Candace Kruttschnitt
Biographic Data
| ID | 3633449 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Candace Kruttschnitt |
| GIVEN NAMES | Candace |
| FAMILY NAME | Kruttschnitt |
| SIGNATURE | KRUTTSCHNITT C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Minnesota |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 49 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 484 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 48 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1981 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
Out of prison, out of crime? The complex interplay between the process of desistance and severe resource disadvantages in women‘s post-release lives
We examine the influence of social capital, subjective changes and post-release resource disadvantages on women‘s desistance and reentry pathways. Using a sample of 1478 formerly incarcerated women, we estimate logistic hybrid random-effects models to assess the influence of several factors on offending during a 7-year follow-up period. We use interviews with a subsample of women to explore the mechanisms underlying the quantitative findings. Res…
Women’s Experiences in the Revolving Door of the Criminal Justice System: Implications for Their Imagined Futures
Despite the notable expansion in research on mass incarceration and reentry, we know relatively little about how women who have spent a good portion of their lives enmeshed in the criminal justice system view these experiences and how these experiences might shape their imagined future lives. We address this gap by examining the narratives of 16 black and 35 white persistent offenders imprisoned in Pennsylvania. Our findings suggest that black wo…
In Memoriam Joan R. Petersilia (1951–2019)
This review synthesizes the historical literature on the criminalization and incarceration of black Americans for an interdisciplinary audience. Drawing on key insights from new histories in the field of American carceral studies, we trace the ...Read More
Inmate Society in the Era of Mass Incarceration
Inmate social organization was once a central area within criminology that stalled just as incarceration rates dramatically climbed. In this review, we return to seminal works on this topic before summarizing the changes that mass incarceration wrought in correctional contexts and the potential impacts of these changes for inmate society. We then review the few recent studies that document contemporary inmate social life and call for increased re…
Situational Variations in, and Women’s Accounts of, Avoided Acts of Serious Intimate Partner Violence
This study explores how both situations and persons contribute to the probability that a serious incident of intimate partner violence (IPV) can be avoided. Data, on both completed and avoided acts of serious partner violence, were collected from jailed women in Baltimore. Factors that increase the odds of avoiding a serious incident of IPV are a woman's age, her partner's initiation of a threat/attack, and being accompanied by a family member. F…
Female desistance: A review of the literature
To examine whether, and if so how, male-based theories of desistance also apply to female offenders, this article reviews 44 studies on female desistance. Where available, gender differences in desistance are considered. Having children and supportive relationships is found to be important for females, in addition to economic independence, the absence of drugs and individual agency. Gender differences are found for the influence of children, supp…
The Politics, and Place, of Gender in Research on Crime
The study of gender and crime has grown exponentially over the past 40 years, but in some fundamental respects, it remains underdeveloped. Few scholars have considered both the similarities and the differences in the predictors of offending among males and females and the implication of this for middle‐range theories. Victimization has been put forth as a major explanatory factor for female offending; yet the study of female victimization has bee…
Lives of Incarcerated Women: An International Perspective
Police Wouldn’t Give You No Help”: Female Offenders on Reporting Sexual Assault to Police
Sexual assault remains one of the most underreported violent crimes. When victims report, they often are dissatisfied with the police response. The factors influencing one's decision to invoke the law have been widely examined. However, less research examines (a) how the victim's criminality affects this decision and (b) women offenders' characterization of their reporting decisions. We use mixed methods to explore the factors related to an offen…
Lives of Incarcerated Women: An International Perspective
Strangers in a strange land: Coping With Imprisonment as a Racial or Ethnic Foreign National Inmate
A wide range of scholarship examining the global effects of neo-liberalism draws attention to the precarious position of individuals who are not seen as part of the social body. While immigrants, racial minorities, and common criminals are central to this discourse, relatively little research has examined how the experiences of these individuals may vary based on statuses other than citizenship when they are imprisoned. Our research focuses on th…
Gender and Crime
Beginning with the last review of gender and crime that appeared in the Annual Review of Sociology (1996), I examine the developments in the more traditional approaches to this subject (the gender ratio problem and the problem of theoretical generalization), life course research, and feminist research (gendered pathways, gendered crime, and gendered lives). This review highlights important insights that have emerged in this work on gender and cri…
Prisoners’ perceptions of correctional officers’ behavior in English and Dutch prisons
Women’s Prisons
Is the devil in the details: Crafting policy to mitigate the collateral consequences of parental incarceration
Psychological well-being of incarcerated women in the Netherlands: Importation or deprivation
In light of the dramatic increase over the past decade in the number of women incarcerated in the Netherlands, we examined 251 female inmates’ psychological reactions to imprisonment with a survey that taps importation and deprivation factors and related life experiences. While depressive complaints, irritability and risk of self-harm were all predicted by both sets of factors, the evidence suggests that deprivation factors have a greater impact …
Are there still Contrasts in Tolerance? Imprisonment in the Netherlands and England 20 years later
Twenty years ago, David Downes in his classic study, Contrasts in Tolerance, interviewed Dutch prisoners held in England and English prisoners held in the Netherlands and concluded that the Dutch provided a more humane penal system. Since that time, there have been significant changes in penal policies in both England and the Netherlands, which call into question both his conclusions and many of the current comparative analyses of penal trends. W…
The paradox of women's imprisonment
It's very hard. . . . It is very hard. There are eight women in one room, you know . . . especially when everybody gets up in the morning and gets ready at the same time. . . . There was six to a cell; now they put another [bunk] bed in there, which made it eight. It's terrible. I think sometimes . . . we're like, we're getting warehoused, through storage, you know . . . women's storage or something . . . just kind of put away, because um, you do…
The Effect of “No‐drop” Prosecution Policies on Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence
Micropolitics of race and ethnicity in women's prisons in two political contexts
Research over the past two decades has focused on the topic of race as important for understanding order and compliance in men's prisons. However, relatively little research considers how subjective understandings of imprisonment are influenced by race, particularly in the case of women prisoners. The current study analyses 139 interviews conducted with women prisoners in California and England in order to determine how race and ethnicity shape p…
Prisoners' Adjustment, Correctional Officers, and Context: The Foreground and Background of Punishment in Late Modernity
Past research indicates that front-line criminal justice workers are the critical players in determining whether innovations in penal policy are realized. Recent attempts to understand the diversity in the application of the penal harm movement have, however, sidestepped the primary audience of these policies, the population of convicted offenders. This article uses data from two prisons to examine the effects of correctional officers on women pr…
The cultural context of women prisoners’ mental health: A comparison of two prison systems
A rise in governmentality, the development of the risk society and shifts in cultural sensibilities have all been used to explain recent trends in crime control and penal policies most notably in the USA and in England and Wales. Despite the importance of this discourse, we see it as flawed in two respects: (1) it has left the experiences of those who are living out these transformations on the sidelines; and (2) when these experiences are addres…
Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence and Their Associations with Physical Health, Psychological Distress, and Substance Use
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work is to formally model patterns of intimate partner violence (IPV) separately for males and females and to assess the unique contributions of different types of violence exposure to health related outcomes. METHODS: Using data from the National Violence Against Women Survey--a national probability sample of U.S. men and women--latent class analyses produced a map of the underlying structure of IPV for both males…
Moving Beyond the Stereotypes: Women's Subjective Accounts of Their Violent Crime
This research builds on the recent scholarship that questions the anti-agentic depictions of women's acts of violence. We inductively examine women's narratives of their violence to illuminate the diversity of motivations that appear to lie behind that violence. The narratives are drawn from a racially diverse sample of 205 women who were incarcerated in the Hennepin County Adult Detention Facility (Minneapolis, Minnesota). A life events calendar…
Imprisoning America: The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration
Crime in the Breaking: Gender Differences in Desistance
Despite increasing interest in understanding patterns of criminal behavior over the life course and, especially, desistance from crime, evidence about the predictors of these experiences has been derived only from samples of male offenders. We evaluate whether there are gender differences in the predictors of both self-reported illegal earnings and arrest among samples of recently released male and female offenders. Our analysis of gender differe…
Gender and Crime
Beginning with the last review of gender and crime that appeared in the Annual Review of Sociology (1996), I examine the developments in the more traditional approaches to this subject (the gender ratio problem and the problem of theoretical generalization), life course research, and feminist research (gendered pathways, gendered crime, and gendered lives). This review highlights important insights that have emerged in this work on gender and cri…
Social Status and Sentences of Female Offenders
To date, most disposition studies have been limited to exploring the effects of male defendants' social characteristics on severity of disposition; the few studies that have included female defendants have done so primarily to see if the sex of the offenders differentially affected sentencing. Utilizing the propositions set forth in The Behavior of Law (Black, 1976), this research looks at the role played by a woman's social status in determining…
The paradox of women's imprisonment
It's very hard. . . . It is very hard. There are eight women in one room, you know . . . especially when everybody gets up in the morning and gets ready at the same time. . . . There was six to a cell; now they put another [bunk] bed in there, which made it eight. It's terrible. I think sometimes . . . we're like, we're getting warehoused, through storage, you know . . . women's storage or something . . . just kind of put away, because um, you do…
The Sex-Sanctioning Issue: Is it History
A recent review of the effect of sex on courtroom outcomes suggests both that paternalism is alive and well and that the demise of gender-based leniency will emerge as the criminality of women is seen to be increasingly like that of men. This research tests these hypotheses, and a complementary hypothesis, derivedfrom the notion that sex-based differences in sanctioning are due to structural and cultural differences in the lives of male and femal…
Women, Crime, and Dependency an Application of the Theory of Law
This article seeks to show how economic dependency, a characteristic which is particularly representative of a woman's location in social life, is related to the outcome of criminal prosecution. A stratified random sample of 1034 cases of women offenders was drawn from the files of on Adult Probation Deportment in northern California. Based on multiple regression analysis, the findings give tentative support to the expectation that sentencing dis…
Moving Beyond the Stereotypes: Women's Subjective Accounts of Their Violent Crime
This research builds on the recent scholarship that questions the anti-agentic depictions of women's acts of violence. We inductively examine women's narratives of their violence to illuminate the diversity of motivations that appear to lie behind that violence. The narratives are drawn from a racially diverse sample of 205 women who were incarcerated in the Hennepin County Adult Detention Facility (Minneapolis, Minnesota). A life events calendar…
Doing Her Own Time? Women's Responses to Prison in the Context of the Old and the New Penology
Assumptions about gender role socialization dominated explanations for gender differences in responses to incarceration. We suspend these gender comparisons, which produced the focus on homosexuality and kinship networks in women's prisons, to determine how women's pre‐prison experiences, in the context of two different institutions, influence the way they “do time.” We analyze in‐depth interviews with a diverse sample of 70 female inmates housed…
Inmate Society in the Era of Mass Incarceration
Inmate social organization was once a central area within criminology that stalled just as incarceration rates dramatically climbed. In this review, we return to seminal works on this topic before summarizing the changes that mass incarceration wrought in correctional contexts and the potential impacts of these changes for inmate society. We then review the few recent studies that document contemporary inmate social life and call for increased re…
The Politics, and Place, of Gender in Research on Crime
The study of gender and crime has grown exponentially over the past 40 years, but in some fundamental respects, it remains underdeveloped. Few scholars have considered both the similarities and the differences in the predictors of offending among males and females and the implication of this for middle‐range theories. Victimization has been put forth as a major explanatory factor for female offending; yet the study of female victimization has bee…
A Brief History of Doing Time: The California Institution for Women in the 1960s and the 1990s
Recent scholarship on penality describes profound changes in the ideology, discourses, and policies shaping criminal punishment in the late-twentieth-century United States. To assess the implications of these changes for those subject to criminal punishment, we examine the experiences of women in prison at two key points in the recent history of penality. We compare how imprisonment was practiced and responded to at the California Institution for…
Women's Imprisonment
Incarceration of women in the United States is at a historic high, but understanding of women's experiences in prison, their responses to treatment, their lives after prison, and how changing prison regimes have affected these things remains limited. Individual attributes, preprison experiences, and prison conditions are associated with how women respond to incarceration, but assessments of their joint and conditional influences are lacking. Need…
Prisoners' Adjustment, Correctional Officers, and Context: The Foreground and Background of Punishment in Late Modernity
Past research indicates that front-line criminal justice workers are the critical players in determining whether innovations in penal policy are realized. Recent attempts to understand the diversity in the application of the penal harm movement have, however, sidestepped the primary audience of these policies, the population of convicted offenders. This article uses data from two prisons to examine the effects of correctional officers on women pr…
Does Parenting Explain the Effects of Structural Conditions on Children's Antisocial Behavior? A Comparison of Blacks and Whites
Journal Article Does Parenting Explain the Effects of Structural Conditions on Children's Antisocial Behavior? A Comparison of Blacks and Whites Get access Jane D. McLeod, Jane D. McLeod University of Minnesota Direct correspondence to Jane D. McLeod, Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, 909 Social Sciences, 267 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55455. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Candace …
Do the Stereotypes Fit? Mapping Gender‐specific Outcomes and Risk Factors
It has generally been accepted that boys and girls differ in their behavioral and emotional responses to stressful family events. These gender differences could be due to either different family risk factors affecting boys and girls or to boys coping differently in response to the same negative family events. These two alternative hypotheses form the basis of our analysis. Specifically, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N…
Psychological well-being of incarcerated women in the Netherlands: Importation or deprivation
In light of the dramatic increase over the past decade in the number of women incarcerated in the Netherlands, we examined 251 female inmates’ psychological reactions to imprisonment with a survey that taps importation and deprivation factors and related life experiences. While depressive complaints, irritability and risk of self-harm were all predicted by both sets of factors, the evidence suggests that deprivation factors have a greater impact …
Micropolitics of race and ethnicity in women's prisons in two political contexts
Research over the past two decades has focused on the topic of race as important for understanding order and compliance in men's prisons. However, relatively little research considers how subjective understandings of imprisonment are influenced by race, particularly in the case of women prisoners. The current study analyses 139 interviews conducted with women prisoners in California and England in order to determine how race and ethnicity shape p…
Family Violence, Television Viewing Habits, and Other Adolescent Experiences Related to Violent Criminal Behavior
This study employs multivariate analyses with retrospective self‐report data to assess the relative importance of certain childhood and adolescent experiences to the commission of violent crimes as an adult. Specifically, the relationship is examined between violent criminal behavior and exposure to family violence, exposure to television violence, school performance, other adolescent activities, and differential reinforcement for previous illega…
Respectable Women and the Law
A defendant's prior criminal record is usually conceived of as a ubiquitous indicator of severity of sanction. Utilizing Black's (1976) conception of prior criminality—respectability—we argue that other, nonlegal indicators of respectability will also affect the sanctions female criminal defendants incur. In addition to prior criminal record, indicators of respectability include prior psychiatric care, previous drug or alcohol abuse, employer cen…
Prisoners’ perceptions of correctional officers’ behavior in English and Dutch prisons
Are there still Contrasts in Tolerance? Imprisonment in the Netherlands and England 20 years later
Twenty years ago, David Downes in his classic study, Contrasts in Tolerance, interviewed Dutch prisoners held in England and English prisoners held in the Netherlands and concluded that the Dutch provided a more humane penal system. Since that time, there have been significant changes in penal policies in both England and the Netherlands, which call into question both his conclusions and many of the current comparative analyses of penal trends. W…
The cultural context of women prisoners’ mental health: A comparison of two prison systems
A rise in governmentality, the development of the risk society and shifts in cultural sensibilities have all been used to explain recent trends in crime control and penal policies most notably in the USA and in England and Wales. Despite the importance of this discourse, we see it as flawed in two respects: (1) it has left the experiences of those who are living out these transformations on the sidelines; and (2) when these experiences are addres…
The Economic Environment of Child Abuse
One of the most frequent and controversial claims made in the child abuse literature is that poverty increases the risk for child abuse. However, virtually no research has gone beyond measuring either child abuse or poverty at one point in time, despite the dynamic nature of both of these experiences. Based on 185 substantiated cases of physically abused youth, this paper examines whether poverty persistence is a significant predictor of both sev…
Police Wouldn’t Give You No Help”: Female Offenders on Reporting Sexual Assault to Police
Sexual assault remains one of the most underreported violent crimes. When victims report, they often are dissatisfied with the police response. The factors influencing one's decision to invoke the law have been widely examined. However, less research examines (a) how the victim's criminality affects this decision and (b) women offenders' characterization of their reporting decisions. We use mixed methods to explore the factors related to an offen…
Television and Violent Criminal Behavior: Beyond the Bobo Doll
This study builds on the research concerning television viewing and aggression by extending the external validity, or generalizability, of the dependent variable. We assess the relationship between self-reported television viewing at 8, 10, and 12 years of age and the subsequent commission of a violent criminal act. This study is based on interview data from 48 males incarcerated for violent crimes and 45 nonincarcerated, nonviolent males matched…
Social Status and Sentences of Female Offenders
To date, most disposition studies have been limited to exploring the effects of male defendants' social characteristics on severity of disposition; the few studies that have included female defendants have done so primarily to see if the sex of the offenders differentially affected sentencing. Utilizing the propositions set forth in The Behavior of Law (Black, 1976), this research looks at the role played by a woman's social status in determining…
Women, Crime, and Dependency an Application of the Theory of Law
This article seeks to show how economic dependency, a characteristic which is particularly representative of a woman's location in social life, is related to the outcome of criminal prosecution. A stratified random sample of 1034 cases of women offenders was drawn from the files of on Adult Probation Deportment in northern California. Based on multiple regression analysis, the findings give tentative support to the expectation that sentencing dis…
Respectable Women and the Law
A defendant's prior criminal record is usually conceived of as a ubiquitous indicator of severity of sanction. Utilizing Black's (1976) conception of prior criminality—respectability—we argue that other, nonlegal indicators of respectability will also affect the sanctions female criminal defendants incur. In addition to prior criminal record, indicators of respectability include prior psychiatric care, previous drug or alcohol abuse, employer cen…
Women's Imprisonment: A Study in Social Control
Labeling Women Deviant: Gender, Stigma, and Social Control
Female Crime and Delinquency
The Sex-Sanctioning Issue: Is it History
A recent review of the effect of sex on courtroom outcomes suggests both that paternalism is alive and well and that the demise of gender-based leniency will emerge as the criminality of women is seen to be increasingly like that of men. This research tests these hypotheses, and a complementary hypothesis, derivedfrom the notion that sex-based differences in sanctioning are due to structural and cultural differences in the lives of male and femal…
Are Businesses Treated Differently? A Comparison of the Individual Victim and the Corporate Victim in the Criminal Courtroom
Drawing on a number of theories, this paper explores both why and how the capacity for collective action influences deviance processing decisions. Specifically, data for a sample of male and female defendants convicted of both theft and forgery offenses are examined to estimate the effects on criminal processing decisions of (1) the organizational, as opposed to the individual, victim, (2) the organization of individual offenders, as indicated by…
Family Violence, Television Viewing Habits, and Other Adolescent Experiences Related to Violent Criminal Behavior
This study employs multivariate analyses with retrospective self‐report data to assess the relative importance of certain childhood and adolescent experiences to the commission of violent crimes as an adult. Specifically, the relationship is examined between violent criminal behavior and exposure to family violence, exposure to television violence, school performance, other adolescent activities, and differential reinforcement for previous illega…
Television and Violent Criminal Behavior: Beyond the Bobo Doll
This study builds on the research concerning television viewing and aggression by extending the external validity, or generalizability, of the dependent variable. We assess the relationship between self-reported television viewing at 8, 10, and 12 years of age and the subsequent commission of a violent criminal act. This study is based on interview data from 48 males incarcerated for violent crimes and 45 nonincarcerated, nonviolent males matched…
Troubled Youth, Troubled Families: Understanding Families At-Risk for Adolescent Maltreatment
The 1970s witnessed a growing concern and awareness regarding child abuse, an awareness which gradually extended to include the maltreatment of adolescents. In the 1980s a number of intervention projects dealing with this particular problem were started. Troubled Youth, Troubled Families is one of the first full-length reports to deal with adolescent abuse
Abuse-Resistant Youth: Some Factors That May Inhibit Violent Criminal Behavior
Journal Article Abuse-Resistant Youth: Some Factors That May Inhibit Violent Criminal Behavior Get access Candace Kruttschnitt, Candace Kruttschnitt University of Minnesota Address correspondence to Candace Kruttschnitt, Sociology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar David Ward, David Ward University of Minnesota Search for other works by this author o…
A Sociological, Offender-Based, Study of Rape
This study contributes to the etiological research on rape by expanding the range of predictor variables and by including comparable violent offender and non-offender populations. The study is based on interview data from 38 convicted rapists, 59 convicted nonsexually violent offenders, and 65 non-offenders matched on age, race, and neighborhood of residence during adolescence. Discriminant analysis is employed with these three populations and fo…
Do the Stereotypes Fit? Mapping Gender‐specific Outcomes and Risk Factors
It has generally been accepted that boys and girls differ in their behavioral and emotional responses to stressful family events. These gender differences could be due to either different family risk factors affecting boys and girls or to boys coping differently in response to the same negative family events. These two alternative hypotheses form the basis of our analysis. Specifically, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N…
Preventing Antisocial Behavior: Interventions from Birth through Adolescence
Does Parenting Explain the Effects of Structural Conditions on Children's Antisocial Behavior? A Comparison of Blacks and Whites
Journal Article Does Parenting Explain the Effects of Structural Conditions on Children's Antisocial Behavior? A Comparison of Blacks and Whites Get access Jane D. McLeod, Jane D. McLeod University of Minnesota Direct correspondence to Jane D. McLeod, Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, 909 Social Sciences, 267 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55455. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Candace …
The Economic Environment of Child Abuse
One of the most frequent and controversial claims made in the child abuse literature is that poverty increases the risk for child abuse. However, virtually no research has gone beyond measuring either child abuse or poverty at one point in time, despite the dynamic nature of both of these experiences. Based on 185 substantiated cases of physically abused youth, this paper examines whether poverty persistence is a significant predictor of both sev…
Crime in the Breaking: Gender Differences in Desistance
Despite increasing interest in understanding patterns of criminal behavior over the life course and, especially, desistance from crime, evidence about the predictors of these experiences has been derived only from samples of male offenders. We evaluate whether there are gender differences in the predictors of both self-reported illegal earnings and arrest among samples of recently released male and female offenders. Our analysis of gender differe…
Doing Her Own Time? Women's Responses to Prison in the Context of the Old and the New Penology
Assumptions about gender role socialization dominated explanations for gender differences in responses to incarceration. We suspend these gender comparisons, which produced the focus on homosexuality and kinship networks in women's prisons, to determine how women's pre‐prison experiences, in the context of two different institutions, influence the way they “do time.” We analyze in‐depth interviews with a diverse sample of 70 female inmates housed…
"Making It in the "Free World: Women in Transition from Prison
Assessing the Racial Climate in Women's Institutions in the Context of Penal Reform
At the end of the twentieth century women's imprisonment in the United States changed dramatically. Increases in the female inmate population and a move toward gender equity in corrections created a new generation of women's prisons. Women's incarceration today more closely resembles men's in terms of regime and physical structure. In this study, we explore whether these institutional changes are changing women's perceptions of the racial climate…
Women's Imprisonment
Incarceration of women in the United States is at a historic high, but understanding of women's experiences in prison, their responses to treatment, their lives after prison, and how changing prison regimes have affected these things remains limited. Individual attributes, preprison experiences, and prison conditions are associated with how women respond to incarceration, but assessments of their joint and conditional influences are lacking. Need…
Marking Time in the Golden State: Women's Imprisonment in California
In recent decades, the nature of criminal punishment has undergone change in the United States. This case study of women serving time in California in the 1960s and 1990s examines key points in this recent history. In this 2005 book, the authors begin with a look at imprisonment at the California Institution for Women in the early 1960s, when the rehabilitative model dominated official discourse. They compare women's experiences in the 1990s, at …
A Brief History of Doing Time: The California Institution for Women in the 1960s and the 1990s
Recent scholarship on penality describes profound changes in the ideology, discourses, and policies shaping criminal punishment in the late-twentieth-century United States. To assess the implications of these changes for those subject to criminal punishment, we examine the experiences of women in prison at two key points in the recent history of penality. We compare how imprisonment was practiced and responded to at the California Institution for…
Imprisoning America: The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration
Criminology (40 works) · Psychology (38 works) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (36 works) · Sociology (33 works) · Political science (28 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (25 works) · Social Psychology (23 works) · Law (17 works) · Social Psychology (16 works) · Prison (15 works)