Abdullah Al Mamun

Biographic Data

ID	3697156
NAME	Abdullah Al Mamun
GIVEN NAMES	Abdullah
FAMILY NAME	Al Mamun
SIGNATURE	AL MAMUN A
AFFILIATIONS	The University of Queensland
ORCID	0000-0003-0126-4756
VERIFIED	Yes
TOTAL WORKS	67
TOTAL CITATIONS	11
AUTHOR COUNT	67
EDITOR COUNT	0
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR	2003
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR	2026
H-INDEX	2

Driving sustainable education with big data analytics: Empirical evidence from Malaysian higher learning institutions
Jayashree Sreenivasan, Sreenivasan Jayashree et al.ARTICLEInternational Journal of…2026
Purpose In recent years, big data analytics (BDA) has received significant attention in various industries, including education. However, research on the implementation of BDA to promote sustainability in the education sector is scarce. Thus, this study investigates the impact of success factors on BDA toward sustainable education in higher learning institutions (HLIs) in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach Based on a quantitative approach, thi…
Rising Prevalence of Premarital Sex and Its Correlates among Bangladeshi Reproductive-Aged Women: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys, 2011–2022
Open AccessAhbab Mohammad Fazle Rabbi, Abdullah Al Mamun et al.ARTICLEArchives of Sexual Behavior2026
The synergy of organizational justice, knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior among university lecturers
Open AccessYang Yang, Abdullah Al Mamun et al.ARTICLEActa Psychologica2026
In knowledge-intensive university settings, innovative work behavior (IWB) is essential for sustaining competitive advantage. This study investigates how six dimensions of organizational justice influence knowledge sharing (KS) and, subsequently, IWB among faculty members at Chinese universities, while also examining the moderating roles of transformational leadership and organizational learning culture. Employing purposive online sampling, data …
Behavioral insights into insurance purchase among flash flood survivors in Malaysia
Open AccessMahalasmi Radhakrishnan, Mohammad Nurul Hassan Reza et al.ARTICLEHumanities and Social Sciences…2025
A catastrophic flood is a notorious phenomenon with severe consequences for individuals and governments. Purchasing flood insurance can be a viable solution to mitigate the effects of such disasters. This study examines the factors that influence the purchase intention and behavior of flood insurance among people living in flash flood-prone areas. By integrating the protection motivation theory, a comprehensive model is proposed. Based on conveni…
Awareness of the government-introduced universal pension schemes among the adult population in Bangladesh: A nationwide cross-sectional survey
Open AccessSharmin Rima, Md Mahir Faysal et al.ARTICLESocial Sciences & Humanities Open2025
The Universal Pension Scheme (UPS) was launched in Bangladesh in August 2023 to enhance economic security for the aging population. Despite extensive government promotion, the participation rate remains low, underscoring the critical role of public awareness. Awareness is essential for engagement in any voluntary program and directly impacts its success and sustainability. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate awareness of the UPS and its cor…
The Moderating Role of Motivation Towards the Dynamism of Residents' Intention to Participate in Tourism Development in Langkawi Malaysia
Open AccessMerith Ifeoma Anaba, Muhammad Mehedi Masud et al.ARTICLEInternational Journal of Tourism…2025
Motivation is a crucial factor in encouraging local involvement in tourism progress, yet it is often overlooked in tourism literature. To address this gap, this research examines the moderating role of motivation in the relationship between opportunity, knowledge, social identity, attitude, expected benefits and willingness to participate in tourism expansion. Data from 382 respondents were collected and analysed using partial least squares struc…
Modelling the Intention and Adoption of Cashless Transactions through the Lens of Developing Nations
Open AccessNowshin Zarin, Hasibul Islam Russell et al.ARTICLEJournal of Posthumanism2025
This study examined the influence of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, social influence, perceived trust, perceived convenience, and emotional experience on intention to use and adoption of cashless transactions in Bangladesh. The present study used convenience sampling to collect quantitative data from 324 individuals in Bangladesh using structured interviews. Data was analyzed using PLS-SEM. Results revealed that perceived usefulness…
Understanding Violence Faced by the Sexual and Gender Minority Population in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A Phenomenological Study
Open AccessAbdullah Al Mamun, Mohammad Bellal HossainARTICLESexuality & Culture2025References: 7
Access to Potentially Harmful Online Content and Psychological Distress in Australian Older Adolescents: A Population-Based Study
Open AccessTuhin Biswas, Shannon L Edmed et al.ARTICLEChild Indicators Research2025References: 1
A cost-benefit analysis of flood early warning system: Evidence from lower Brahmaputra River Basin, Bangladesh
Open AccessAbu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam, Abdullah Al Mamun et al.ARTICLEInternational Journal of Disaster…2024
Highland communities’ climate change perceptions, climatic shocks and livelihood practices during Covid-19 pandemic
Xuesong Zhang, Hongjie Peng et al.ARTICLELocal Environment2024
Highland areas are more susceptible to climate change impacts. This study investigates the highland communities’ climate change perceptions, climatic hazards, and livelihood practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a multi-stage random sampling technique, survey data were gathered from 425 respondents living in highland areas of Panchagarh district, a drought-prone region in Bangladesh. Perception analysis indicates that most respondents (77…
Anthelmintic screening of Bangladeshi medicinal plants and related phytochemicals using in vitro and in silico methods: An ethnobotanical perspective
Open AccessM Khairuzzaman, Md Mehedi Hasan et al.ARTICLEJournal of Ethnopharmacology2024
Socially responsible human resource management for sustainable performance in a moderated mediation mechanism
Open AccessAbdullah Al Mamun, Aftab Uddin et al.ARTICLESustainable Futures2024References: 5
This study examines Socially Responsible Human Resource Management (SRHRM) for the common good through the connections between the psychological green climate (PGC) and employee green behavior (EGB). In doing so, it explores the influence of SRHRM and PGC on EGB and sustainable performance (SP) as well as the moderating effect of PGC on EGB for organizing sustainable dimensions of HRM for environmental common goods. Drawing on the notion of the c…
The Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Employment, Evidence from South Asian Countries based on Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panel
Open AccessMd Nadim Uddin, Abdullah Al MamunARTICLEJournal of South Asian Studies2023
Being the most populous region, South Asia is home to one-fourth of the population in the world. Along with the aforementioned feature, South Asia is becoming one of the most climatic-hazard-prone regions on the planet. Hence, this study attempts to analyse empirically how economic performance and climate change affect employment in the agriculture sector. The study includes seven South Asian countries’ data, excluding the Maldives, from 1992 to …
Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Employment in South Asia
Open AccessMd Nadim Uddin, Abdullah Al MamunARTICLEJournal of South Asian Studies2023
This study attempts to analyse empirically how economic performance and climate change affect employment in the agriculture sector. The study includes seven South Asian countries’ data, excluding the Maldives, from 1992 to 2021 by applying the most widely used Panel ARDL that involved pooled mean group (PMG) estimation. In the short-run, the effect of past year employment and temperature is positive, whereas GDP per capita is negatively related t…
People’s Perceptions and Coping Strategies During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Phenomenological-Longitudinal Study in Bangladesh
Open AccessTaslima Jannat, Nor Asiah Omar et al.ARTICLEOMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying2023
By emphasizing the Terror Management Theory, this study investigated the participants' perceptions, psychological experiences, coping strategies, and behavioral changes during the pandemic in Bangladesh in two phases: first, after the pandemic's immediate outbreak, and second, after 3 months of the pandemic (daily infection cases were very high). To perform the research, an empirical-phenomenological method was used. Findings indicate that at the…
Covid-19 preventive behavior among university students in Southeast Asia: Effects of knowledge, concern, awareness, and perceived risk
Open AccessAbdullah Al Mamun, Naeem Hayat et al.ARTICLEFrontiers in Public Health2022
The persistent rise of pandemics across the globe in recent times has led to the prescription of several collaborative preventive strategies to reduce the effect that the pandemic has on public health. Consistent monitoring and surveillance appear to be the only available approach to detecting and classifying the issues of public health threats. Global pandemic threats demand public co-operation to take preventive actions at a personal level so t…
Modeling the adoption of medical wearable devices among the senior adults: Using hybrid SEM-neural network approach
Open AccessZou Xinyan, Abdullah Al Mamun et al.ARTICLEFrontiers in Public Health2022
The world is witnessing an increasing number of senior adult residents who experience health issues. Healthcare innovation facilitates monitoring the health conditions of senior adults and reducing the burden on healthcare institutions. The study explored the effect of health improvement expectancy, effort expectancy, price value, perceived vulnerability, health consciousness, and perceived reliability on the intention and adoption of medical wea…
How health motivation moderates the effect of intention and usage of wearable medical devices? An empirical study in Malaysia
Open AccessNaeem Hayat, Noor Raihani Zainol et al.ARTICLEFrontiers in Public Health2022
Mobile technology is popular because it facilitates users in multiple ways. This technology is revolutionising the healthcare industry, and mobile-based wearable medical devices (WMDs) are becoming common. Technology adoption is always challenging, and technology value is based on the technology attributes and personal inclination towards using the technology. This study investigates how the perceived product value is influenced by compatibility,…
Modeling the Intention and Adoption of Wearable Fitness Devices: A Study Using SEM-PLS Analysis
Open AccessQing Yang, Abdullah Al Mamun et al.ARTICLEFrontiers in Public Health2022
Wearable fitness devices (WFDs) are prevalent personal technology that empowers the users' management and supervision of their personal health. The current study explored the impact of health consciousness, health motivation, perceived cost, compatibility, usefulness, and perceived technology accuracy with the intention to use the WFDs. Furthermore, the users' conspicuous consumption and intention promote the usage of WFDs. A cross-sectional and …
Predicting the Willingness and Purchase of Travel Insurance During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Open AccessAbdullah Al Mamun, Munshi Khaledur Rahman et al.ARTICLEFrontiers in Public Health2022
This study explored the willingness and purchase of travel insurance during the COVID-19 pandemic amongst working adults to ensure their safety and welfare through the lens of the theory of planned behavior. Primary data were gathered from 1,118 working adults across Malaysia and analyzed using the partial least squares structural equation modeling. The study outcomes revealed that attitude toward travel insurance was significantly influenced by …
Predicting the Mass Adoption of eDoctor Apps During Covid-19 in China Using Hybrid SEM-Neural Network Analysis
Open AccessQing Yang, Abdullah Al Mamun et al.ARTICLEFrontiers in Public Health2022
Technology plays an increasingly important role in our daily lives. The use of technology-based healthcare apps facilitates and empowers users to use such apps and saves the burden on the public healthcare system during COVID-19. Through technology-based healthcare apps, patients can be virtually connected to doctors for medical services. This study explored users' intention and adoption of eDoctor apps in relation to their health behaviors and h…
Transition in social risk factors and adolescent motherhood in low- income and middle- income countries: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey data, 1996–2018
Open AccessM Mamun Huda, Jocelyn E Finlay et al.ARTICLEPLOS Global Public Health2022
Understanding the dynamics of social risk factors in the occurrence of adolescent motherhood is vital in designing more appropriate prevention initiatives in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed this study to examine the transition of social risk factors and their association with adolescent motherhood in LMICs since the initiation of the MDGs. We analysed 119967 adolescent girls (15–19 years) from 40-nationally representative…
Variation in the prevalence of different forms of bullying victimisation among adolescents and their associations with family, peer and school connectedness: A population-based study in 40 lower and m…
Open AccessTuhin Biswas, Hannah J Thomas et al.ARTICLEJournal of Child & Adolescent…2022
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40653-022-00451-8
Integrating Population Health Strategies into Primary Care: Impact on Outcomes and Hospital Use for Low-Income Adults
Heather Kitzman, Kristen M Tecson et al.ARTICLEEthnicity & Disease2022
Integrating population health services into the PCMH can improve chronic disease outcomes, and impact hospital utilization and cost in un- or under-insured populations

Obesity in Adulthood and Its Consequences for Life Expectancy: A Life-Table Analysis
Open AccessAlexis Peeters, Anna Peeters et al.ARTICLEAnnals of Internal Medicine2003
BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity in adulthood are linked to an increased risk for death and disease. Their potential effect on life expectancy and premature death has not yet been described. OBJECTIVE: To analyze reductions in life expectancy and increases in premature death associated with overweight and obesity at 40 years of age. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The Framingham Heart Study with follow-up from 1948 to 1990. PARTICIPA…
Socioeconomic Position, Cognitive Function, and Clustering of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescence: Findings From the Mater University Study of Pregnancy and Its Outcomes
Deborah A Lawlor, Debbie A Lawlor et al.ARTICLEPsychosomatic Medicine2005
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to examine the extent of clustering of smoking, high levels of television watching, overweight, and high blood pressure among adolescents and whether this clustering varies by socioeconomic position and cognitive function. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional analysis of 3613 (1742 females) participants of an Australian birth cohort who were examined at age 14. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-three …
Does maternal smoking during pregnancy predict the smoking patterns of young adult offspring? A birth cohort study
Abdullah Al Mamun, Frances O’Callaghan et al.ARTICLETobacco Control2006
The findings provide some evidence for a direct effect of maternal smoking in utero on the development of smoking behaviour patterns of offspring and provide yet another incentive to persuade pregnant women not to smoke
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Cannabis Use in Early Adulthood: Findings from an Australian Birth Cohort Study
Open AccessMohammad R Hayatbakhsh, J M Najman et al.ARTICLEArchives of Sexual Behavior2009Cited by: 1References: 32
Is the New Age phenomenon connected to delusion-like experiences? Analysis of survey data from Australia
Robert Aird, Rosemary L Aird et al.ARTICLEMental Health Religion & Culture2010
Recent studies have shown that delusion-like experiences (DLEs) are common among general populations. This study investigates whether the prevalence of these experiences are linked to the embracing of New Age thought. Logistic regression analyses were performed using data derived from a large community sample of young adults (N = 3777). Belief in a spiritual or higher power other than God was found to be significantly associated with endorsement …
Angular Photogrammetric Analysis of the Facial Profile of the Adult Bangladeshi Garo
Open AccessMussammat Afsana Ferdousi, Abdullah Al Mamun et al.ARTICLEAdvances in Anthropology2013
The analysis of facial soft tissue from the photographic records gives information about the standard normative values of different facial parameters of a specific population group, helps in the diagnosis of any abnormalities of face and also helps for the treatment plan of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment or facial plastic surgery. The aim of the present study was to measure some craniofacial angles of the Bangladeshi Garo males and fem…
Television watching from adolescence to adulthood and its association with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and obesity: A longitudinal study
Open AccessAbdullah A Mamun, Abdullah Al Mamun et al.ARTICLEPublic Health Nutrition2013
Objective To examine the prospective association of television (TV) watching from adolescence to young adulthood with BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and obesity. Design A community-based longitudinal cohort study. Setting Mater–University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) Cohort, Brisbane, Australia. Subjects A sub-sample of 2439 children was followed up at ages 14 years and 21 years as part of a population-based bi…
Trajectories and Predictors of Women’s Depression Following the Birth of an Infant to 21 Years: A Longitudinal Study
Open AccessAnn M Kingsbury, Reza Hayatbakhsh et al.ARTICLEMaternal and Child Health Journal2014
Socio-cultural acceptance of appropriate technology: Identifying and prioritizing barriers for widespread use of the urine diversion toilets in rural Muslim communities of Bangladesh
Open AccessSayed Mohammad Nazim Uddin, Victor S Muhandiki et al.ARTICLETechnology in Society2014Cited by: 4References: 12
Evaluating local rules and practices for avoiding tragedies in small-scale fisheries of oxbow lakes, Southern Bangladesh
Open AccessAbdullah Al Mamun, Abdullah‐Al Mamun et al.ARTICLEInternational Journal of the…2015
One of the key issues facing fishery managers, policy-makers and researchers has been acknowledging local institutions and rule systems for managing common pool resources. In this paper, we discuss local institutions and rule systems of community fisheries from two oxbow lake Fisheries in Southern Bangladesh. Both of the fisheries have been under private and state management systems resulting in different management outcomes. Control of fishers a…
The role of maternal education in the 15‐year trajectory of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age in B angladesh
Open AccessMd Tanvir Hasan, Tanvir Hasan et al.ARTICLEMaternal and Child Nutrition2015
Malnutrition in children under 5 years of age (U5s) is a serious public health problem in low- and middle-income countries including Bangladesh. Improved maternal education can contribute effectively to reduce child malnutrition. We examined the long-term impact of maternal education on the risk of malnutrition in U5s and quantified the level of education required for the mothers to reduce the risk. We used pooled data from five nationwide demogr…
Diarrhoea and smoking: An analysis of decades of observational data from Bangladesh
Open AccessSumon Kumar Das, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti et al.ARTICLEBMC Public Health2015
The aetiology and severity of diarrhoeal disease differed between smokers and non-smokers in our sample. However, we found no dose-response relationship between disease severity and the number of cigarettes smoked per day
Forecasting the progress towards the target of Millennium Development Goal 1C in children under 5 years of age in Bangladesh
Open AccessMd Tanvir Hasan, Tanvir Hasan et al.ARTICLEPublic Health Nutrition2015
Objective To estimate the average annual rates of reduction of stunting, underweight and wasting for the period 1996 to 2011, and to evaluate whether Bangladesh will be expected to achieve the target of Millennium Development Goal 1C of reducing the prevalence of underweight by half by 2015. Design We used five nationwide, cross-sectional, Demographic and Health Survey data sets to estimate prevalence of undernutrition defined by stunting, underw…
Changing childhood malnutrition in Bangladesh: Trends over the last two decades in urban–rural differentials (1993–2012)
Open AccessSumon Kumar Das, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti et al.ARTICLEPublic Health Nutrition2015
Objective The present study determined trends in malnutrition among under-5 children in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Design Surveillance. Setting The study was conducted in the urban Dhaka and the rural Matlab hospitals of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, where every fiftieth patient and all patients coming from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System were enrolled. Subjects A total of 28 816 un…
Incidence and Risk of Depression Associated with Diabetes in Adults: Evidence from Longitudinal Studies
Open AccessSyed Shahzad Hasan, Abdullah A Mamun et al.ARTICLECommunity Mental Health Journal2015Cited by: 2References: 43
Entrepreneurial traits and micro-enterprise performance: A study among women micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia
Abdullah Al Mamun, Isidore EkpeARTICLEDevelopment in Practice2016References: 8
This article reports on a study that examined the effect of key entrepreneurial traits on the performance of micro-enterprises owned and managed by Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) women micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia. This study adopted a cross-sectional design and a quantitative approach, and collected data from 407 micro-entrepreneurs. The study findings revealed that an ability to identify and tap into entrepreneurial opportunity is the key ent…
Micro-enterprise development initiatives and entrepreneurial competencies, innovativeness, and social capital in Malaysia
Abdullah Al Mamun, Rajennd Muniady et al.ARTICLEDevelopment in Practice2016Cited by: 1References: 14
This article examines the effect of participation in development programmes designed for women micro-entrepreneurs on the development of entrepreneurial competencies, innovativeness, and social capital. The study employed a cross-sectional design and quasi-experimental approach, and collected data from 417 women micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Findings reveal that the participants possess a significantly higher level of social capital, innovativ…
Prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency among 6–24-month-old underweight and normal-weight children living in an urban slum of Bangladesh
Open AccessAM Shamsir Ahmed, Tahmeed Ahmed et al.ARTICLEPublic Health Nutrition2017
Objective We quantified the prevalence of vitamin D status in 6–24-month-old underweight and normal-weight children and identified the socio-economic and dietary predictors for status. Design Cross-sectional, baseline data from a nutritional intervention study were analysed. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of being vitamin D deficient or insufficient with the reference being vitamin D sufficient. Setting Urban slum a…
Double burden of underweight and overweight among Bangladeshi adults differs between men and women: Evidence from a nationally representative survey
Open AccessMohammad Enamul Hoque, Tanvir Hasan et al.ARTICLEPublic Health Nutrition2017
Objective To estimate the prevalence of underweight and overweight among Bangladeshi adults and to determine if the double burden of underweight and overweight differs by gender and other socio-economic characteristics of individuals. Design We used data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Multinominal logistic regression was used to examine associations between the different nutritional statuses of individuals and related det…
Non-farmed fish contribute to greater micronutrient intakes than farmed fish: Results from an intra-household survey in rural Bangladesh
Open AccessJessica Bogard, Jessica R Bogard et al.ARTICLEPublic Health Nutrition2017
Objective Fish is the most important animal-source food (ASF) in Bangladesh, produced from capture fisheries (non-farmed) and aquaculture (farmed) sub-sectors. Large differences in micronutrient content of fish species from these sub-sectors exist. The importance of fish in diets of vulnerable groups compared with other ASF; contribution from non-farmed and farmed species to nutrient intakes; and differences in fish consumption among age, gender,…
Hypertension and diabetes prevalence among adults with moderately increased BMI (23·0–24·9 kg/m 2 ): Findings from a nationwide survey in Bangladesh
Open AccessMuntasirur Rahman, Gail Williams et al.ARTICLEPublic Health Nutrition2017
Objective BMI is a proxy for fat accumulation in the body. Increased diabetes and CVD risks have been observed for Asian populations at lower BMI than the WHO-recommended BMI cut-off points for overweight (≥25·0 kg/m 2 ) and obesity (≥30·0 kg/m 2 ). The current study aimed to quantify the increased hypertension (HTN) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence in Bangladeshi adults with moderately increased BMI (23·0–24·9 kg/m 2 ). Design Data…
Examining the effectiveness of micro-enterprise development programs in Malaysia
Open AccessNoor Raihani Zainol, Abdullah Al Mamun et al.ARTICLEJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES2017Cited by: 2References: 11
Previous studies on socioeconomic development have examined the effect of development initiatives (i.e., access to finance and training) on several socioeconomic indicators (i.e., income, empowerment, asset, quality of life, employment). These studies have focused mostly on the outcomes of specific types of programs offered by specific development organizations. This study however focuses on informal women micro-entrepreneurs' participation in va…
Validating the Measurement of Entrepreneurial Orientation
Open AccessAbdullah Al Mamun, Naresh Kumar et al.ARTICLEEconomics & Sociology2017References: 7
The purpose of this paper is to report on the study carried out in order to develop a valid measure for entrepreneurial orientation, particularly in the context of low-income households in Malaysia. Most previous studies examined the constructs of risktaking and innovativeness as the components of entrepreneurial orientation; however, a scarce number of researchers focused on other significant attributes of entrepreneurial orientation, such as pr…
Non-timber forest products and village livelihoods in Rajasthan, India: Adaptation in a changing environment
D C Natcher, David Natcher et al.ARTICLEInternational Journal of…2018
This paper presents the results of research conducted between 2009 and 2014 in the village of Khanda Sharol in the state of Rajasthan, India. Our research objective was to determine how the livelihoods of village residents have been affected by the intensification of forest use, and the resulting loss of domestic access to traditionally used forest resources. Results indicate that changes in forest cover have resulted in a loss of livelihood opti…
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of malnutrition indicators in children under 5 years of age in Bangladesh, 1999–2011
Open AccessMd Tanvir Hasan, Tanvir Hasan et al.ARTICLEPublic Health Nutrition2018
Objective To examine changes in the spatial clustering of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age (under-5s) for the period 1999 to 2011 in Bangladesh. Design We used data from four nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 1999–2000, 2004, 2007 and 2011 in Bangladesh involving a total of 24 211 under-5s located in 1661 primary sampling units (PSU; geographical unit of analysis) throughout Bangladesh. The p…