Jeffrey C Long
Biographic Data
| ID | 3636249 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jeffrey C Long |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jeffrey C |
| FAMILY NAME | Long |
| SIGNATURE | LONG J C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of New Mexico |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2868-8930 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 320 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1977 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2018 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
The contributions of admixture and genetic drift to diversity among post‐contact populations in the Americas
OBJECTIVE: We present a model that partitions Nei's minimum genetic distance between admixed populations into components of admixture and genetic drift. We applied this model to 17 admixed populations in the Americas to examine how admixture and drift have contributed to the patterns of genetic diversity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 618 short tandem repeat loci in 949 individuals from 49 population samples. Thirty-two samples serve as prox…
The apportionment of human diversity revisited
OBJECTIVES: Studies of the apportionment of human genetic diversity have found that local populations harbor nearly as much diversity as the species as a whole. These studies have been a valuable cornerstone in rejecting race as a biological framework in anthropology. The current study presents new analyses that use updated statistical methods based on bifurcating trees to assess the structure of human genetic diversity and its implications for t…
New developments in the origins and evolution of Native American populations
Update to Long and Kittles's “Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races” (2003): Fixation on an Index
Sewall Wright’s fixation index FST measured among samples of world populations is often 0.15 or less when computed as an average over many alleles or loci. To many, this result indicates that the genetic similarities among human populations far outweigh the differences. For example, a finding like this led Richard Lewontin to claim that human races have no genetic or taxonomic significance (Lewontin 1972). Despite the farreaching proclamations th…
The global pattern of gene identity variation reveals a history of long‐range migrations, bottlenecks, and local mate exchange: Implications for biological race
Several recent studies have argued that human genetic variation conforms to a model of isolation by distance, whereas others see a predominant role for long‐range migrations and bottlenecks. It is unclear whether either of these views fully describes the global pattern of human genetic variation. In this article, we use a coalescent‐based simulation approach to compare the pattern of neutral genetic variation predicted by these views to the obser…
Human DNA sequences: More variation and less race
Interest in genetic diversity within and between human populations as a way to answer questions about race has intensified in light of recent advances in genome technology. The purpose of this article is to apply a method of generalized hierarchical modeling to two DNA data sets. The first data set consists of a small sample of individuals ( n = 32 total, from eight populations) who have been fully resequenced for 63 loci that encode a total of 3…
Update to Long and Kittles's "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races" (2003): Fixation on an Index
Update to Long and Kittles's "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races" (2003):Fixation on an Index Jeffrey C. Long Keywords FST, Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), Chimpanzees, Hierarchical Models, Nested Models, Genetic Diversity, Racial Typing Sewall Wright's fixation index FST measured among samples of world populations is often 0.15 or less when computed as an average over many allele…
Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races
Sewall Wright's population structure statistic, FST , measured among samples of world populations is often 15% or less. This would indicate that 85% of genetic variation occurs within groups while only 15% can be attributed to allele frequency differences among groups. In this paper, we show that this low value reflects strong biases that result from violating hidden assumptions that define FST. These limitations on FST are demonstrated algebraic…
A formal test of linguistic and genetic coevolution in native Central and South America
This paper investigates a mechanism of linguistic and genetic coevolution in Native Central and South America. This mechanism proposes that a process of population fissions, expansions into new territories, and isolation of ancestral and descendant groups will produce congruent language and gene trees. To evaluate this population fissions mechanism, we collected published mtDNA sequences for 1,381 individuals from 17 Native Central and South Amer…
The International HapMap Project
The goal of the International HapMap Project is to determine the common patterns of DNA sequence variation in the human genome and to make this information freely available in the public domain. An international consortium is developing a map of these patterns across the genome by determining the genotypes of one million or more sequence variants, their frequencies and the degree of association between them, in DNA samples from populations with a…
Autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y chromosome DNA variation in Finland: Evidence for a male-specific bottleneck
The high prevalence of rare genetic diseases in Finland has been attributed to a founder effect some 2,000 years ago. However, this hypothesis has not been supported from mtDNA sequence and autosomal microsatellite data which indicate high levels of gene diversity. Here we have identified genetic evidence for a population bottleneck by examining variable microsatellite loci on the nonrecombining portion of Y chromosomes from Finland and four popu…
Y chromosome markers and trans-Bering Strait dispersals
Five polymorphisms involving two paternally inherited loci were surveyed in 38 world populations (n = 1,631) to investigate the origins of Native Americans. One of the six Y chromosome combination haplotypes (1T) was found at relatively high frequencies (17.8-75.0%) in nine Native American populations (n = 206) representing the three major linguistic divisions in the New World. Overall, these data do not support the Greenberg et al. (1986) tripar…
Human Molecular Phylogenetics
Matrix correlation analysis in anthropology and genetics
The comparative analysis of the population variation patterns exhibited by different types of information has long been a genuine anthropological/genetic preoccupation. One of the generic problems attracting repeated attention is the connection between genetic and cultural consequences of population isolation; we expect both patterns and amounts of variation to reflect the same history of group fission and fusion, but what do we see in practice? …
Genetic variation in Arizona Mexican Americans: Estimation and interpretation of admixture proportions
Mexican Americans are a numerous and fast growing ethnic population in the United States. Yet little is known about their genetic structure. Since they are a hybrid, it is of interest to identify their parental populations and to estimate the relative contributions of these groups. This information is relevant to historical, biomedical, and evolutionary concerns. New genetic typings on 730 Arizona Mexican Americans for the HLA‐A, HLA‐B, ABO, Rh, …
Variation in human nasal height and breadth
It has been suggested that the long‐standing association of variability in the human nasal index [100 × (nasal breadth)/(nasal height)] with climatic variation is spurious evidence for natural selection in humans (Hoyme, 1965; St. Hoyme and Iscan, 1989). The argument is based principally on the observation that nasal height is globally more variable than nasal breadth, with nasal breadth thus contributing little to variation in the index. This ar…
Phylogeny of human β‐globin haplotypes and its implications for recent human evolution
The evolutionary histories and relationships among African, Eurasian, and Pacific Island populations are investigated by using observation on five polymorphic restriction sites in the β‐globin gene cluster. We present new data on 222 chromosomes from a global sample and combine these with previously published observations on 591 chromosomes. It is shown that the data are rich in rare haplotypes and that rare variants are not helpful for standard …
Species attribution of the Swartkrans member 1 first metacarpals: SK 84 and SKX 5020
Susman ( Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 75: 277–278, 79: 451–474; Science 240: 781–784; In FE Grine (ed): Evolutionary History of the “Robust” Australopithecines. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 149–172) has attributed the morphologically similar SK 84 and SKX 5020 hominid first metacarpals to Homo erectus and Australopithecus robustus , respectively, and has inferred that both species exhibited derived pollical morphologies, indicating refined precisi…
Introduction: Uses of molecular biology: Understanding the basis of genetic disease, determining evolutionary pathways, and other applications
Basic concepts in population, quantitative and evolutionary genetics
Evolutionary perspectives and the new genetics
Multiple Regression and Correlation Extensions of the Mantel Test of Matrix Correspondence
Peter E. Smouse, Jeffrey C. Long, Robert R. Sokal; Multiple Regression and Correlation Extensions of the Mantel Test of Matrix Correspondence, Systematic Biolog
Genetic characterization of Gainj‐ and Kalam‐Speaking peoples of Papua New Guinea
The research presented focuses on genetic variation in the Gainj‐ and Kalam‐speaking peoples of highland Papua New Guinea. The primary data are typings at 51 genetic loci observed on 600 individuals who reside in 21 census units, called parishes. These data are augmented by cultural and demographic information that has also been collected. Parish sizes are small, ranging from 20 to about 200 individuals. Direct Western contact with these people h…
Intertribal gene flow between the Ye'cuana and Yanomama: Genetic analysis of an admixed village
Genetic exchange with a neighboring village of Ye'cuana Indians had introduced two alleles, Di a and ACP a , into the Yanomama Indian village of Borabuk. After several generations, these alleles had reached frequencies of 0.08 and 0.10, respectively. These frequencies are puzzling because they are higher in Borabuk than in the Ye'cuana village from which they were derived. Single allele estimates of ancestral proportions obtained from either of t…
An Experimental Study of the Morphological Characteristics of Tool Marks
Experiments were performed to establish correlations between the edge characteristics of a series of tools and the marks they produce when applied to bone. Pressure and angle of application, length of blade, and motion used during the cutting stroke, were found to be important variables that affect the shape of tool marks. Using cross sections of butchering marks from archaeological sites, it was possible to establish associations between various…
Variation in human nasal height and breadth
It has been suggested that the long‐standing association of variability in the human nasal index [100 × (nasal breadth)/(nasal height)] with climatic variation is spurious evidence for natural selection in humans (Hoyme, 1965; St. Hoyme and Iscan, 1989). The argument is based principally on the observation that nasal height is globally more variable than nasal breadth, with nasal breadth thus contributing little to variation in the index. This ar…
An Experimental Study of the Morphological Characteristics of Tool Marks
Experiments were performed to establish correlations between the edge characteristics of a series of tools and the marks they produce when applied to bone. Pressure and angle of application, length of blade, and motion used during the cutting stroke, were found to be important variables that affect the shape of tool marks. Using cross sections of butchering marks from archaeological sites, it was possible to establish associations between various…
Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races
Sewall Wright's population structure statistic, FST , measured among samples of world populations is often 15% or less. This would indicate that 85% of genetic variation occurs within groups while only 15% can be attributed to allele frequency differences among groups. In this paper, we show that this low value reflects strong biases that result from violating hidden assumptions that define FST. These limitations on FST are demonstrated algebraic…
Matrix correlation analysis in anthropology and genetics
The comparative analysis of the population variation patterns exhibited by different types of information has long been a genuine anthropological/genetic preoccupation. One of the generic problems attracting repeated attention is the connection between genetic and cultural consequences of population isolation; we expect both patterns and amounts of variation to reflect the same history of group fission and fusion, but what do we see in practice? …
Species attribution of the Swartkrans member 1 first metacarpals: SK 84 and SKX 5020
Susman ( Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 75: 277–278, 79: 451–474; Science 240: 781–784; In FE Grine (ed): Evolutionary History of the “Robust” Australopithecines. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 149–172) has attributed the morphologically similar SK 84 and SKX 5020 hominid first metacarpals to Homo erectus and Australopithecus robustus , respectively, and has inferred that both species exhibited derived pollical morphologies, indicating refined precisi…
The global pattern of gene identity variation reveals a history of long‐range migrations, bottlenecks, and local mate exchange: Implications for biological race
Several recent studies have argued that human genetic variation conforms to a model of isolation by distance, whereas others see a predominant role for long‐range migrations and bottlenecks. It is unclear whether either of these views fully describes the global pattern of human genetic variation. In this article, we use a coalescent‐based simulation approach to compare the pattern of neutral genetic variation predicted by these views to the obser…
Genetic variation in Arizona Mexican Americans: Estimation and interpretation of admixture proportions
Mexican Americans are a numerous and fast growing ethnic population in the United States. Yet little is known about their genetic structure. Since they are a hybrid, it is of interest to identify their parental populations and to estimate the relative contributions of these groups. This information is relevant to historical, biomedical, and evolutionary concerns. New genetic typings on 730 Arizona Mexican Americans for the HLA‐A, HLA‐B, ABO, Rh, …
Human DNA sequences: More variation and less race
Interest in genetic diversity within and between human populations as a way to answer questions about race has intensified in light of recent advances in genome technology. The purpose of this article is to apply a method of generalized hierarchical modeling to two DNA data sets. The first data set consists of a small sample of individuals ( n = 32 total, from eight populations) who have been fully resequenced for 63 loci that encode a total of 3…
Phylogeny of human β‐globin haplotypes and its implications for recent human evolution
The evolutionary histories and relationships among African, Eurasian, and Pacific Island populations are investigated by using observation on five polymorphic restriction sites in the β‐globin gene cluster. We present new data on 222 chromosomes from a global sample and combine these with previously published observations on 591 chromosomes. It is shown that the data are rich in rare haplotypes and that rare variants are not helpful for standard …
Intertribal gene flow between the Ye'cuana and Yanomama: Genetic analysis of an admixed village
Genetic exchange with a neighboring village of Ye'cuana Indians had introduced two alleles, Di a and ACP a , into the Yanomama Indian village of Borabuk. After several generations, these alleles had reached frequencies of 0.08 and 0.10, respectively. These frequencies are puzzling because they are higher in Borabuk than in the Ye'cuana village from which they were derived. Single allele estimates of ancestral proportions obtained from either of t…
A formal test of linguistic and genetic coevolution in native Central and South America
This paper investigates a mechanism of linguistic and genetic coevolution in Native Central and South America. This mechanism proposes that a process of population fissions, expansions into new territories, and isolation of ancestral and descendant groups will produce congruent language and gene trees. To evaluate this population fissions mechanism, we collected published mtDNA sequences for 1,381 individuals from 17 Native Central and South Amer…
The apportionment of human diversity revisited
OBJECTIVES: Studies of the apportionment of human genetic diversity have found that local populations harbor nearly as much diversity as the species as a whole. These studies have been a valuable cornerstone in rejecting race as a biological framework in anthropology. The current study presents new analyses that use updated statistical methods based on bifurcating trees to assess the structure of human genetic diversity and its implications for t…
Genetic characterization of Gainj‐ and Kalam‐Speaking peoples of Papua New Guinea
The research presented focuses on genetic variation in the Gainj‐ and Kalam‐speaking peoples of highland Papua New Guinea. The primary data are typings at 51 genetic loci observed on 600 individuals who reside in 21 census units, called parishes. These data are augmented by cultural and demographic information that has also been collected. Parish sizes are small, ranging from 20 to about 200 individuals. Direct Western contact with these people h…
Human Molecular Phylogenetics
The contributions of admixture and genetic drift to diversity among post‐contact populations in the Americas
OBJECTIVE: We present a model that partitions Nei's minimum genetic distance between admixed populations into components of admixture and genetic drift. We applied this model to 17 admixed populations in the Americas to examine how admixture and drift have contributed to the patterns of genetic diversity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 618 short tandem repeat loci in 949 individuals from 49 population samples. Thirty-two samples serve as prox…
Update to Long and Kittles's “Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races” (2003): Fixation on an Index
Sewall Wright’s fixation index FST measured among samples of world populations is often 0.15 or less when computed as an average over many alleles or loci. To many, this result indicates that the genetic similarities among human populations far outweigh the differences. For example, a finding like this led Richard Lewontin to claim that human races have no genetic or taxonomic significance (Lewontin 1972). Despite the farreaching proclamations th…
New developments in the origins and evolution of Native American populations
An Experimental Study of the Morphological Characteristics of Tool Marks
Experiments were performed to establish correlations between the edge characteristics of a series of tools and the marks they produce when applied to bone. Pressure and angle of application, length of blade, and motion used during the cutting stroke, were found to be important variables that affect the shape of tool marks. Using cross sections of butchering marks from archaeological sites, it was possible to establish associations between various…
Intertribal gene flow between the Ye'cuana and Yanomama: Genetic analysis of an admixed village
Genetic exchange with a neighboring village of Ye'cuana Indians had introduced two alleles, Di a and ACP a , into the Yanomama Indian village of Borabuk. After several generations, these alleles had reached frequencies of 0.08 and 0.10, respectively. These frequencies are puzzling because they are higher in Borabuk than in the Ye'cuana village from which they were derived. Single allele estimates of ancestral proportions obtained from either of t…
Multiple Regression and Correlation Extensions of the Mantel Test of Matrix Correspondence
Peter E. Smouse, Jeffrey C. Long, Robert R. Sokal; Multiple Regression and Correlation Extensions of the Mantel Test of Matrix Correspondence, Systematic Biolog
Genetic characterization of Gainj‐ and Kalam‐Speaking peoples of Papua New Guinea
The research presented focuses on genetic variation in the Gainj‐ and Kalam‐speaking peoples of highland Papua New Guinea. The primary data are typings at 51 genetic loci observed on 600 individuals who reside in 21 census units, called parishes. These data are augmented by cultural and demographic information that has also been collected. Parish sizes are small, ranging from 20 to about 200 individuals. Direct Western contact with these people h…
Introduction: Uses of molecular biology: Understanding the basis of genetic disease, determining evolutionary pathways, and other applications
Basic concepts in population, quantitative and evolutionary genetics
Evolutionary perspectives and the new genetics
Phylogeny of human β‐globin haplotypes and its implications for recent human evolution
The evolutionary histories and relationships among African, Eurasian, and Pacific Island populations are investigated by using observation on five polymorphic restriction sites in the β‐globin gene cluster. We present new data on 222 chromosomes from a global sample and combine these with previously published observations on 591 chromosomes. It is shown that the data are rich in rare haplotypes and that rare variants are not helpful for standard …
Species attribution of the Swartkrans member 1 first metacarpals: SK 84 and SKX 5020
Susman ( Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 75: 277–278, 79: 451–474; Science 240: 781–784; In FE Grine (ed): Evolutionary History of the “Robust” Australopithecines. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 149–172) has attributed the morphologically similar SK 84 and SKX 5020 hominid first metacarpals to Homo erectus and Australopithecus robustus , respectively, and has inferred that both species exhibited derived pollical morphologies, indicating refined precisi…
Genetic variation in Arizona Mexican Americans: Estimation and interpretation of admixture proportions
Mexican Americans are a numerous and fast growing ethnic population in the United States. Yet little is known about their genetic structure. Since they are a hybrid, it is of interest to identify their parental populations and to estimate the relative contributions of these groups. This information is relevant to historical, biomedical, and evolutionary concerns. New genetic typings on 730 Arizona Mexican Americans for the HLA‐A, HLA‐B, ABO, Rh, …
Variation in human nasal height and breadth
It has been suggested that the long‐standing association of variability in the human nasal index [100 × (nasal breadth)/(nasal height)] with climatic variation is spurious evidence for natural selection in humans (Hoyme, 1965; St. Hoyme and Iscan, 1989). The argument is based principally on the observation that nasal height is globally more variable than nasal breadth, with nasal breadth thus contributing little to variation in the index. This ar…
Matrix correlation analysis in anthropology and genetics
The comparative analysis of the population variation patterns exhibited by different types of information has long been a genuine anthropological/genetic preoccupation. One of the generic problems attracting repeated attention is the connection between genetic and cultural consequences of population isolation; we expect both patterns and amounts of variation to reflect the same history of group fission and fusion, but what do we see in practice? …
Human Molecular Phylogenetics
Y chromosome markers and trans-Bering Strait dispersals
Five polymorphisms involving two paternally inherited loci were surveyed in 38 world populations (n = 1,631) to investigate the origins of Native Americans. One of the six Y chromosome combination haplotypes (1T) was found at relatively high frequencies (17.8-75.0%) in nine Native American populations (n = 206) representing the three major linguistic divisions in the New World. Overall, these data do not support the Greenberg et al. (1986) tripar…
Autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y chromosome DNA variation in Finland: Evidence for a male-specific bottleneck
The high prevalence of rare genetic diseases in Finland has been attributed to a founder effect some 2,000 years ago. However, this hypothesis has not been supported from mtDNA sequence and autosomal microsatellite data which indicate high levels of gene diversity. Here we have identified genetic evidence for a population bottleneck by examining variable microsatellite loci on the nonrecombining portion of Y chromosomes from Finland and four popu…
The International HapMap Project
The goal of the International HapMap Project is to determine the common patterns of DNA sequence variation in the human genome and to make this information freely available in the public domain. An international consortium is developing a map of these patterns across the genome by determining the genotypes of one million or more sequence variants, their frequencies and the degree of association between them, in DNA samples from populations with a…
A formal test of linguistic and genetic coevolution in native Central and South America
This paper investigates a mechanism of linguistic and genetic coevolution in Native Central and South America. This mechanism proposes that a process of population fissions, expansions into new territories, and isolation of ancestral and descendant groups will produce congruent language and gene trees. To evaluate this population fissions mechanism, we collected published mtDNA sequences for 1,381 individuals from 17 Native Central and South Amer…
Update to Long and Kittles's “Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races” (2003): Fixation on an Index
Sewall Wright’s fixation index FST measured among samples of world populations is often 0.15 or less when computed as an average over many alleles or loci. To many, this result indicates that the genetic similarities among human populations far outweigh the differences. For example, a finding like this led Richard Lewontin to claim that human races have no genetic or taxonomic significance (Lewontin 1972). Despite the farreaching proclamations th…
The global pattern of gene identity variation reveals a history of long‐range migrations, bottlenecks, and local mate exchange: Implications for biological race
Several recent studies have argued that human genetic variation conforms to a model of isolation by distance, whereas others see a predominant role for long‐range migrations and bottlenecks. It is unclear whether either of these views fully describes the global pattern of human genetic variation. In this article, we use a coalescent‐based simulation approach to compare the pattern of neutral genetic variation predicted by these views to the obser…
Human DNA sequences: More variation and less race
Interest in genetic diversity within and between human populations as a way to answer questions about race has intensified in light of recent advances in genome technology. The purpose of this article is to apply a method of generalized hierarchical modeling to two DNA data sets. The first data set consists of a small sample of individuals ( n = 32 total, from eight populations) who have been fully resequenced for 63 loci that encode a total of 3…
Update to Long and Kittles's "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races" (2003): Fixation on an Index
Update to Long and Kittles's "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races" (2003):Fixation on an Index Jeffrey C. Long Keywords FST, Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), Chimpanzees, Hierarchical Models, Nested Models, Genetic Diversity, Racial Typing Sewall Wright's fixation index FST measured among samples of world populations is often 0.15 or less when computed as an average over many allele…
Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races
Sewall Wright's population structure statistic, FST , measured among samples of world populations is often 15% or less. This would indicate that 85% of genetic variation occurs within groups while only 15% can be attributed to allele frequency differences among groups. In this paper, we show that this low value reflects strong biases that result from violating hidden assumptions that define FST. These limitations on FST are demonstrated algebraic…
New developments in the origins and evolution of Native American populations
The apportionment of human diversity revisited
OBJECTIVES: Studies of the apportionment of human genetic diversity have found that local populations harbor nearly as much diversity as the species as a whole. These studies have been a valuable cornerstone in rejecting race as a biological framework in anthropology. The current study presents new analyses that use updated statistical methods based on bifurcating trees to assess the structure of human genetic diversity and its implications for t…
The contributions of admixture and genetic drift to diversity among post‐contact populations in the Americas
OBJECTIVE: We present a model that partitions Nei's minimum genetic distance between admixed populations into components of admixture and genetic drift. We applied this model to 17 admixed populations in the Americas to examine how admixture and drift have contributed to the patterns of genetic diversity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 618 short tandem repeat loci in 949 individuals from 49 population samples. Thirty-two samples serve as prox…
Biology (22 works) · Evolutionary biology (20 works) · Genetics (17 works) · Demography (16 works) · Gene (15 works) · Genetics (14 works) · Population (14 works) · Sociology (13 works) · Genetic diversity and population structure (12 works) · Allele (11 works)