Barbara Mills
Biographic Data
| ID | 3639865 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Barbara Mills |
| GIVEN NAMES | Barbara |
| FAMILY NAME | Mills |
| SIGNATURE | MILLS B |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 31 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 22 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 4 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 27 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1975 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2019 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
Hope in Dirt
A 2018 workshop on the White Mountain Apache Tribe lands in Arizona examined ways to enhance investigations into cultural property crime (CPC) through applications of rapidly evolving methods from archaeological science. CPC (also looting, graverobbing) refers to unauthorized damage, removal, or trafficking in materials possessing blends of communal, aesthetic, and scientific values. The Fort Apache workshop integrated four generally partitioned …
The Oxford Handbook of Southwest Archaeology
The Oxford Handbook of Southwest Archaeology collectively surveys the state of method, theory, and historical reconstruction in the archaeology of the American Southwest, a region that encompasses the Southwest United States and Northwest Mexico. Part I is comprised of an extended introductory chapter that traces the intellectual development of the discipline from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Archaeological research in the Southwest…
Territorial and Early Statehood Periods
The archaeology of the territorial and early statehood periods (1850–1917) in the American Southwest was virtually terra incognita until the advent of government-mandated archaeology in the 1960s. Subsequent work has shown that historical archaeology has much to contribute to a fuller understanding of this dynamic and formative time in U.S. history. Historical-archaeological investigations have demonstrated that although the United States formall…
Oral Traditions
Never before have oral narratives been more important in Southwest archaeology than they are today. Spoken histories—variously known as oral traditions, oral histories, Native literature, and verbal arts—play key roles in fostering a dialogue between descendant communities and archaeologists, affording broader anthropological understandings of Native cultures and their heritage, and providing novel and more informed understandings of the past. Ul…
Spirits
This chapter explores how the lives of ancient peoples in the Southwest were guided by their engagement with spirit worlds. From artifacts to architecture, the material record reflects visions of the universe, mythological narratives, and otherworldly entities. As archaeology has turned its attention to ancient religion and ritual, Southwest scholars are expanding their interpretations of these central dimensions of ancient ecologies. This theore…
Cooking Technologies
Inferences regarding pre-colonial southwestern cooking are limited by preservation and the ambiguity of multiple-use features. Documented techniques are stone boiling, pit roasting, boiling in pottery jars, and heating on comals or griddle stones, with fermentation as an additional food-processing category. The plastic nature of pottery allowed the design of vessel forms specifically for cooking, but storage rather than cooking was the original i…
History, Memory, and Querencia
Archaeologists, historians, and geographers link Hispano or vecino ethnogenesis in the late eighteenth century to the occupation of a land base, while at the heart of modern Nuevomexicano identity formation is the paradoxical condition of being simultaneously dispossessed and place-based. The modern Hispano ethnoscape combines themes of land loss, displacement, and a deep longing to remain on the land, captured by the term querencia, which refers…
Sonoran Pre-Hispanic Traditions
The international border between the United States and Mexico has no meaning for the Aboriginal history of the Southwest/Northwest. It has, however, greatly limited the amount of archaeology done in northern Mexico. Since the 1980s, Mexican and U.S. archaeologists have done increasing amounts of research in the Mexican state of Sonora. Here they have developed an international collaborative practice of archaeology unique in North America. Sonora …
Chihuahuan Archaeology
Northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, and the U.S. Southwest share broadly similar pre-colonial cultures and sequences of change. In fact, the present-day international boundary artificially divides a single culture area. Even so, northwestern Chihuahua is not simply a southern extension of the U.S. Southwest. This chapter reviews the past of northwestern Chihuahua from the early pre-ceramic era through late pre-Hispanic times, showing how these cultur…
Translating Tribal Values
Tribal governments in the Southwest employ a number of individuals to help with the preservation of tribal values and places. In this chapter, Theresa Pasqual, former director of Acoma Pueblo’s Historic Preservation Office and an Acoma tribal member, talks about her professional pathway, how Acoma has worked with other tribes to protect traditional cultural properties (TCPs), the challenges that tribes face in implementing the National Environmen…
Plants
Beginning 4,000 or more years ago in the U.S. Southwest and Mexican Northwest, the most varied and sustained interactions between regional inhabitants and the plants of their environments took place within the context of agricultural economies. Even though a recurrent paradigm portrays the Southwest/Northwest as harsh and agriculturally marginal, the region is rich in the archaeological legacy of Indigenous cultivators who produced harvests over …
The Built Environment
The most intensively studied societies within Southwest archaeology—the Ancestral “Pueblos”—have been defined by their architecture. Stark village ruins of stone and adobe, some perched high in cliff settings, dot much of the region and are today its major tourist attractions. But as this chapter demonstrates, the architecture and built landscapes of the greater Southwest were vastly more diverse, ranging from the ephemeral wikiup-like structures…
Hopi History Prior to 1600
The Hopi region is an iconic “tribal” society of the Southwest, with geographic and cultural continuity stretching back more than a millennium. The tribe has been the subject of ethnographic and archaeological study for more than 100 years, featuring a uniquely long-running dialogue with oral tradition and blurring of boundaries between ethnography and archaeology. The Hopi population stems from a combination of local groups and diverse immigrant…
Pobladores of New Mexico
Eighteenth-century New Mexican buffer villages located on the most exposed margins of the Spanish colony were built by pluralistic communities that included people of Spanish descent, nomadic Native American groups, and Pueblo allies. These grants of land on the late colonial frontier were settled by communities for whom an ability to mobilize multiple and situational identities was a critical survival skill during a time of increased captive rai…
Preclassic Hohokam
The establishment of the first permanent farming villages in the southern Southwest coincided with the emergence of the Hohokam cultural tradition. This chapter examines the environmental, demographic, and social processes that shaped the development of Hohokam culture. Special attention is paid to the timing and tempo of cultural change across the region. Three periods of rapid change are discussed—the first associated with the establishment of …
The Early Agricultural Period
Continuing research on the Early Agricultural period has bolstered our understanding of early farming technology, community structure, and chronology. Environmental factors clearly affected the pace of agriculture’s spread, as did social interaction and population movement. Recent projects have contributed new information on how irrigation communities were organized, and how early farmers worked on the landscape. Much of the research conducted ov…
Mesoamerican Connections
This chapter reviews the evidence for Mesoamerican presence or influence in the U.S. Southwest. Objects, symbols, and practices of apparent Mesoamerican origin, especially in the Hohokam region, include copper bells, macaws, shell trumpets, and other similar objects. The explanations that archaeologists have proposed for such presence come down to agricultural displacement, trade, and coercive domination. The review shows that Mesoamerican connec…
Navajo Archaeology
The dominant anthropological and archaeological narrative of “Navajo” culture is that upon entering the northwestern New Mexico in the sixteenth century, bands of Athapaskan hunter-gatherers began an acculturative process that led them to adopt and assimilate Pueblo, Spanish, Mexican, and American cultural institutions. The anthropological and archaeological concept “Navajo,” created through Western scholarship by non-Diné, does not align with Di…
Early Colonial Period
An unfortunate conceptual divide within archaeological scholarship has traditionally divided Native history into “before” and “after” European colonialism. Past research emphasized the disruption wrought by the arrival of Europeans in the Southwest via the introduction of epidemic diseases, market economies, material goods, and alien plants and animals. Recent research emphasizes that many of the early colonial period strategies for cultural pers…
Agricultural Landscapes
The discussion in this chapter is based on the premise that agricultural landscapes are the foundations of the economies, social organizations, and cultural identities of farming communities. It reviews selected archaeological districts between Sonora and the northern Rio Grande in which technologically diverse agricultural features, including trincheras, terraces, rock-bordered grids, gravel mulches, and canals, are well documented. This examina…
The Zuni/Cibola Region
The Zuni/Cibola region of eastern Arizona and western New Mexico was the setting for some of the earliest formal archaeological investigations in the U.S. Southwest. From the outset, research in the region has been regional in scope, focusing in particular on issues of population movement, community organization, and social identity. Importantly, although the Cibola region is often treated as a single unit of analysis, the regional boundaries are…
The Earliest People in the Southwest
Paleoindian occupations across the Southwest are known largely from surface artifact collections because relatively few in situ sites are known. Clovis is the exception, with one of the world’s highest concentrations of Clovis mammoth kills occurring in southeast Arizona (Murray Springs, Naco, and Lehner). Otherwise Clovis is thinly scattered across New Mexico, Chihuahua, and Sonora. Folsom is the most common Paleoindian projectile point type in …
Ndee (Apache) Archaeology
Despite abundant historical interest in Apache subjugation and early reservation periods, Apache persists as a lacuna in Southwest archaeology. Vexing conceptual and practical challenges to site identification and analyses, coupled with a lack of research specifically focused on Apache histories, regions, and material cultures, have retarded the creation of archaeological knowledge comparable or even complementary to the richness and diversity of…
On History in Southwest Archaeology
As an introduction to the Handbook, this chapter examines the question of history in Southwest archaeology in two senses. First, it traces the intellectual history of research in the region: from the nineteenth-century inauguration of Southwest archaeology as an extension of American military conquest, to the museum-oriented expeditions of the turn of the century, to the scientific advances and the growth of culture resource management during the…
An Archaeological History of the Mesa Verde Region
The Mesa Verde region—extending from southeastern Utah to southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico—is the heartland of the earliest pueblos and an ancestral home for at least three of the four Pueblo language groups. Over the last two millennia, there were three periods in which Ancestral Pueblo population peaked and declined, with the last abandonment of the late thirteenth century the most well known. The combination of excellent mater…
Language delay and associated mother-child interactions
Hope in Dirt
A 2018 workshop on the White Mountain Apache Tribe lands in Arizona examined ways to enhance investigations into cultural property crime (CPC) through applications of rapidly evolving methods from archaeological science. CPC (also looting, graverobbing) refers to unauthorized damage, removal, or trafficking in materials possessing blends of communal, aesthetic, and scientific values. The Fort Apache workshop integrated four generally partitioned …
An Archaeological History of the Mesa Verde Region
The Mesa Verde region—extending from southeastern Utah to southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico—is the heartland of the earliest pueblos and an ancestral home for at least three of the four Pueblo language groups. Over the last two millennia, there were three periods in which Ancestral Pueblo population peaked and declined, with the last abandonment of the late thirteenth century the most well known. The combination of excellent mater…
Key Dimensions of the Cultural Trajectories of Chaco Canyon
This chapter reviews the issues that continue to challenge understandings of the pre-colonial developments that occurred in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico during the ninth–twelfth centuries ce. It specificially focuses on questions of population, agricultural potential, the organization of production, internal social dynamics, and the nature of regional interactions. The chapter highlights major trends in Chacoan research, as space does not allow a ful…
On History in Southwest Archaeology
As an introduction to the Handbook, this chapter examines the question of history in Southwest archaeology in two senses. First, it traces the intellectual history of research in the region: from the nineteenth-century inauguration of Southwest archaeology as an extension of American military conquest, to the museum-oriented expeditions of the turn of the century, to the scientific advances and the growth of culture resource management during the…
Movement and Migration
Movement is a fundamental concept among Native peoples of the American Southwest, and early archaeologists adopted a strong interest in migration from Native groups with whom they interacted. Over the past two decades, southwest archaeologists have made significant contributions to method and theory in migration studies, including ways of identifying migrants as they move across the landscape, the ways in which migrants interact with Indigenous r…
Language delay and associated mother-child interactions
Forum on Women's Equity and Anthropological Praxis
Preservation and Research of Sacred Sites by the Zuni Indian Tribe of New Mexico
Sacred sites are important in the ceremonial life of the Zuni Indians of the American Southwest. To protect these sites, both on and off the Zuni Indian Reservation, the Zuni Tribe has used two research and management strategies: (1) historic preservation, and (2) legislation and litigation. In this article, the Zuni Tribe's use of historic preservation to manage sacred sites is analyzed using the report series of the Zuni Archaeology Program. Wh…
The Oxford Handbook of Southwest Archaeology
The Oxford Handbook of Southwest Archaeology collectively surveys the state of method, theory, and historical reconstruction in the archaeology of the American Southwest, a region that encompasses the Southwest United States and Northwest Mexico. Part I is comprised of an extended introductory chapter that traces the intellectual development of the discipline from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Archaeological research in the Southwest…
Territorial and Early Statehood Periods
The archaeology of the territorial and early statehood periods (1850–1917) in the American Southwest was virtually terra incognita until the advent of government-mandated archaeology in the 1960s. Subsequent work has shown that historical archaeology has much to contribute to a fuller understanding of this dynamic and formative time in U.S. history. Historical-archaeological investigations have demonstrated that although the United States formall…
Oral Traditions
Never before have oral narratives been more important in Southwest archaeology than they are today. Spoken histories—variously known as oral traditions, oral histories, Native literature, and verbal arts—play key roles in fostering a dialogue between descendant communities and archaeologists, affording broader anthropological understandings of Native cultures and their heritage, and providing novel and more informed understandings of the past. Ul…
Spirits
This chapter explores how the lives of ancient peoples in the Southwest were guided by their engagement with spirit worlds. From artifacts to architecture, the material record reflects visions of the universe, mythological narratives, and otherworldly entities. As archaeology has turned its attention to ancient religion and ritual, Southwest scholars are expanding their interpretations of these central dimensions of ancient ecologies. This theore…
Cooking Technologies
Inferences regarding pre-colonial southwestern cooking are limited by preservation and the ambiguity of multiple-use features. Documented techniques are stone boiling, pit roasting, boiling in pottery jars, and heating on comals or griddle stones, with fermentation as an additional food-processing category. The plastic nature of pottery allowed the design of vessel forms specifically for cooking, but storage rather than cooking was the original i…
History, Memory, and Querencia
Archaeologists, historians, and geographers link Hispano or vecino ethnogenesis in the late eighteenth century to the occupation of a land base, while at the heart of modern Nuevomexicano identity formation is the paradoxical condition of being simultaneously dispossessed and place-based. The modern Hispano ethnoscape combines themes of land loss, displacement, and a deep longing to remain on the land, captured by the term querencia, which refers…
Sonoran Pre-Hispanic Traditions
The international border between the United States and Mexico has no meaning for the Aboriginal history of the Southwest/Northwest. It has, however, greatly limited the amount of archaeology done in northern Mexico. Since the 1980s, Mexican and U.S. archaeologists have done increasing amounts of research in the Mexican state of Sonora. Here they have developed an international collaborative practice of archaeology unique in North America. Sonora …
Chihuahuan Archaeology
Northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, and the U.S. Southwest share broadly similar pre-colonial cultures and sequences of change. In fact, the present-day international boundary artificially divides a single culture area. Even so, northwestern Chihuahua is not simply a southern extension of the U.S. Southwest. This chapter reviews the past of northwestern Chihuahua from the early pre-ceramic era through late pre-Hispanic times, showing how these cultur…
Translating Tribal Values
Tribal governments in the Southwest employ a number of individuals to help with the preservation of tribal values and places. In this chapter, Theresa Pasqual, former director of Acoma Pueblo’s Historic Preservation Office and an Acoma tribal member, talks about her professional pathway, how Acoma has worked with other tribes to protect traditional cultural properties (TCPs), the challenges that tribes face in implementing the National Environmen…
Plants
Beginning 4,000 or more years ago in the U.S. Southwest and Mexican Northwest, the most varied and sustained interactions between regional inhabitants and the plants of their environments took place within the context of agricultural economies. Even though a recurrent paradigm portrays the Southwest/Northwest as harsh and agriculturally marginal, the region is rich in the archaeological legacy of Indigenous cultivators who produced harvests over …
The Built Environment
The most intensively studied societies within Southwest archaeology—the Ancestral “Pueblos”—have been defined by their architecture. Stark village ruins of stone and adobe, some perched high in cliff settings, dot much of the region and are today its major tourist attractions. But as this chapter demonstrates, the architecture and built landscapes of the greater Southwest were vastly more diverse, ranging from the ephemeral wikiup-like structures…
Hopi History Prior to 1600
The Hopi region is an iconic “tribal” society of the Southwest, with geographic and cultural continuity stretching back more than a millennium. The tribe has been the subject of ethnographic and archaeological study for more than 100 years, featuring a uniquely long-running dialogue with oral tradition and blurring of boundaries between ethnography and archaeology. The Hopi population stems from a combination of local groups and diverse immigrant…
Pobladores of New Mexico
Eighteenth-century New Mexican buffer villages located on the most exposed margins of the Spanish colony were built by pluralistic communities that included people of Spanish descent, nomadic Native American groups, and Pueblo allies. These grants of land on the late colonial frontier were settled by communities for whom an ability to mobilize multiple and situational identities was a critical survival skill during a time of increased captive rai…
Preclassic Hohokam
The establishment of the first permanent farming villages in the southern Southwest coincided with the emergence of the Hohokam cultural tradition. This chapter examines the environmental, demographic, and social processes that shaped the development of Hohokam culture. Special attention is paid to the timing and tempo of cultural change across the region. Three periods of rapid change are discussed—the first associated with the establishment of …
The Early Agricultural Period
Continuing research on the Early Agricultural period has bolstered our understanding of early farming technology, community structure, and chronology. Environmental factors clearly affected the pace of agriculture’s spread, as did social interaction and population movement. Recent projects have contributed new information on how irrigation communities were organized, and how early farmers worked on the landscape. Much of the research conducted ov…
Mesoamerican Connections
This chapter reviews the evidence for Mesoamerican presence or influence in the U.S. Southwest. Objects, symbols, and practices of apparent Mesoamerican origin, especially in the Hohokam region, include copper bells, macaws, shell trumpets, and other similar objects. The explanations that archaeologists have proposed for such presence come down to agricultural displacement, trade, and coercive domination. The review shows that Mesoamerican connec…
Navajo Archaeology
The dominant anthropological and archaeological narrative of “Navajo” culture is that upon entering the northwestern New Mexico in the sixteenth century, bands of Athapaskan hunter-gatherers began an acculturative process that led them to adopt and assimilate Pueblo, Spanish, Mexican, and American cultural institutions. The anthropological and archaeological concept “Navajo,” created through Western scholarship by non-Diné, does not align with Di…
Early Colonial Period
An unfortunate conceptual divide within archaeological scholarship has traditionally divided Native history into “before” and “after” European colonialism. Past research emphasized the disruption wrought by the arrival of Europeans in the Southwest via the introduction of epidemic diseases, market economies, material goods, and alien plants and animals. Recent research emphasizes that many of the early colonial period strategies for cultural pers…
Agricultural Landscapes
The discussion in this chapter is based on the premise that agricultural landscapes are the foundations of the economies, social organizations, and cultural identities of farming communities. It reviews selected archaeological districts between Sonora and the northern Rio Grande in which technologically diverse agricultural features, including trincheras, terraces, rock-bordered grids, gravel mulches, and canals, are well documented. This examina…
The Zuni/Cibola Region
The Zuni/Cibola region of eastern Arizona and western New Mexico was the setting for some of the earliest formal archaeological investigations in the U.S. Southwest. From the outset, research in the region has been regional in scope, focusing in particular on issues of population movement, community organization, and social identity. Importantly, although the Cibola region is often treated as a single unit of analysis, the regional boundaries are…
The Earliest People in the Southwest
Paleoindian occupations across the Southwest are known largely from surface artifact collections because relatively few in situ sites are known. Clovis is the exception, with one of the world’s highest concentrations of Clovis mammoth kills occurring in southeast Arizona (Murray Springs, Naco, and Lehner). Otherwise Clovis is thinly scattered across New Mexico, Chihuahua, and Sonora. Folsom is the most common Paleoindian projectile point type in …
Ndee (Apache) Archaeology
Despite abundant historical interest in Apache subjugation and early reservation periods, Apache persists as a lacuna in Southwest archaeology. Vexing conceptual and practical challenges to site identification and analyses, coupled with a lack of research specifically focused on Apache histories, regions, and material cultures, have retarded the creation of archaeological knowledge comparable or even complementary to the richness and diversity of…
Archaeology (26 works) · Geography (25 works) · History (24 works) · Archaeology and Natural History (23 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (18 works) · Sociology (18 works) · Art (13 works) · Ethnology (13 works) · Political science (12 works) · Anthropology (11 works)