Todd W Hall
Biographic Data
| ID | 368743 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Todd W Hall |
| GIVEN NAMES | Todd W |
| FAMILY NAME | Hall |
| SIGNATURE | HALL T W |
| AFFILIATIONS | Biola University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3870-8237 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 34 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 41 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 34 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1994 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Seeing oneself or others headed for hell or purgatory
Does teacher turnover relate to lower safety and quality in child care settings
Racial Disparities and Black Parents’ School Preferences
Nearly half of Black parents have access to public school choice, but choice may not provide equitable and supportive school environments. Qualitative research documents Black parents worries that majority-White schools with more resources and higher test scores may over-discipline, underestimate, and exclude their children. Yet large-scale studies rarely examine what Black families desire in potential schools, including how they navigate potenti…
Exploring User Perceptions of a Mobile App for Religious Practices
The purpose of this study was to explore the usage patterns of USA subscribers of an online religious/spiritual application (i.e., app; Pray.com) and the associations of app usage with physical health, mental health, spiritual health, and well-being outcomes. A total of 1031 subscribers participated in the survey about their engagement with the Pray.com app. Most of the respondents had been using the app between one and two years, and more than h…
A director like me
Is God Listening to My Prayers? Initial Validation of a Brief Measure of Perceived Divine Engagement and Disengagement in Response to Prayer
Does God listen and respond to prayers? This project provided initial validation for a brief measure of perceived divine engagement and disengagement in response to prayer. As part of a larger project on religious/spiritual struggles among U.S. undergraduates, we used Sample 1 (n = 400) for exploratory factor analysis and Sample 2 (n = 413) for confirmatory factor analysis and initial validity testing. A two-factor model with four items per facto…
The role of attachment to God and spiritual self-awareness in predicting evangelical Christians’ appraisals of suffering
The present study examined how attachment to God and spiritual self-awareness are related to evangelical Christians’ appraisals of suffering. Specifically, we were interested in whether attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance with God were related to the appraised meaning of stressful life experiences as transformational and whether spiritual self-awareness mediated this relationship. A national sample (N = 988) of students from Christian ins…
Relational spirituality
Trajectories of Religious/Spiritual Struggles Between Years 1 and 2 of College
Religious and spiritual struggles involve tensions, conflicts, and strains pertaining to religious and spiritual life. This research examined whether broad measures of religiousness predicted differences in the development and resolution of struggles over 1 year in a sample of undergraduates (N = 451) from three U.S. universities: secular public (n = 146), secular private (n = 126), and faith-based Christian (n = 179). Latent class growth analyse…
The spiritual development of emerging adults over the college years
Spirituality at a crossroads
Trauma, Attachment, and Spirituality
The goal of this article is to illustrate the interaction between trauma, attachment, and spirituality, and to demonstrate how to address this interaction in long-term attachment-based psychoanalysis. Toward that end, this article briefly summarizes the convergence of attachment theory and psychoanalysis, and then reviews literature on attachment to God and trauma, including complex traumatic stress. We then present an in-depth case study of a pa…
The Multidimensional Structure of the Quest Construct
The study of religious motivation has been an important area of research in the psychology of religion since Allport and Ross (1967) developed their measure of intrinsic/extrinsic religion. Batson (1976) expanded the model of religious motivation by proposing the quest construct and its measurement with the Interactional Scale. Two additional measures of quest were developed by Altemeyer and Hunsberger (1992) and Dudley and Cruise (1990). Questio…
Adult Attachment, God Attachment and Gender in Relation to Perceived Stress
This study examines whether adult attachment, God attachment and gender are related to perceived stress. Based on the literature on these variables, it was expected that adult and God attachment would predict perceived stress, that God attachment would have incremental validity over adult attachment in predicting perceived stress and that gender would be a moderator in the relationship between attachment and perceived stress. Two hundred seventy-…
Attachment to God and Implicit Spirituality
This article empirically investigates two alternative, competing hypotheses regarding human attachment patterns and attachment patterns with respect to people's spiritual experiences of relationship with God. The correspondence model posits that attachment patterns with humans correspond to, or are reflected in attachment patterns in individuals’ experiences of God. The compensation model, in contrast proposes that attachment patterns with humans…
Chapter 4. Attachment Psychotherapy and God Image
This chapter integrates attachment theory, emotional information processing theory, and affective neuroscience in order to provide a theoretical framework for understanding the development and transformation of God image. Repeated relational experiences with primary caregivers are encoded subsymbolically as "implicit relational representations" or a visceral sense of what it is like to be a self with others. These implicit relational representati…
Psychoanalysis, Attachment, and Spirituality Part I
Two broad relational traditions emerged in post-Freudian psychoanalysis: a broad group of relational theories, represented by Fairbairn's (1952) object relations theory, that remained within the field of psychoanalysis, and John Bowlby's attachment theory, that split off from psychoanalysis. Both of these traditions emerged simultaneously, predominantly in the 1940s, and developed in parallel in virtual isolation from each other. In this article,…
Psychoanalysis, Attachment, and Spirituality Part II
Psychoanalysis and attachment theory both developed independently as relational traditions within the confines of their own disciplinary walls (see Hall, 2007, this issue). While both traditions were “doing their own thing,” in relative ignorance of the other, several other revolutions were occurring that turned out to pave a bridge that was already being built between these two theoretical highways. Recent developments in neuroscience, emotion r…
The 16PF and Marital Satisfaction Inventory as Predictors of Missionary Job Success
The present study evaluated the 16PF and Marital Satisfaction Inventory (MSI) in terms of their ability to predict missionary success, as measured by supervisor evaluations and attrition data. A sample of 158 missionary candidates from a large, evangelical mission agency completed the 16PF and the MSI as part of the application process to become career missionaries. The supervisor's recommendations for return to the team were positively correlate…
An Item Response Theory Analysis of the Spiritual Assessment Inventory
Item response theory (IRT) was applied to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Assessment Inventory (SAI; Hall & Edwards, 1996 Hall, T. W. and Edwards, K. J. 1996. The initial development and factor analysis of the spiritual assessment inventory. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 24: 233–246. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2002 Hall, T. W. and Edwards, K. J. 2002. The spiritual assessment inventory: A theist…
The role of spiritual and psychological development in the cross-cultural adjustment of missionaries
The present study investigated the relationship between spiritual development, and both psychological development and cross-cultural adjustment in a group of missionaries. It was hypothesized that spiritual development would be positively related to psychological development as viewed from a relational psychodynamic perspective. It was also hypothesized that spiritual development would be positively related to psychological and sociocultural cros…
Referential Integration
This article contends that the field of integration needs to examine the processes involved in achieving unified conceptual truths about human nature. A theory of emotional information processing (Bucci, 1997) that incorporates the concept of implicit relational knowledge is used to examine different models of integration. The authors argue that manipulative integration models tend to rely on linear, verbal (symbolic) processing, whereas non-mani…
Depressive Symptoms and Marital Satisfaction
Given the emphasis on within-subject associations between depression and marital quality in recent theory and practice, this study was undertaken with three goals: to examine within-subject associations between depressive symptoms and marital quality over time, to address gender differences in the magnitude and direction of these associations, and to determine whether neuroticism moderates the strength of these associations. A total of 164 newly …
The Spiritual Assessment Inventory
The Spiritual Assessment Inventory (SAI) is a relationally-based measure designed to assess two dimensions of spiritual development: Awareness of God and Quality of Relationship with God. The present article reports the results of two studies: exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of a revised SAI, which replicated five factors, and a factor analysis of a revised SAI with a new Impression Management (IM) subscale. Results supported the fac…
Measuring Religion and Spirituality
While the measurement of religion and spirituality has made significant progress in the past few decades, we have seen increasing criticism of the dominant paradigm in the psychology of religion–intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness. A variety of new measures have been developed, notwithstanding Gorsuch's (1984) admonition to the contrary. Religion and its post-modern offspring (spirituality) has become intensely personal, and the direction of th…
The Spiritual Assessment Inventory
The Spiritual Assessment Inventory (SAI) is a relationally-based measure designed to assess two dimensions of spiritual development: Awareness of God and Quality of Relationship with God. The present article reports the results of two studies: exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of a revised SAI, which replicated five factors, and a factor analysis of a revised SAI with a new Impression Management (IM) subscale. Results supported the fac…
Trajectories of Religious/Spiritual Struggles Between Years 1 and 2 of College
Religious and spiritual struggles involve tensions, conflicts, and strains pertaining to religious and spiritual life. This research examined whether broad measures of religiousness predicted differences in the development and resolution of struggles over 1 year in a sample of undergraduates (N = 451) from three U.S. universities: secular public (n = 146), secular private (n = 126), and faith-based Christian (n = 179). Latent class growth analyse…
The relationship of spiritual maturity to level of object relations development and God image
An Empirical Exploration of Psychoanalysis and Religion
Todd W. Hall, Beth Fletcher Brokaw, Keith J. Edwards, Patricia L. Pike, An Empirical Exploration of Psychoanalysis and Religion: Spiritual Maturity and Object Relations Development, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Jun., 1998), pp. 303-313
An Item Response Theory Analysis of the Spiritual Assessment Inventory
Item response theory (IRT) was applied to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Assessment Inventory (SAI; Hall & Edwards, 1996 Hall, T. W. and Edwards, K. J. 1996. The initial development and factor analysis of the spiritual assessment inventory. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 24: 233–246. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2002 Hall, T. W. and Edwards, K. J. 2002. The spiritual assessment inventory: A theist…
A director like me
Assessment of Religious Dimensions in Christian Clients
Due to recent changes within the field of psychology, namely, the inclusion of religion as a human difference within the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, as well as the inclusion of “Religious or Spiritual Problem” as a V-code in the DSM-IV, the understanding and effective treatment of people of faith has been elevated as a clinical issue. Measures of religious dimensions and spirituality can be very helpful in working wit…
The relationship of spiritual maturity to level of object relations development and God image
The Initial Development and Factor Analysis of the Spiritual Assessment Inventory
The present article reports the development and factor analyses of a new, theoretically-based measure of spiritual maturity viewed from a Judeo-Christian perspective and designed for clinical use by pastoral counselors and psychotherapists, as well as researchers. The Spiritual Assessment Inventory (SAI) is based on a model of spiritual maturity that integrates relational maturity from an object relations perspective and experiential God-awarenes…
Integration in the Therapy Room
Clinical integration refers to the incorporation of religious or spiritual beliefs, values, and methods into the process of psychotherapy that results in a different way of being as a therapist, understanding the client, and/or doing therapy. Two goals are pursued in this article: (a) to provide an overview of what has been done in clinical integration over the past 25 years; and (b) to point the reader to resources in each of the areas addressed…
The Personal Functioning of Pastors
The present article surveys the available empirical research on the personal (psychological/spiritual) functioning of pastors. The literature is divided into six major areas: emotional well-being, stress and coping, marital/divorce adjustment, family adjustment, burnout, and impairment. The research in each area is critically reviewed and summarized, and directions for future research are suggested. The primary conclusion is that interpersonal/re…
The Soul or Substantive Self as Experiencer, Actualizer, and Representative in Psychoanalytic Theory
Numerous prominent psychoanalytic theories of the self are reviewed and several problems with these conceptualizations are discussed. The essential problem highlighted is that various psychoanalytic theorists have identified self with three different conceptual categories: (a) self-representations, (b) subjective experiences, and (c) capacities. These categories have not yet been integrated in any meaningful way leaving psychoanalytic theorists d…
An Empirical Exploration of Psychoanalysis and Religion
Todd W. Hall, Beth Fletcher Brokaw, Keith J. Edwards, Patricia L. Pike, An Empirical Exploration of Psychoanalysis and Religion: Spiritual Maturity and Object Relations Development, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Jun., 1998), pp. 303-313
Christian Spirituality in a Postmodern Era
Measuring Religion and Spirituality
While the measurement of religion and spirituality has made significant progress in the past few decades, we have seen increasing criticism of the dominant paradigm in the psychology of religion–intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness. A variety of new measures have been developed, notwithstanding Gorsuch's (1984) admonition to the contrary. Religion and its post-modern offspring (spirituality) has become intensely personal, and the direction of th…
Christian Spirituality
The Spiritual Assessment Inventory
The Spiritual Assessment Inventory (SAI) is a relationally-based measure designed to assess two dimensions of spiritual development: Awareness of God and Quality of Relationship with God. The present article reports the results of two studies: exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of a revised SAI, which replicated five factors, and a factor analysis of a revised SAI with a new Impression Management (IM) subscale. Results supported the fac…
Depressive Symptoms and Marital Satisfaction
Given the emphasis on within-subject associations between depression and marital quality in recent theory and practice, this study was undertaken with three goals: to examine within-subject associations between depressive symptoms and marital quality over time, to address gender differences in the magnitude and direction of these associations, and to determine whether neuroticism moderates the strength of these associations. A total of 164 newly …
Referential Integration
This article contends that the field of integration needs to examine the processes involved in achieving unified conceptual truths about human nature. A theory of emotional information processing (Bucci, 1997) that incorporates the concept of implicit relational knowledge is used to examine different models of integration. The authors argue that manipulative integration models tend to rely on linear, verbal (symbolic) processing, whereas non-mani…
The role of spiritual and psychological development in the cross-cultural adjustment of missionaries
The present study investigated the relationship between spiritual development, and both psychological development and cross-cultural adjustment in a group of missionaries. It was hypothesized that spiritual development would be positively related to psychological development as viewed from a relational psychodynamic perspective. It was also hypothesized that spiritual development would be positively related to psychological and sociocultural cros…
Chapter 4. Attachment Psychotherapy and God Image
This chapter integrates attachment theory, emotional information processing theory, and affective neuroscience in order to provide a theoretical framework for understanding the development and transformation of God image. Repeated relational experiences with primary caregivers are encoded subsymbolically as "implicit relational representations" or a visceral sense of what it is like to be a self with others. These implicit relational representati…
Psychoanalysis, Attachment, and Spirituality Part I
Two broad relational traditions emerged in post-Freudian psychoanalysis: a broad group of relational theories, represented by Fairbairn's (1952) object relations theory, that remained within the field of psychoanalysis, and John Bowlby's attachment theory, that split off from psychoanalysis. Both of these traditions emerged simultaneously, predominantly in the 1940s, and developed in parallel in virtual isolation from each other. In this article,…
Psychoanalysis, Attachment, and Spirituality Part II
Psychoanalysis and attachment theory both developed independently as relational traditions within the confines of their own disciplinary walls (see Hall, 2007, this issue). While both traditions were “doing their own thing,” in relative ignorance of the other, several other revolutions were occurring that turned out to pave a bridge that was already being built between these two theoretical highways. Recent developments in neuroscience, emotion r…
The 16PF and Marital Satisfaction Inventory as Predictors of Missionary Job Success
The present study evaluated the 16PF and Marital Satisfaction Inventory (MSI) in terms of their ability to predict missionary success, as measured by supervisor evaluations and attrition data. A sample of 158 missionary candidates from a large, evangelical mission agency completed the 16PF and the MSI as part of the application process to become career missionaries. The supervisor's recommendations for return to the team were positively correlate…
An Item Response Theory Analysis of the Spiritual Assessment Inventory
Item response theory (IRT) was applied to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Assessment Inventory (SAI; Hall & Edwards, 1996 Hall, T. W. and Edwards, K. J. 1996. The initial development and factor analysis of the spiritual assessment inventory. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 24: 233–246. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2002 Hall, T. W. and Edwards, K. J. 2002. The spiritual assessment inventory: A theist…
Attachment to God and Implicit Spirituality
This article empirically investigates two alternative, competing hypotheses regarding human attachment patterns and attachment patterns with respect to people's spiritual experiences of relationship with God. The correspondence model posits that attachment patterns with humans correspond to, or are reflected in attachment patterns in individuals’ experiences of God. The compensation model, in contrast proposes that attachment patterns with humans…
Adult Attachment, God Attachment and Gender in Relation to Perceived Stress
This study examines whether adult attachment, God attachment and gender are related to perceived stress. Based on the literature on these variables, it was expected that adult and God attachment would predict perceived stress, that God attachment would have incremental validity over adult attachment in predicting perceived stress and that gender would be a moderator in the relationship between attachment and perceived stress. Two hundred seventy-…
The Multidimensional Structure of the Quest Construct
The study of religious motivation has been an important area of research in the psychology of religion since Allport and Ross (1967) developed their measure of intrinsic/extrinsic religion. Batson (1976) expanded the model of religious motivation by proposing the quest construct and its measurement with the Interactional Scale. Two additional measures of quest were developed by Altemeyer and Hunsberger (1992) and Dudley and Cruise (1990). Questio…
Trauma, Attachment, and Spirituality
The goal of this article is to illustrate the interaction between trauma, attachment, and spirituality, and to demonstrate how to address this interaction in long-term attachment-based psychoanalysis. Toward that end, this article briefly summarizes the convergence of attachment theory and psychoanalysis, and then reviews literature on attachment to God and trauma, including complex traumatic stress. We then present an in-depth case study of a pa…
The spiritual development of emerging adults over the college years
Spirituality at a crossroads
Psychology (31 works) · Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology (26 works) · Social Psychology (23 works) · Spirituality (15 works) · Attachment and Relationship Dynamics (11 works) · Epistemology (11 works) · Psychoanalysis (9 works) · Psychotherapist (9 works) · Clinical Psychology (8 works) · Medicine (8 works)