Bruce London
Biographic Data
| ID | 3632025 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Bruce London |
| GIVEN NAMES | Bruce |
| FAMILY NAME | London |
| SIGNATURE | LONDON B |
| AFFILIATIONS | Clark University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 45 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 591 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 45 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1979 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2013 |
| H-INDEX | 14 |
The consequences of exposure to developmental, neurological, and respiratory toxins for school performance: A closer look at environmental ascription in East Baton Rouge, Louisiana
The International Monetary Fund, Structural Adjustment, and Infant Mortality: A Cross-National Analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa
The authors conduct a cross-national analysis that tests the hypothesis that International Monetary Fund structural adjustment adversely affects health in Sub-Saharan Africa. In doing so, the authors use two-way fixed effects regression models for 30 nations from 1990 to 2005 to analyze infant mortality. The authors find substantial support for this line of reasoning. Specifically, the authors find that higher levels of International Monetary Fun…
Proximity to industrial toxins and childhood respiratory, developmental, and neurological diseases: Environmental ascription in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana
Toxic Pollution and School Performance Scores: Environmental Ascription in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana
The current study adds to the literature linking environmental pollution and disparities in educational outcomes among vulnerable populations by measuring variations in school performance scores in East Baton Rouge (EBR) Parish, Louisiana. The authors ask whether the unique, place-specific, results of a study such as the 2004 study by Pastor, Sadd, and Morello-Frosch, specifically the finding that schools’ academic performance scores are negative…
World Bank Structural Adjustment, Water, and Sanitation: A Cross-National Analysis of Child Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa
The authors conduct a cross-national analysis that seeks to accomplish two important goals. First, they test dependency theory’s hypotheses that World Bank structural adjustment adversely affects child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Second, they empirically evaluate the effect of access to clean water and basic sanitation on child mortality. In doing so, they use two-way fixed effects regression models to analyze child mortality using data on 3…
The International Finance Corporation and Forest Loss: A Cross-National Analysis
We conduct the first cross-national study to consider the impact of the World Bank s International Finance Corporation loans on forests. In doing so, we analyze data for a sample of sixty-one low and middle income nations for the period of 1990 to 2005. We find substantial support for dependency theory that low and middle income nations that receive an International Finance Corporation loan tend to have higher rates of deforestation than low and …
Nongovernmental Organizations, Democracy, and Deforestation: A Cross-National Analysis
There have been several cross-national studies published in the world polity theoretical tradition that demonstrate the beneficial impact of international nongovernmental organizations. However, these studies neglect the role of domestic nongovernmental organizations. We address this gap in the literature by conducting a cross-national study that considers the impact of both international and domestic nongovernmental organizations on deforestatio…
Do Commercial Debt‐for‐Nature Swaps Matter for Forests? A Cross‐National Test of World Polity Theory 1
We present cross‐national models of forest loss from 1990–2005 that examine the impact of commercial debt‐for‐nature swaps. In doing so, we find substantial support for world polity theory that poor nations that implement these swaps tend to have lower rates of deforestation than poor nations that do not implement these swaps. We also find support for another aspect of world polity theory—poor nations with higher levels of international nongovern…
World Bank lending and deforestation: A cross-national analysis
The article presents a cross-national analysis that tests hypotheses drawn from dependency theory that poor nations undergoing World Bank investment and structural adjustment loans tend to have higher rates of deforestation than poor nations not undergoing these types of loans. In doing so, the article analyzes cross-national data for a sample of 61 nations from 1990 to 2005. The study finds substantial support for the dependency theory hypothesi…
The International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and structural adjustment: A cross-national analysis of forest loss
Environmental Ascription: High-Volume Polluters, Schools, and Human Capital
Studies of ascription often focus on the relationship between inherited characteristics such as gender, race, or social class and educational inequalities that limit life chances. This project proposes that reduced educational outcomes, and hence ascription, can also emerge from physical/spatial inequalities, specifically, the place where a child attends school. The place where one lives is often not a matter of choice; rather, it is determined b…
Debt, Structural Adjustment, and Non-Governmental Organizations: A Cross-National Analysis of Maternal Mortality
We begin this study by considering dependency theory claims regarding the harmful influence of both debt and structural adjustment on maternal mortality. We expand upon previous research by conducting the first cross-national study to examine the impact of health and women s non-governmental organizations on maternal mortality. In doing so, we use lagged dependent variable panel regression for a sample of sixty-five poor nations. We find substant…
Nongovernmental Organizations and Protected Land Area: A Cross-National Analysis
In this study, we seek to determine what factors help shape protected land area in poor nations. We use lagged dependent variable panel regression for a sample of ninety poor nations to test hypotheses from counter-coalition theory and green-imperialism theory. We find substantial support for countercoalition theory that nations with protected areas should increase in poor nations that have high rates deforestation and still contain large tracts …
Do Non-Governmental Organizations Impact Health: A Cross-National Analysis of Infant Mortality
According to world polity theory, international health and women’s non-governmental organizations should improve health in poor nations by providing health, reproductive, and educational services. However, there are suggestions that their effectiveness may be limited by a variety of factors. These factors include their projects being small-scale, ad hoc, or reformist. Further, non-governmental organizations may implement projects that satisfy don…
Ecologically Unequal Exchange and Deforestation: A Cross-National Analysis of Forestry Export Flows
The theory of ecologically unequal exchange suggests that rich nations are able to externalize their resource demands and environmental degradation onto the poor nations of the world through the vertical flow of exports. However, there has been no cross-national research that examines if forestry export flows from poor to rich nations is associated with higher rates of deforestation in poor nations. As such, we seek to address this gap in the lit…
Ecologically Unequal Exchange, World Polity, and Biodiversity Loss: A Cross-National Analysis of Threatened Mammals
There have been a few cross-national studies published that examine the determinants of threatened mammal species. However, these studies neglect insights from both ecologically unequal exchange theory and world polity theory. We seek to address this gap in the literature using cross-national data for a sample of 74 nations to construct negative binomial regression models with the number of threatened mammal species as the dependent variable. In …
Debt, Structural Adjustment, and Organic Water Pollution: A Cross-National Analysis
This article presents cross-national models examining the determinants of organic water pollution per capita. The authors use lagged dependent variable panel regression models for a sample of 50 poor nations from 1990 to 2000. They find substantial support for dependency theory that debt, structural adjustment, and industrial exports increase water pollution. The authors also find support for world polity theory that international non-governmenta…
Women, non-governmental organizations, and deforestation: A cross-national study
Multinational Corporations, Democracy and Child Mortality: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis of Developing Countries
Dependency, democracy, and infant mortality: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis of Less Developed Countries
International Nongovernmental Organizations and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Developing World: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis
This quantitative, cross-national study is designed to test hypotheses linking the activities of international nongovernmental organizations to reductions in carbon dioxide emissions in the developing world. While many quantitative studies of variation in carbon dioxide emissions have been published, none have included a control for the presence of international nongovernmental organizations. We review the literature that discusses the many ways …
Global Capitalism and the Flow of Foreign Direct Investment to Non-Core Nations, 1980-1996: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis
This paper updates an earlier quantitative cross-national study (London and Ross 1995) by examining a more recent time period and re-specifying the original model in a number of significant ways. These include the incorporation of measures of (a) International Monetary Fund penetration into non-core nations (demonstrating that IMF conditionality increases the flow of FDI), (b) the presence of “attractive investment opportunities” in nations (to i…
Environmental Degradation, Environmental Sustainability, and Overurbanization in the Developing World: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis
This is the first quantitative, cross-national study that incorporates predictors designed to test hypotheses linking overurbanization to environmentally induced migration. The study is based on a sample of fifty-eight developing countries using lagged dependent variable panel regression. Our major findings are quite clear with respect to newer ruralpush and urban-pull arguments that developing countries suffering from various forms of environmen…
Transnational Economic Linkages, the State, and Dependent Development in South Korea, 1966-1988: A Time-Series Analysis
York W. Bradshaw, Young-Jeong Kim, Bruce London, Transnational Economic Linkages, the State, and Dependent Development in South Korea, 1966-1988: A Time-Series Analysis, Social Forces, Vol. 72, No. 2 (Dec., 1993), pp. 315-345
The Social and Political Participation of Black Americans: Compensatory and Ethnic Community Perspectives Revisited
Journal Article The Social and Political Participation of Black Americans: Compensatory and Ethnic Community Perspectives Revisited Get access Christopher G. Ellison, Christopher G. Ellison University of Texas, Austin Direct correspondence to Christopher Ellison, Department of Sociology, University of Texas, Austin TX 78712-1088. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bruce London Bruce London Clark University Se…
Dependency, democracy, and infant mortality: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis of Less Developed Countries
Race, Political Orientation, and Participation: An Empirical Test of Four Competing Theories
Competing theories about differences between American blacks and whites in rates of political participation and joining of voluntary organizations are tested using data from a 1967 national sample survey. Prior literature offers four theories that seek to explain these differences: ethnic community theory, compensatory theory, isolation theory, and cultural inhibition theory. A typology of political orientations is developed, based on the underly…
Ecologically Unequal Exchange, World Polity, and Biodiversity Loss: A Cross-National Analysis of Threatened Mammals
There have been a few cross-national studies published that examine the determinants of threatened mammal species. However, these studies neglect insights from both ecologically unequal exchange theory and world polity theory. We seek to address this gap in the literature using cross-national data for a sample of 74 nations to construct negative binomial regression models with the number of threatened mammal species as the dependent variable. In …
Structural Determinants of Third World Urban Change: An Ecological and Political Economic Analysis
Quantitative cross-national studies of peripheral urbanization have been rooted in human ecology or political economy. Studies in the human ecology tradition cite rural adversity as a major determinant of Third World urban growth. Studies in the political economy mode emphasize economic dependency. This paper 1) argues that no quantitative analysis of Third World urbanization can be if it fails to incorporate determinants suggested by 1 or the ot…
Urban Bias, Dependence, and Economic Stagnation in Noncore Nations
This paper contributes to the growing body of research that assesses the effects of patterns of urbanization on economic growth in less developed countries (LDCs). Regression analysis of data for 65-80 nations (including analyses of influential cases) suggests that both urban bias and dependency have independent, simultaneous, and negative effects on economic growth. Further analyses reveal a strong positive relationship between dependency and ur…
Dependence, Distorted Development, and Fertility Trends in Noncore Nations: A Structural Analysis of Cross-National Data
To evaluate the hypothesis that dependence on developed nations distorts demographic development in less developed countries (LDCs) a researcher used panel regression analysis to study variables from 62 nations. Multinational corporate penetration an estimate of the shares of both a nations capital and its labor that are controlled by developed country based transnational corporations was used as a measure of the level of dependence. The analysis…
Gentrification, displacement, and neighborhood revitalization
Do Non-Governmental Organizations Impact Health: A Cross-National Analysis of Infant Mortality
According to world polity theory, international health and women’s non-governmental organizations should improve health in poor nations by providing health, reproductive, and educational services. However, there are suggestions that their effectiveness may be limited by a variety of factors. These factors include their projects being small-scale, ad hoc, or reformist. Further, non-governmental organizations may implement projects that satisfy don…
International Nongovernmental Organizations and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Developing World: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis
This quantitative, cross-national study is designed to test hypotheses linking the activities of international nongovernmental organizations to reductions in carbon dioxide emissions in the developing world. While many quantitative studies of variation in carbon dioxide emissions have been published, none have included a control for the presence of international nongovernmental organizations. We review the literature that discusses the many ways …
The Effect of International Dependence on Income Inequality and Political Violence
Recent studies of collective political violence have overlooked international causal factors. This cross-national study of 46-51 nations (including analyses of influential cases) expends on earlier analyses by simultaneously examining both the external (international) and the internal (intranational) determinants of collective political violence. Regression analysis suggests that transnational corporate penetration, an international factor, contr…
Multinational Corporations, Democracy and Child Mortality: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis of Developing Countries
Women, non-governmental organizations, and deforestation: A cross-national study
Environmental Degradation, Environmental Sustainability, and Overurbanization in the Developing World: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis
This is the first quantitative, cross-national study that incorporates predictors designed to test hypotheses linking overurbanization to environmentally induced migration. The study is based on a sample of fifty-eight developing countries using lagged dependent variable panel regression. Our major findings are quite clear with respect to newer ruralpush and urban-pull arguments that developing countries suffering from various forms of environmen…
Multinational Corporate Penetration, Protest, and Basic Needs Provision in Non-Core Nations: A Cross-National Analysis
In this paper, we investigate the determinants of domestic well-being in less-developed countries. In particular, we examine the impact of both penetration of foreign investment and levels of domestic political protest on economic growth and the provision of basic needs. Our work is an attempt to explore the effects of both international economic processes and intranational political processes on development
The International Monetary Fund, Structural Adjustment, and Infant Mortality: A Cross-National Analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa
The authors conduct a cross-national analysis that tests the hypothesis that International Monetary Fund structural adjustment adversely affects health in Sub-Saharan Africa. In doing so, the authors use two-way fixed effects regression models for 30 nations from 1990 to 2005 to analyze infant mortality. The authors find substantial support for this line of reasoning. Specifically, the authors find that higher levels of International Monetary Fun…
Global Capitalism and the Flow of Foreign Direct Investment to Non-Core Nations, 1980-1996: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis
This paper updates an earlier quantitative cross-national study (London and Ross 1995) by examining a more recent time period and re-specifying the original model in a number of significant ways. These include the incorporation of measures of (a) International Monetary Fund penetration into non-core nations (demonstrating that IMF conditionality increases the flow of FDI), (b) the presence of “attractive investment opportunities” in nations (to i…
Nongovernmental Organizations, Democracy, and Deforestation: A Cross-National Analysis
There have been several cross-national studies published in the world polity theoretical tradition that demonstrate the beneficial impact of international nongovernmental organizations. However, these studies neglect the role of domestic nongovernmental organizations. We address this gap in the literature by conducting a cross-national study that considers the impact of both international and domestic nongovernmental organizations on deforestatio…
National Politics, International Dependency, and Basic Needs Provision: A Cross-National Analysis
Do Commercial Debt‐for‐Nature Swaps Matter for Forests? A Cross‐National Test of World Polity Theory 1
We present cross‐national models of forest loss from 1990–2005 that examine the impact of commercial debt‐for‐nature swaps. In doing so, we find substantial support for world polity theory that poor nations that implement these swaps tend to have lower rates of deforestation than poor nations that do not implement these swaps. We also find support for another aspect of world polity theory—poor nations with higher levels of international nongovern…
The International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and structural adjustment: A cross-national analysis of forest loss
Debt, Structural Adjustment, and Non-Governmental Organizations: A Cross-National Analysis of Maternal Mortality
We begin this study by considering dependency theory claims regarding the harmful influence of both debt and structural adjustment on maternal mortality. We expand upon previous research by conducting the first cross-national study to examine the impact of health and women s non-governmental organizations on maternal mortality. In doing so, we use lagged dependent variable panel regression for a sample of sixty-five poor nations. We find substant…
The Social and Political Participation of Black Americans: Compensatory and Ethnic Community Perspectives Revisited
Journal Article The Social and Political Participation of Black Americans: Compensatory and Ethnic Community Perspectives Revisited Get access Christopher G. Ellison, Christopher G. Ellison University of Texas, Austin Direct correspondence to Christopher Ellison, Department of Sociology, University of Texas, Austin TX 78712-1088. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bruce London Bruce London Clark University Se…
The International Finance Corporation and Forest Loss: A Cross-National Analysis
We conduct the first cross-national study to consider the impact of the World Bank s International Finance Corporation loans on forests. In doing so, we analyze data for a sample of sixty-one low and middle income nations for the period of 1990 to 2005. We find substantial support for dependency theory that low and middle income nations that receive an International Finance Corporation loan tend to have higher rates of deforestation than low and …
School-Enrollment Rates and Trends, Gender, and Fertility: A Cross-National Analysis
The analysis of the association between educational status and fertility decline is performed 1) by examining the rates of enrollment in primary and secondary schools by gender and 2) by assessing the effects of the change/spread in rates of enrollment between 1965 and 1986. 59 countries were involved in the cross-sectional analysis. Variables included the logged crude birth rate, total enrollment rates, enrollment rates by gender, male-female ra…
Proximity to industrial toxins and childhood respiratory, developmental, and neurological diseases: Environmental ascription in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana
Internal Colonialism in Thailand: Primate City Parasitism Reconsidered
This paper contributes to the development of a more "political" comparative urban sociology by focusing on the role of intergroup power relationships in the creation and maintenance of regional/spatial inequalities in Thailand. In asserting that primate city parasitism is best understood in terms of an "internal colonial" analogy, it is suggested that the study of the urban bases of spatial inequality should focus on the phenomena of exploitative…
Race, Political Orientation, and Participation: An Empirical Test of Four Competing Theories
Competing theories about differences between American blacks and whites in rates of political participation and joining of voluntary organizations are tested using data from a 1967 national sample survey. Prior literature offers four theories that seek to explain these differences: ethnic community theory, compensatory theory, isolation theory, and cultural inhibition theory. A typology of political orientations is developed, based on the underly…
Gentrification, displacement, and neighborhood revitalization
Urban Migrants in Developing Nations: Patterns and Problems of Adjustment
Modernization, Elites, and the Distribution of Educational Resources in Thailand
Traditional modernization theory assumes that the spread of formal education is crucial to further economic and cultural change and that it broadly benefits the public interest. This view of the role of education in development is challenged by an alternative perspective which suggests that the distribution of educational resources may instead serve the narrow interests of elites. Concepts from both perspectives are operationalized and the theori…
Population Density, Elites, and the Distribution of Infrastructural Resources in Thailand
Literature on population density and infrastructure has generally used an ecological/economic model to identify the determinants of the distribution of infrastructural resources. While this approach has been fruitful, a political-economic approach suggests the importance of an alternative set of determinants of resource distribution: the needs of elites. This paper operationalizes both political-economic and ecological/economic explanations and c…
Ecological and Political-Economic Analyses of Migration to a Primate City: Bangkok, Thailand ca. 1970
Knowledge about internal migration to primate cities in Third World nations is limited. This article will analyze the determinants of migration to Bangkok, Thailand, ca. 1970, by focusing on the characteristics of province of origin. Theoretical issues are also addressed through the determinants analysis: The literature on primate city migration reflects a clear debate between ecological and political-economic explanations. Both explanations are …
Interest Groups, Neighborhoods, Bureaucracies, and the Equitable Distribution of Urban Resources
The Determinants of Gentrification in the United States: A City-Level Analysis
The literature on gentrification has yielded a number of competing explanations of the phenomenon. These include demographic, ecological, sociocultural, and political-economic interpretations. By linking the results of a survey of the presence and significance of gentrification with data from 48 of the 51 cities in the Permanent Community Sample, we are able to assess why some cities are candidates for gentrification while others are not and to d…
Black Participation: Compensation or Ethnic Identification
Gentrification, Displacement and Neighborhood Revitalization
Gentrification, Displacement and Neighborhood Revitalization
Structural Determinants of Third World Urban Change: An Ecological and Political Economic Analysis
Quantitative cross-national studies of peripheral urbanization have been rooted in human ecology or political economy. Studies in the human ecology tradition cite rural adversity as a major determinant of Third World urban growth. Studies in the political economy mode emphasize economic dependency. This paper 1) argues that no quantitative analysis of Third World urbanization can be if it fails to incorporate determinants suggested by 1 or the ot…
Urban Bias, Dependence, and Economic Stagnation in Noncore Nations
This paper contributes to the growing body of research that assesses the effects of patterns of urbanization on economic growth in less developed countries (LDCs). Regression analysis of data for 65-80 nations (including analyses of influential cases) suggests that both urban bias and dependency have independent, simultaneous, and negative effects on economic growth. Further analyses reveal a strong positive relationship between dependency and ur…
Dependence, Distorted Development, and Fertility Trends in Noncore Nations: A Structural Analysis of Cross-National Data
To evaluate the hypothesis that dependence on developed nations distorts demographic development in less developed countries (LDCs) a researcher used panel regression analysis to study variables from 62 nations. Multinational corporate penetration an estimate of the shares of both a nations capital and its labor that are controlled by developed country based transnational corporations was used as a measure of the level of dependence. The analysis…
Multinational Corporate Penetration, Protest, and Basic Needs Provision in Non-Core Nations: A Cross-National Analysis
In this paper, we investigate the determinants of domestic well-being in less-developed countries. In particular, we examine the impact of both penetration of foreign investment and levels of domestic political protest on economic growth and the provision of basic needs. Our work is an attempt to explore the effects of both international economic processes and intranational political processes on development
The Effect of International Dependence on Income Inequality and Political Violence
Recent studies of collective political violence have overlooked international causal factors. This cross-national study of 46-51 nations (including analyses of influential cases) expends on earlier analyses by simultaneously examining both the external (international) and the internal (intranational) determinants of collective political violence. Regression analysis suggests that transnational corporate penetration, an international factor, contr…
Convergence in World Urbanization: A Quantitative Assessment
Cross-national data are used to explore the question of whether world urban patterns and processes are converging or diverging. We compare tabular data on overall percent urban, urban primacy, overurbanization, and urban bias across world-system strata and global regions. The evidence suggests continuing differences and little evidence for convergence. To determine whether world-system effects have causal efficacy, we conclude with a regression a…
National Politics, International Dependency, and Basic Needs Provision: A Cross-National Analysis
The Social and Political Participation of Black Americans: Compensatory and Ethnic Community Perspectives Revisited
Journal Article The Social and Political Participation of Black Americans: Compensatory and Ethnic Community Perspectives Revisited Get access Christopher G. Ellison, Christopher G. Ellison University of Texas, Austin Direct correspondence to Christopher Ellison, Department of Sociology, University of Texas, Austin TX 78712-1088. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bruce London Bruce London Clark University Se…
School-Enrollment Rates and Trends, Gender, and Fertility: A Cross-National Analysis
The analysis of the association between educational status and fertility decline is performed 1) by examining the rates of enrollment in primary and secondary schools by gender and 2) by assessing the effects of the change/spread in rates of enrollment between 1965 and 1986. 59 countries were involved in the cross-sectional analysis. Variables included the logged crude birth rate, total enrollment rates, enrollment rates by gender, male-female ra…
Transnational Economic Linkages, the State, and Dependent Development in South Korea, 1966-1988: A Time-Series Analysis
York W. Bradshaw, Young-Jeong Kim, Bruce London, Transnational Economic Linkages, the State, and Dependent Development in South Korea, 1966-1988: A Time-Series Analysis, Social Forces, Vol. 72, No. 2 (Dec., 1993), pp. 315-345
Global Capitalism and the Flow of Foreign Direct Investment to Non-Core Nations, 1980-1996: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis
This paper updates an earlier quantitative cross-national study (London and Ross 1995) by examining a more recent time period and re-specifying the original model in a number of significant ways. These include the incorporation of measures of (a) International Monetary Fund penetration into non-core nations (demonstrating that IMF conditionality increases the flow of FDI), (b) the presence of “attractive investment opportunities” in nations (to i…
Environmental Degradation, Environmental Sustainability, and Overurbanization in the Developing World: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis
This is the first quantitative, cross-national study that incorporates predictors designed to test hypotheses linking overurbanization to environmentally induced migration. The study is based on a sample of fifty-eight developing countries using lagged dependent variable panel regression. Our major findings are quite clear with respect to newer ruralpush and urban-pull arguments that developing countries suffering from various forms of environmen…
Dependency, democracy, and infant mortality: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis of Less Developed Countries
Economics (35 works) · Political science (34 works) · Politics (25 works) · Economic growth (24 works) · Development economics (22 works) · Sociology (21 works) · Geography (16 works) · Law (14 works) · Population (14 works) · Culture, Economy, and Development Studies (13 works)