Darwin L Thomas
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3633256 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Darwin L Thomas |
| PRENOMES | Darwin L |
| SOBRENOME | Thomas |
| ASSINATURA | THOMAS D L |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Brigham Young University |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 36 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 156 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 36 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1969 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1997 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Dimensions of Religiosity as Mediators of the Relations Between Parenting and Adolescent Deviant Behavior
Data from over 1,500 American adolescents-collected in two separate projects, both longitudinal-were used to examine the interrelations among three dimensions of adolescent religiosity and the degree to which those mediated the effects of parental behavior on adolescent deviant outcomes. The findings lend support to this special issue theme that various dimensions of parent/child interaction have independent effects on adolescent characteristics …
Family, Religion, and Personal Communities
There has been a renewed interest in the family-religion connection over the past decade (D'Antonio & Aldous, 1983; Thomas, 1988; Thomas & Henry, 1988; Thronton, 1988). Most of this work examines the interface between family and religious institutions without careful attention to the distinctive impact of the family's religious community. When studying the impact of religion, researchers frequently emphasized religious affiliation or levels of or…
Religion and Family in the 1980s
Darwin L. Thomas, Marie Cornwall, Religion and Family in the 1980s: Discovery and Development, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 52, No. 4, Family Research in the 1980s: The Decade in Review (Nov., 1990), pp. 983-992
The Religion & Family Connection
Journal Article The Religion & Family Connection: Social Science Perspectives edited by Darwin L. Thomas. Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1988, x + 390 pp. $12.95 Get access Laurence L. Falk Laurence L. Falk Concordia College, Minnesota Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sociology of Religion, Volume 50, Issue 3, Fall 1989, Pages 316–317, https://doi.org/10.2307/3711579 Publishe…
The Religion and Family Connection
The Religion and Family Connection
Dimensions of Fathers' and Mothers' Supportive Behavior
Past research has described parental support as unidimensional and ignored physical affection, both conceptually and operationally. In the present study, factor analysis of 527 college students reveals four separate dimensions of parental support: general support, physical affection, companionship, and sustained contact. Fathers are shown to differentiate their expression of physical affection and sustained contact on the basis of the sex of the …
The Religion and Family Connection
In October 1984 the National Council of Family Relations began a new section on religion. The group of NCFR members committed to furthering the cause of the study of religion and the family met to elect officers and chart their course. The group was told that it was an auspicious moment. First, the future looked bright because the recent interest in the religion and family connection was part of a larger movement within the social sciences of foc…
Parental Influence and Adolescent Conformity
An important aspect of the socialization process is the contribution that parents make to the development of social cooperation by youth (Baumrind, 1978; Hogan et al., 1978; Smith, forthcoming; Thomas et al., 1974). Effective interpersonal interaction within families and other group relationships require that youth develop a moderate degree of interdependence or conformity to the expectations of important social agents (e.g.,parents; Gurkheim, 19…
Parental Influences of Adolescent Self-Esteem
Two contemporary theoretical explanations of adolescent self-esteem, symbolic interaction and social learning, were investigated and compared. Special attention focused on the relative effect of selected variables, representing each explanation, on four dimensions of self-esteem. A stratified random sample of 184 families with adolescents provided self-report data. Multiple regression and bivariate analysis resulted in evidence for the general co…
How Feasible Is the Integration of Paradigms
Social Placement of Adolescents
In a simulation game designed for families to plan adolescents' career goals, 183 families were studied for evidence that traditional sex-role attitudes were reflected in family decisions regarding the career goals of teenagers. Special attention was focused upon 96 of these families, each having both a male and female adolescent. Results indicated that family decisions favored the career goals of adolescent males over adolescent females by a 4 t…
On Methods of Studying Marriages and Families
Philosophical issues are raised about the diverse and complex methods used in studying marriage and family phenomena. Research methods in this field are recognized as having much in common with the more general research strategies of the social and behavioral sciences. Advances in methodological approaches and tools are reviewed, emphasizing design, measurement, and analytic developments that have been most important to marriage and family resear…
"Comment on "Marital Quality
Adolescent Self-Esteem
The study empirically combines two commonly used measures of adolescent self-esteem, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and a modified version of the Osgood Semantic Differential, with special attention focusing on the degree of association between the two measures. A crucial aspect of the study focused upon ascertaining the degree of association between four suggested independent dimensions of self-esteem derived from the two instruments. In additi…
Family Socialization and Adolescent Conformity and Religiosity
During the 1970's, some evidence emerged which established a link between parental control and support and a variety of adolescent attitudes and behavior (see Thomas, et al ., 1974). The findings focused on the general dependent variables of self esteem, conformity, religiosity, and identification with counter-cultural values. Cross-national evidence supported many of the relationships. The present report extends the analysis of socialization and…
Self-Esteem and Religiosity
On the basis of a social contextual model this paper hypothesizes: first, a positive relationship between adolescent self-esteem and religiosity across twelve purposive, middle-class, Catholic, samples from cities in five cultures: New York and St. Paul; Merida, Yucatan; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Seville, Spain; and Bonn, West Germany; and second, on the basis of traditional sex-role theory, a stronger relationship between the two variables is hypot…
Antecedents of Adolescent Self Evaluation
The purpose of this cross-national study was to: a) initiate construction of a model to analyze the development of self evaluation among adolescents; and b) to show that this process of development occurs cross-culturally. A path model was constructed based on a symbolic interaction perspective. Seven variables assumed to be antecedents of self evaluation were included in the model: SES, support from the mother and from the father, the adolescent…
Family Socialization and the Adolescent
Measuring Parental Support
While a variety of scales and instruments to measure parental support sexist, most of these have not received adequate analysis. Utilizing tow bodies of data, the widely used Heilbrun, Cornell, and Schaefer measures of parental support were examined in an attempt to answer three guiding questions: (1) do the three measures interrelate in meaningful ways? (2) is support a unidimensional construct? (3) assuming multidimensionality, can subscales wi…
Instrumental and Expressive Values in Mate Selection of Black and White College Students
The objective of this study is to investigate differences between black and white college students' values concerning mate selection. The relative importance of 12 desired traits in a potential mate, divided equally into what are termed instrumental and expressive traits, is examined. The general conclusions are: (1) black respondents tend to attach greater importance to the instrumental dimension than white respondents; (2) there is little diffe…
Secularization and Religiosity
This study interprets data from twelve purposive samples of male and female Catholic adolescents in five societies ordered according to an a priori macro continuum of secularization. Measures of traditional religiosity according to the five dimensions schema are used to operationalize secularization at the individual level. Results tend to corroborate secularization theorizing, but with important differences, e.g., on the belief and practice dime…
Correlates of Conjugal Power
The study of conjugal power centers around two broad theoretical approaches: resource theory and ideology theory. This secondary analysis of self-reports from purposive samples of Catholic male and female adolescents from five cultural contexts (New York; St. Paul; Bonn, Germany; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Seville, Spain; Merida, Yucatan) attempts to incorporate both perspectives by comparing the relationships between selected resource and ideologica…
Population, Resources, and the Future
Sociological theory and the family
The generic and perhaps insoluble issue in theorizing is the "problem of fit" between man’s symbols, i.e. forms, and the empirical content which he confronts with his manipulative and mensurative instruments of knowing, whether these be his own senses or artifacts such as rulers, scales or descriptive schemas. The problem of fit has recurred recently in many guises : grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967, p. 261, discussing their disagreement…
Role-Taking and Power in Social Psychology
It is theorized that when structural control resources are not available, persons will tend to use role-taking as a management strategy. Thus role-taking ability is at a premium when the subordinate attempts to balance the structurally based power of a superordinate by increasing the latter's ego gratification in the relationship. Role-taking and power are seen as distinct strategies by which persons achieve control of others. Drawing from a samp…
Religion and Family in the 1980s
Darwin L. Thomas, Marie Cornwall, Religion and Family in the 1980s: Discovery and Development, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 52, No. 4, Family Research in the 1980s: The Decade in Review (Nov., 1990), pp. 983-992
Socialization and Adolescent Conformity to Significant Others
Parental Influence and Adolescent Conformity
An important aspect of the socialization process is the contribution that parents make to the development of social cooperation by youth (Baumrind, 1978; Hogan et al., 1978; Smith, forthcoming; Thomas et al., 1974). Effective interpersonal interaction within families and other group relationships require that youth develop a moderate degree of interdependence or conformity to the expectations of important social agents (e.g.,parents; Gurkheim, 19…
Measuring Parental Support
While a variety of scales and instruments to measure parental support sexist, most of these have not received adequate analysis. Utilizing tow bodies of data, the widely used Heilbrun, Cornell, and Schaefer measures of parental support were examined in an attempt to answer three guiding questions: (1) do the three measures interrelate in meaningful ways? (2) is support a unidimensional construct? (3) assuming multidimensionality, can subscales wi…
Dimensions of Fathers' and Mothers' Supportive Behavior
Past research has described parental support as unidimensional and ignored physical affection, both conceptually and operationally. In the present study, factor analysis of 527 college students reveals four separate dimensions of parental support: general support, physical affection, companionship, and sustained contact. Fathers are shown to differentiate their expression of physical affection and sustained contact on the basis of the sex of the …
Parental Influences of Adolescent Self-Esteem
Two contemporary theoretical explanations of adolescent self-esteem, symbolic interaction and social learning, were investigated and compared. Special attention focused on the relative effect of selected variables, representing each explanation, on four dimensions of self-esteem. A stratified random sample of 184 families with adolescents provided self-report data. Multiple regression and bivariate analysis resulted in evidence for the general co…
On Methods of Studying Marriages and Families
Philosophical issues are raised about the diverse and complex methods used in studying marriage and family phenomena. Research methods in this field are recognized as having much in common with the more general research strategies of the social and behavioral sciences. Advances in methodological approaches and tools are reviewed, emphasizing design, measurement, and analytic developments that have been most important to marriage and family resear…
Dimensions of Religiosity as Mediators of the Relations Between Parenting and Adolescent Deviant Behavior
Data from over 1,500 American adolescents-collected in two separate projects, both longitudinal-were used to examine the interrelations among three dimensions of adolescent religiosity and the degree to which those mediated the effects of parental behavior on adolescent deviant outcomes. The findings lend support to this special issue theme that various dimensions of parent/child interaction have independent effects on adolescent characteristics …
Social Placement of Adolescents
In a simulation game designed for families to plan adolescents' career goals, 183 families were studied for evidence that traditional sex-role attitudes were reflected in family decisions regarding the career goals of teenagers. Special attention was focused upon 96 of these families, each having both a male and female adolescent. Results indicated that family decisions favored the career goals of adolescent males over adolescent females by a 4 t…
The Religion and Family Connection
In October 1984 the National Council of Family Relations began a new section on religion. The group of NCFR members committed to furthering the cause of the study of religion and the family met to elect officers and chart their course. The group was told that it was an auspicious moment. First, the future looked bright because the recent interest in the religion and family connection was part of a larger movement within the social sciences of foc…
Self-Esteem and Religiosity
On the basis of a social contextual model this paper hypothesizes: first, a positive relationship between adolescent self-esteem and religiosity across twelve purposive, middle-class, Catholic, samples from cities in five cultures: New York and St. Paul; Merida, Yucatan; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Seville, Spain; and Bonn, West Germany; and second, on the basis of traditional sex-role theory, a stronger relationship between the two variables is hypot…
Parental Support, Control and Adolescent Religiosity
Andrew J. Weigert, Darwin L. Thomas, Parental Support, Control and Adolescent Religiosity: An Extension of Previous Research, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Dec., 1972), pp. 389-393
Socialization and Religiosity
Within a brief synthesis of child psychology and sociological literature, this paper relates dimensions of religiosity (belief, experience, knowledge, and practice) to adolescents' perception of the control and support received from parents. Purposive samples were chosen from male Catholic schools in New York, St. Paul, San Juan, and Merida. Except for the Merida sample and the knowledge dimension, the apriori hypothesis that adolescents perceivi…
Adolescent Self-Esteem
The study empirically combines two commonly used measures of adolescent self-esteem, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and a modified version of the Osgood Semantic Differential, with special attention focusing on the degree of association between the two measures. A crucial aspect of the study focused upon ascertaining the degree of association between four suggested independent dimensions of self-esteem derived from the two instruments. In additi…
Instrumental and Expressive Values in Mate Selection of Black and White College Students
The objective of this study is to investigate differences between black and white college students' values concerning mate selection. The relative importance of 12 desired traits in a potential mate, divided equally into what are termed instrumental and expressive traits, is examined. The general conclusions are: (1) black respondents tend to attach greater importance to the instrumental dimension than white respondents; (2) there is little diffe…
Social Identities in Anglo and Latin Adolescents
Social identities, conceptualized as self-designations and measured by the TST, were examined for samples of high school adolescents in three societies: the United States, Puerto Rico, and Mexico. Four identities were explored in terms of salience, frequency, and valence: gender, religion, family, and peer. For both males and females in Latin and Anglo cultures gender emerged as the most prominent identity. Religious IDs were more frequent for Ca…
Family as a Conditional Universal
The question of universals is important for delimiting a sociological which ought not result in quasi-metaphysical statements. A universal function and structure which is found over time and space, and must, be conceptualized as conditional. A re-examination of Reiss' treatment of the universality of the family leads to an acceptance of nurturant socialization as a conditional universal function, but to a rejection of kin structure in favor of a …
Religiosity in 5-D
Journal Article Religiosity in 5-D: A Critical Note Get access Andrew J. Weigert, Andrew J. Weigert University of Notre Dame Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Darwin L. Thomas Darwin L. Thomas Washington State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 48, Issue 2, December 1969, Pages 260–263, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/48.2.260 Published: 01 De…
Family, Religion, and Personal Communities
There has been a renewed interest in the family-religion connection over the past decade (D'Antonio & Aldous, 1983; Thomas, 1988; Thomas & Henry, 1988; Thronton, 1988). Most of this work examines the interface between family and religious institutions without careful attention to the distinctive impact of the family's religious community. When studying the impact of religion, researchers frequently emphasized religious affiliation or levels of or…
Family Socialization and Adolescent Conformity and Religiosity
During the 1970's, some evidence emerged which established a link between parental control and support and a variety of adolescent attitudes and behavior (see Thomas, et al ., 1974). The findings focused on the general dependent variables of self esteem, conformity, religiosity, and identification with counter-cultural values. Cross-national evidence supported many of the relationships. The present report extends the analysis of socialization and…
Antecedents of Adolescent Self Evaluation
The purpose of this cross-national study was to: a) initiate construction of a model to analyze the development of self evaluation among adolescents; and b) to show that this process of development occurs cross-culturally. A path model was constructed based on a symbolic interaction perspective. Seven variables assumed to be antecedents of self evaluation were included in the model: SES, support from the mother and from the father, the adolescent…
Secularization and Religiosity
This study interprets data from twelve purposive samples of male and female Catholic adolescents in five societies ordered according to an a priori macro continuum of secularization. Measures of traditional religiosity according to the five dimensions schema are used to operationalize secularization at the individual level. Results tend to corroborate secularization theorizing, but with important differences, e.g., on the belief and practice dime…
Correlates of Conjugal Power
The study of conjugal power centers around two broad theoretical approaches: resource theory and ideology theory. This secondary analysis of self-reports from purposive samples of Catholic male and female adolescents from five cultural contexts (New York; St. Paul; Bonn, Germany; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Seville, Spain; Merida, Yucatan) attempts to incorporate both perspectives by comparing the relationships between selected resource and ideologica…
Sociological theory and the family
The generic and perhaps insoluble issue in theorizing is the "problem of fit" between man’s symbols, i.e. forms, and the empirical content which he confronts with his manipulative and mensurative instruments of knowing, whether these be his own senses or artifacts such as rulers, scales or descriptive schemas. The problem of fit has recurred recently in many guises : grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967, p. 261, discussing their disagreement…
Religiosity in 5-D
Journal Article Religiosity in 5-D: A Critical Note Get access Andrew J. Weigert, Andrew J. Weigert University of Notre Dame Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Darwin L. Thomas Darwin L. Thomas Washington State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 48, Issue 2, December 1969, Pages 260–263, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/48.2.260 Published: 01 De…
Socialization and Religiosity
Within a brief synthesis of child psychology and sociological literature, this paper relates dimensions of religiosity (belief, experience, knowledge, and practice) to adolescents' perception of the control and support received from parents. Purposive samples were chosen from male Catholic schools in New York, St. Paul, San Juan, and Merida. Except for the Merida sample and the knowledge dimension, the apriori hypothesis that adolescents perceivi…
Secularization
Secularization is the object of controversy and unclarity. By restricting the concept to traditional forms of religiosity, and by distinguishing it multidimensionally, similar to Glock and Stark's model of religious commitment, it can be fruitfully applied. A priori hypotheses predicting increases in secularization based on differences in urbanization and industrialization from samples of Catholic male adolescents in Merida, San Juan, St. Paul, a…
Socialization and Adolescent Conformity to Significant Others
Family as a Conditional Universal
The question of universals is important for delimiting a sociological which ought not result in quasi-metaphysical statements. A universal function and structure which is found over time and space, and must, be conceptualized as conditional. A re-examination of Reiss' treatment of the universality of the family leads to an acceptance of nurturant socialization as a conditional universal function, but to a rejection of kin structure in favor of a …
Role-Taking and Power in Social Psychology
It is theorized that when structural control resources are not available, persons will tend to use role-taking as a management strategy. Thus role-taking ability is at a premium when the subordinate attempts to balance the structurally based power of a superordinate by increasing the latter's ego gratification in the relationship. Role-taking and power are seen as distinct strategies by which persons achieve control of others. Drawing from a samp…
Comparative Family Study Through Multiple Member Measures
Straus (1964), analyzing problems associated with family measure argued that " a discipline concerned with groups cannot depend on measurement of the characteristics of individuals, or, in most cases, on the sum of the properties of individuals making up the group. Instead, it is necessary to move to the next level of abstraction and develop ways of measuring great properties. A corollary to this position is that a discipline dedicated to compara…
Determining Nonequivalent Measurement in Cross-Cultural Family Research
English and Spanish questionnaires designed to measure family and social-psycho- logical variables were randomly distributed to bilinguals to determine the proportions of items and scales which produced nonequivalent scores after using back translation procedures in the questionnaire construction. The nonequivalent rate for demographic items was below that expected by chance while the nonequivalent rate for family and social psychological items w…
Parental Support, Control and Adolescent Religiosity
Andrew J. Weigert, Darwin L. Thomas, Parental Support, Control and Adolescent Religiosity: An Extension of Previous Research, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Dec., 1972), pp. 389-393
Sociological theory and the family
The generic and perhaps insoluble issue in theorizing is the "problem of fit" between man’s symbols, i.e. forms, and the empirical content which he confronts with his manipulative and mensurative instruments of knowing, whether these be his own senses or artifacts such as rulers, scales or descriptive schemas. The problem of fit has recurred recently in many guises : grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967, p. 261, discussing their disagreement…
Role-Taking as a Function of Value Similarity and Affect in the Nuclear Family
The study of interpersonal relationships has received continued empirical attention from behavioral scientists since Newcomb's classic study involving college roommates (Newcomb, 1953). Additionally, phenomenologists have exhibited increasing interest in the inner workings of interpersonal perception (Garfinkel, 1964; Icheiser, 1955; Laing, Phillipson, and Lee, 1966; Schutz, 1962; Stark, 1970). In spite of such attention, there has been a general…
Social Identities in Anglo and Latin Adolescents
Social identities, conceptualized as self-designations and measured by the TST, were examined for samples of high school adolescents in three societies: the United States, Puerto Rico, and Mexico. Four identities were explored in terms of salience, frequency, and valence: gender, religion, family, and peer. For both males and females in Latin and Anglo cultures gender emerged as the most prominent identity. Religious IDs were more frequent for Ca…
Secularization and Religiosity
This study interprets data from twelve purposive samples of male and female Catholic adolescents in five societies ordered according to an a priori macro continuum of secularization. Measures of traditional religiosity according to the five dimensions schema are used to operationalize secularization at the individual level. Results tend to corroborate secularization theorizing, but with important differences, e.g., on the belief and practice dime…
Correlates of Conjugal Power
The study of conjugal power centers around two broad theoretical approaches: resource theory and ideology theory. This secondary analysis of self-reports from purposive samples of Catholic male and female adolescents from five cultural contexts (New York; St. Paul; Bonn, Germany; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Seville, Spain; Merida, Yucatan) attempts to incorporate both perspectives by comparing the relationships between selected resource and ideologica…
Population, Resources, and the Future
Family Socialization and the Adolescent
Measuring Parental Support
While a variety of scales and instruments to measure parental support sexist, most of these have not received adequate analysis. Utilizing tow bodies of data, the widely used Heilbrun, Cornell, and Schaefer measures of parental support were examined in an attempt to answer three guiding questions: (1) do the three measures interrelate in meaningful ways? (2) is support a unidimensional construct? (3) assuming multidimensionality, can subscales wi…
Instrumental and Expressive Values in Mate Selection of Black and White College Students
The objective of this study is to investigate differences between black and white college students' values concerning mate selection. The relative importance of 12 desired traits in a potential mate, divided equally into what are termed instrumental and expressive traits, is examined. The general conclusions are: (1) black respondents tend to attach greater importance to the instrumental dimension than white respondents; (2) there is little diffe…
Antecedents of Adolescent Self Evaluation
The purpose of this cross-national study was to: a) initiate construction of a model to analyze the development of self evaluation among adolescents; and b) to show that this process of development occurs cross-culturally. A path model was constructed based on a symbolic interaction perspective. Seven variables assumed to be antecedents of self evaluation were included in the model: SES, support from the mother and from the father, the adolescent…
Family Socialization and Adolescent Conformity and Religiosity
During the 1970's, some evidence emerged which established a link between parental control and support and a variety of adolescent attitudes and behavior (see Thomas, et al ., 1974). The findings focused on the general dependent variables of self esteem, conformity, religiosity, and identification with counter-cultural values. Cross-national evidence supported many of the relationships. The present report extends the analysis of socialization and…
Self-Esteem and Religiosity
On the basis of a social contextual model this paper hypothesizes: first, a positive relationship between adolescent self-esteem and religiosity across twelve purposive, middle-class, Catholic, samples from cities in five cultures: New York and St. Paul; Merida, Yucatan; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Seville, Spain; and Bonn, West Germany; and second, on the basis of traditional sex-role theory, a stronger relationship between the two variables is hypot…
"Comment on "Marital Quality
Adolescent Self-Esteem
The study empirically combines two commonly used measures of adolescent self-esteem, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and a modified version of the Osgood Semantic Differential, with special attention focusing on the degree of association between the two measures. A crucial aspect of the study focused upon ascertaining the degree of association between four suggested independent dimensions of self-esteem derived from the two instruments. In additi…
How Feasible Is the Integration of Paradigms
Social Placement of Adolescents
In a simulation game designed for families to plan adolescents' career goals, 183 families were studied for evidence that traditional sex-role attitudes were reflected in family decisions regarding the career goals of teenagers. Special attention was focused upon 96 of these families, each having both a male and female adolescent. Results indicated that family decisions favored the career goals of adolescent males over adolescent females by a 4 t…
Psychology (28 obras) · Social Psychology (25 obras) · Sociology (22 obras) · Social Psychology (16 obras) · Developmental psychology (14 obras) · Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology (13 obras) · Religion and Society Interactions (12 obras) · Religiosity (11 obras) · Philosophy (8 obras) · Mathematics (7 obras)