz, Louise E. Merz Cornell University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Leonard I. Pearlin Leonard I. Pearlin Ohio State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 35, Issue 4, May 1957, Pages 344–351, https://doi.org/10.2307/257332…
Social and Personal Stress and Escape Television Viewing
People's reactions to the strains and stresses induced by their environments take many forms. Watching television, or at least watching certain types of television programs, appears to be the latest mode of response to stress. Whether television viewing is in fact an escape from stressful reality may well be debated. Here is a modest study which supplies some of the facts needed for intelligent discussion and understanding of the question
The Appeals of Anonymity in Questionnaire Response
Journal Article THE APPEALS OF ANONYMITY IN QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONSE Get access LEONARD I. PEARLIN LEONARD I. PEARLIN The author is a Social Science Analyst on the staff of the Laboratory of Socio-environmental Studies, National Institute of Mental Health Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 25, Issue 4, WINTER 1961, Pages 640–647, https://doi.org/10.1086/267059 Published: 01 Janu…
Power-Orientations in the Mental Hospital
Alienation from Work: A Study of Nursing Personnel
Alienation, defined as subjectively experienced powerlessness to control one's own work activities, is examined among the nursing force of a large mental hospital. It is found that alienation is intensified where authority relations are such as to limit the reciprocal influence of subordinates. This is reflected in situations where there is great positional disparity between superordinates and their subjects, where authority is exercised in a per…
Nurse-Patient Social Distance and the Structural Context of a Mental Hospital
Status distance refers to the emphasis given the subordination of mental patients to staff, while personal distance pertains to the emotional indifference to patients. From a survey of the nursing force of a large hospital, together with a survey of structural characteristics of ward units, it was shown that different conditions contribute to each of these dimensions of distance. Status distance occurs most frequently among staff of comparatively…
Sources of Resistance to Change in a Mental Hospital
The resistance of nursing personnel to proposed changes in the care of hospitalized mental patients is examined from questionnaires and from information about the wards to which personnel are assigned. Among those in higher positions, resistance is aroused when the changes are seen as interfering with desired relations with patients. Lower placed personnel view change from a different framework; this group opposes change when it is seen in confli…
Social Class, Occupation, and Parental Values: A Cross-National Study
Unintended Effects of Parental Aspirations: The Case of Children's Cheating
Cheating represents a large class of behavior whose a acquisition is the unintended consequence of unrecognized conditions. Observations were made of seventy-nine working-and middle-class boys and girls while engaged at two achievement tasks, one with their mothers and the other with their fathers. Children were most likely to cheat when their parents exerted pressure on them to succeed. Parental pressure, in turn, comes about when parents entert…
The American Family: A Sociological Interpretation
Class Context and Family Relations: A Cross-National Study
Class Context and Family Relations: A Cross-National Study
Status Inequality and Stress in Marriage
Emotional stresses that are experienced in marriage are traced to differences in spouses' status origins. Linking status differences to such stress are a number of intervening conditions. People to whom status advancement is important and who have married mates of lower status are apt to have a sense of loss that leads, in turn, to a disruptions of reciprocity, expressiveness, affection and value sharing in marital exchange. Such disruptions then…
Economic Strains and the Coping Function of Alcohol
Some of the social and psychological antecedents of the use of alcohol to control emotional distress are examined. Interconnections are shown to exist among economic hardship, anxiety, and drinking for the relief of distress. These relationships are especially close among intensely anxious people having little sense of mastery and possessing low self-esteem. The results indicate that some functions of drinking stem from experiences and feelings r…
Marital Status, Life-Strains and Depression
Steiner, Ivan D. 1970 Perceived freedom. Pp. 187-247 in Leonard Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 5. New York: Academic Press. Steiner, Ivan D. and William L. Field 1960 Role assignment and interpersonal influence. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 61:239-45. Turner, Ralph H. 1956 Role-taking, role standpoint, and reference-group behavior. American Journal of Sociology 61:316-28. 1961 problem of social dime…
The Sociological Study of a Social Problem: A Reply to Roman
The Structure of Coping: Erratum
The Structure of Coping
Social Class and Self-Esteem Among Children and Adults
The literature on the relationship of social class to self-esteem is riddled with contradictions, showing positive, null, and inverse relationships. Two studies examinig this relationship are compared-one, a sample of children aged 8-18; the other, a sample of adults aged 18-65. The results indicate virtually no association for younger children, a modest association for adolescents, and a moderate association for adults. Four principles of self-e…
"Some Extensions of "The Structure of Coping: Reply
The Stress Process
Role Strains and Personal Stress
Stress of Aids caregiving: A preliminary overview of the issues
This paper describes the stressors experienced by lovers and friends who were caregivers to AIDS patients and the social supports and coping strategies they drew on in efforts to mediate stress. From exploratory, intensive interviews with San Francisco men who provided care in their homes or those of the patients, three types of stressor were identified. One involves exigencies within the caregiver role itself, such as the demands and burdens enc…
Psychology (44 works) · Social Psychology (25 works) · Sociology (18 works) · Developmental psychology (15 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (15 works) · Medicine (15 works) · Computer Science (13 works) · Social Psychology (13 works) · Clinical Psychology (12 works) · Political science (11 works)