Robert E Manning
Biographic Data
| ID | 3708239 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert E Manning |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert E |
| FAMILY NAME | Manning |
| SIGNATURE | MANNING R E |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Vermont |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 51 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 358 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 51 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1979 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
How to define urban park relevance? Examining and integrating US National Park Service and partner views on the goal of “relevance to all Americans”
Park agencies must consider their engagement strategies’ relevance. Urban and local relevance are enduring foci. Agencies thus collaborate with partners serving urban, local audiences to bridge the park-community boundary. Yet, relevance is relative. How, then, can views on park relevance from an agency and its partners be reconciled for a collaborative view of parks’ cityscape contributions? We examined this conundrum within the Urban Agenda of …
Brokers of relevance in National Park Service urban collaborative networks
Perry, E. E., D. H. Krymkowski, and R. E. Manning. 2019. Brokers of relevance in National Park Service urban collaborative networks. Ecology and Society 24(4):3. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11124-240403
The impact of spatial accessibility and perceived barriers on visitation to the US national park system
Public Awareness of and Visitation to National Parks by Racial/Ethnic Minorities
National parks are an important manifestation of the United States’ democratic ideal and attract more than 300 million visits annually. However, racial/ethnic minorities are substantially underrepresented among visitors, and this has led to three hypotheses—marginality, subculture, and discrimination—designed to help explain this pattern of visitation. Moreover, research suggests that the awareness of and visitation to national parks may relate t…
Effects of Transportation on Racial/Ethnic Diversity of National Park Visitors
The demographic composition of the United States is increasingly diverse, but racial/ethnic minority groups are substantially underrepresented in visiting national parks. Transportation is needed to provide access to national parks but may not be equally accessible to all groups in society. This study uses a general population survey of New York City residents to examine the role of transportation in visiting national parks by three racial/ethnic…
Barrier or bridge? The role of transportation in national park visitation by racial and ethnic groups
A cornerstone of US national parks is their democratic ideal; the country's most iconic history and natural features should be accessible to all. However, this ideal has not yet been fully realized. Racial/ethnic minorities are substantially underrepresented in the national parks, and lack of transportation may contribute to this issue. This study examines national park visitation patterns of three racial/ethnic groups (Hispanic, Black and White)…
An Identity-Based Conceptualization of Recreation Specialization
In this research, identity theory was adapted to reassess a conceptualization of recreation specialization. Past work has conceptualized the construct principally in terms of a combination of three components: conative (behavior, skill, centrality), cognitive (identity) and affect (attraction). Based on the tenets of identity theory, it was hypothesized that the identity-related facet influences other conative and affective specialization facets.…
Quantifying the Role of Viewing the Denali “Big 5” in Visitor Satisfaction and Awareness: Conservation Implications for Flagship Recognition and Resource Management
Wildlife viewing is a primary attraction at Denali National Park (DNP), with most visitors wishing to observe the “Big 5”: grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), wolf (Canis lupus), caribou (Rangifer tarandus), Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli), and moose (Alces alces gigas). This study explored the role of individual “Big 5” species on (a) visitors' wildlife viewing satisfaction, (b) overall trip satisfaction, and (c) awareness of fundamental purposes for est…
Studies in Outdoor Recreation: Search and Research for Satisfaction
Tradeoffs Among Resource, Social, and Managerial Conditions on Mountain Summits of the Northern Forest
This research examined the relative importance of indicators and standards of quality at three mountain summits in the Northern Forest. The three summits ranged from low to high levels of use, development, and management. Computer-generated photographs were used to present a range of resource, social, and managerial conditions in a stated choice survey. Results suggest that visitors prefer minimal resource impact, few other people, and low intens…
Motivation and Acceptability Norms of Human-Caused Sound in Muir Woods National Monument
Acceptability of sound, natural or human-caused, was predicted to vary by an individual's motivation for quiet at Muir Woods National Monument. This study used a dose-response methodology where visitors (n = 157; response rate = 54%) listened to five audio recordings varying in the percentage of time that human-caused sound was louder than natural sound (percent time above). Visitors then rated the acceptability (pleasing to annoying) of each rec…
Normative Standards for Wildlife Viewing in Parks and Protected Areas
With increasing public interest in wildlife watching, there is a need to develop methods to better inform management of quality viewing opportunities. In this study, normative methods using indicators and standards of quality are applied at two diverse parks/protected areas: a popular national park in Alaska and a lesser known wildlife refuge in New Hampshire. Three potential indicators of quality are identified that can be used to help define an…
Assessment and Monitoring of Recreation Impacts and Resource Conditions on Mountain Summits: Examples From the Northern Forest, USA
Mountain summits present a unique challenge to manage sustainably: they are ecologically important and, in many circumstances, under high demand for recreation and tourism activities. This article presents recent advances in the assessment of resource conditions and visitor disturbance in mountain summit environments, by drawing on examples from a multiyear, interdisciplinary study of summits in the northeastern United States. Primary impact issu…
Standards of Quality for Parks and Protected Areas: Applying Normative Theory and Methods in U.S. National Parks
Indicators and standards of quality have become an important component of contemporary management frameworks designed to help protect park resources and the quality of the visitor experience. Normative theory and related empirical methods have been adapted from sociology and applied to surveys of park visitors and other stakeholders to help guide the formulation of standards of quality. This article reviews this growing body of research and ident…
Norm Crystallization: Measurement and Comparative Analysis
Normative theory and methods have become increasingly important in outdoor recreation research and management as an approach to formulating standards of quality in parks and related areas. An important issue associated with this research is the level of agreement or consensus about social norms called crystallization. A new measure, Van der Eijk's measure of agreement (A), is proposed and applied in this study. A test of the effect of potential i…
Wildlife Feeding in Parks: Methods for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Educational Interventions and Wildlife Food Attraction Behaviors
Opportunities to view and interact with wildlife are often an important part of high quality recreational experiences. Such interactions frequently include wildlife feeding, resulting in food-conditioned behaviors that may cause harm to both wildlife and visitors. This study developed and applied efficient protocols for simultaneously evaluating wildlife feeding–related behaviors of visitors and related foraging behaviors of chipmunks along a tra…
Transportation and recreation: A case study of visitors driving for pleasure at Acadia National Park
Analysis of Multiple Data Sets in Outdoor Recreation Research: Introduction to the Special Issue
Outdoor recreation research has evolved and matured over the past several decades. The modern era of outdoor recreation research can be traced to the studies supporting the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRRC) in the early 1960s. Since that time, the scientific and professional literature has expanded dramatically and several trends in outdoor recreation research are evident. First, research has evolved from primarily descriptiv…
When Do Normative Standards Matter Most? Understanding the Role of Norm Strength at Multiple National Park Settings
Research has demonstrated variation in the prevalence, importance, and stability of normative standards across different settings and activities. None of these studies, however, has directly used the concept of norm strength to help explain this variation. This study used norm strength to explore variation in normative standards at 52 locations in 13 U.S. national parks. The analysis measured and supported five dimensions of norm strength: intens…
An Owner's Manual to “Ownership”: A Reply to Lachapelle and McCool
In a recent article in Society & Natural Resources, Lachapelle and McCool (2005) argue for developing the concept of “ownership” to address challenges and shortcomings in natural resource planning
Analysis of Multiple Data Sets in Outdoor Recreation Research
The modern era of outdoor recreation research can be traced to the studies supporting the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission in the early 1960s. Since that time, outdoor recreation rese
Benefits and Challenges of Computer Simulation Modeling of Backcountry Recreation Use in the Desolation Lake Area of the John Muir Wilderness
This paper describes the development and application of a computer-based simulation model of recreational use in the John Muir Wilderness Area in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA. The results of the study demonstrate, conceptually, how simulation modeling can be used as a tool for understanding existing visitor use patterns within the John Muir Wilderness Area, estimating the impact of increasing visitor use levels on management obj…
An Appraisal of the Critique of Anthropocentrism and Three Lesser Known Themes in Lynn White’s “The Historical Roots of our Ecologic Crisis”
Lynn White Jr.’s essay, “The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis,” which first appeared in Science in 1967, has long been a cornerstone in the environmental studies literature. Yet subsequent research in the natural and social sciences, as well as in the environmental humanities, challenges many of White’s key assumptions and claims in this classic article including the uniquely dynamic presence of humans within a stable natural order, the pe…
Testing the Dimensionality of Place Attachment in Recreational Settings
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the psychometric properties of a place-attachment scale using data collected from visitors to the Appalachian Trail in the United States. These data supported a correlated three-factor model consisting of place identity, place dependence, and social bonding. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was used to cross-validate the model using two sub-samples of the data. Latent factor means were also …
Effects of place attachment on users’ perceptions of social and environmental conditions in a natural setting
An Examination of the Relationship between Leisure Activity Involvement and Place Attachment among Hikers Along the Appalachian Trail
The place attachment construct has been used by leisure researchers and practitioners to refine our understanding of certain leisure behaviors for over two decades. Despite the construct's importance to natural resource-based leisure, little empirical work has appeared in the leisure literature examining the construct's antecedent processes; that is, the processes that lead to recreationists'; attachment to settings. This study examined one antec…
Effect of Activity Involvement and Place Attachment on Recreationists' Perceptions of Setting Density
Research examining recreationists' perceptions of setting density in outdoor recreation contexts has illustrated the influence of a number of factors. In this investigation we examined the effect of activity involvement and place attachment on hikers' perceptions of setting density using frameworks offered by social judgment and cognitive development theories. We hypothesized that respondents' perceptions of setting density would involve cognitiv…
Coping in Outdoor Recreation: Causes and Consequences of Crowding and Conflict Among Community Residents
Displacement, product shift, and rationalization are coping mechanisms that can be adopted in response to crowding and conflict in outdoor recreation. Using survey methods, this study found relatively high levels of adoption of coping mechanisms by residents of communities in and around Acadia National Park, Maine in response to perceived increases in 1) overall recreation use levels, 2) selected recreation activities and 3) selected problem beha…
Recreation Density and User Satisfaction: A Further Exploration of the Satisfaction Model
Concern over the effect of increased visitor density on user satisfaction has been based on an assumed inverse relationship between these two variables. This relationship is examined first conceptually through review of pertinent social-psychological and recreation literature. From this review it is concluded that density has little effect on any social dysfunctions until density reaches a level where it is perceived as crowded, and that the leve…
Predictors of Behavioral Loyalty Among Hikers Along the Appalachian Trail
In recent years, conceptual and empirical papers have begun to appear in the leisure literature examining the processes leading to the formation of recreationist loyalty. While this work is still in its infancy, current understanding suggests that leisure involvement plays a formative role in the development of social psychological commitment, which in turn, is an antecedent to loyalty to a brand or organization. In the context of natural resourc…
Use of Visual Research Methods to Measure Standards of Quality for Parks and Outdoor Recreation
Visual research methods have been adapted and incorporated into measuring standards of quality for parks and outdoor recreation. This paper reviews and assesses this research. Visual research methods offer several potential advantages over conventional narrative/numerical questions to measure standards of quality. For example, visual methods can help "standardize" such research, focus more directly and exclusively on the treatment variables under…
Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality
Indicators and standards of quality have emerged as key variables in defining and managing carrying capacity. Moreover, normative theory has been found useful when applied to the difficult task of setting standards of quality. However, the traditional numerical approach to measuring crowding and related norms has several potential shortcomings when applied to relatively high‐use areas such as frontcountry attraction sites. This study applies a vi…
Methodological Issues in Measuring Crowding-Related Norms in Outdoor Recreation
Based on theoretical and methodological similarities between research on recreationrelated norms and contingent valuation, three methodological issues--question format, starting point bias, and information bias--are explored as they apply to measuring crowding-related norms of visitors to two national parks. Few statistically or substantively significant differences in crowding-related norms were found to be associated with these methodological i…
An Identity-Based Conceptualization of Recreation Specialization
In this research, identity theory was adapted to reassess a conceptualization of recreation specialization. Past work has conceptualized the construct principally in terms of a combination of three components: conative (behavior, skill, centrality), cognitive (identity) and affect (attraction). Based on the tenets of identity theory, it was hypothesized that the identity-related facet influences other conative and affective specialization facets.…
Transportation and recreation: A case study of visitors driving for pleasure at Acadia National Park
Respondent Self-Assessment of Research on Crowding Norms in Outdoor Recreation
This study explores the validity of measuring crowding norms in outdoor recreation through the use of respondent self-assessment techniques. Review of the literature on crowding norms, and the related topic of contingent valuation, suggests a number of theoretical and methodological issues that can influence validity. Based on this literature review, measures of respondent self-assessment of crowding norms research are developed and applied at mu…
Norm Crystallization: Measurement and Comparative Analysis
Normative theory and methods have become increasingly important in outdoor recreation research and management as an approach to formulating standards of quality in parks and related areas. An important issue associated with this research is the level of agreement or consensus about social norms called crystallization. A new measure, Van der Eijk's measure of agreement (A), is proposed and applied in this study. A test of the effect of potential i…
Public Awareness of and Visitation to National Parks by Racial/Ethnic Minorities
National parks are an important manifestation of the United States’ democratic ideal and attract more than 300 million visits annually. However, racial/ethnic minorities are substantially underrepresented among visitors, and this has led to three hypotheses—marginality, subculture, and discrimination—designed to help explain this pattern of visitation. Moreover, research suggests that the awareness of and visitation to national parks may relate t…
Environmental Ethics Beyond Principle? The Case for a Pragmatic Contextualism
What to Do About Crowding and Solitude in Parks and Wilderness? A Reply to Stewart and Cole
Recent research by Stewart and Cole (2001) adds evidence that the number of encounters among park and wilderness visitors is negatively, but weakly-to-moderately related to visitor satisfaction. However, their conclusions—1) that there is little empirical evidence to support limits on park and wilderness use, and 2) surveys of park and wilderness visitors contribute little or nothing to resolving the issue of use limits—warrant further considerat…
Tradeoffs Among Social, Resource, and Management Attributes of the Denali Wilderness Experience: A Contextual Approach to Normative Research
Wilderness experiences are thought to be comprised of three primary dimensions, including social, resource, and management conditions. Decisions about how to manage wilderness recreation in Denali National Park and Preserve involve potential tradeoffs among these conditions. This study extends the normative approach to wilderness research by developing and applying a decision-making model that considers social, resource, and managerial attributes…
Pragmatism in Environmental Ethics: Democracy, Pluralism, and the Management of Nature
A growing number of contributors to environmental philosophy are beginning to rethink the field’s mission and practice. Noting that the emphasis of protracted conceptual battles over axiology may not get us very far in solving environmental problems, many environmental ethicists have begun to advocate a more pragmatic, pluralistic, and policy-based approach in philosophical discussions about human-nature relationships. In this paper, we argue for…
The impact of spatial accessibility and perceived barriers on visitation to the US national park system
Motivation and Acceptability Norms of Human-Caused Sound in Muir Woods National Monument
Acceptability of sound, natural or human-caused, was predicted to vary by an individual's motivation for quiet at Muir Woods National Monument. This study used a dose-response methodology where visitors (n = 157; response rate = 54%) listened to five audio recordings varying in the percentage of time that human-caused sound was louder than natural sound (percent time above). Visitors then rated the acceptability (pleasing to annoying) of each rec…
Differential Campsite Pricing: An Experiment
An experiment involving differential campsite fees was conducted in 14 Vermont state parks. Differential fees were based on historical campsite occupancy rates and ranged from $1 to $5. Campsite choice behavior was closely monitored. Differential fees were found to both shift campsite occupancy and raise campground revenues. Using least squares regression, over half the variation in both the campsite occupancy shift index and prime campsite deman…
Effects of Transportation on Racial/Ethnic Diversity of National Park Visitors
The demographic composition of the United States is increasingly diverse, but racial/ethnic minority groups are substantially underrepresented in visiting national parks. Transportation is needed to provide access to national parks but may not be equally accessible to all groups in society. This study uses a general population survey of New York City residents to examine the role of transportation in visiting national parks by three racial/ethnic…
Barrier or bridge? The role of transportation in national park visitation by racial and ethnic groups
A cornerstone of US national parks is their democratic ideal; the country's most iconic history and natural features should be accessible to all. However, this ideal has not yet been fully realized. Racial/ethnic minorities are substantially underrepresented in the national parks, and lack of transportation may contribute to this issue. This study examines national park visitation patterns of three racial/ethnic groups (Hispanic, Black and White)…
Tradeoffs Among Resource, Social, and Managerial Conditions on Mountain Summits of the Northern Forest
This research examined the relative importance of indicators and standards of quality at three mountain summits in the Northern Forest. The three summits ranged from low to high levels of use, development, and management. Computer-generated photographs were used to present a range of resource, social, and managerial conditions in a stated choice survey. Results suggest that visitors prefer minimal resource impact, few other people, and low intens…
Standards of Quality for Parks and Protected Areas: Applying Normative Theory and Methods in U.S. National Parks
Indicators and standards of quality have become an important component of contemporary management frameworks designed to help protect park resources and the quality of the visitor experience. Normative theory and related empirical methods have been adapted from sociology and applied to surveys of park visitors and other stakeholders to help guide the formulation of standards of quality. This article reviews this growing body of research and ident…
Solitude Versus Access: A Study of Tradeoffs in Outdoor Recreation Using Indifference Curve Analysis
Tradeoffs are an inherent part of many of the decisions faced by outdoor recreation visitors and managers. For example, decisions concerning the social carrying capacity of popular attraction sites involve potential tradeoffs between limiting visitor use to ensure a high quality experience and allowing high levels of visitor use to ensure that large numbers of visitors retain access to park and outdoor recreation resources. This study uses indiff…
Market Research by a Monopolist: A Bayesian Analysis
Many writers have been concerned to extend the theory of monopoly to the case where demand is uncertain. Baron (1971), Dhrymes (1964), Hadar and Hillinger (1969), Karlin and Carr (1962), Leland (1972), Mills (1959), Tisdell (1968), and Zabel (1969) have all treated aspects of this problem. Related problems have been considered by McCall (1971) and Sandmo (1971). Demand uncertainty arises in two ways. First, random effects on demand can arise from…
Recreation Density and User Satisfaction: A Further Exploration of the Satisfaction Model
Concern over the effect of increased visitor density on user satisfaction has been based on an assumed inverse relationship between these two variables. This relationship is examined first conceptually through review of pertinent social-psychological and recreation literature. From this review it is concluded that density has little effect on any social dysfunctions until density reaches a level where it is perceived as crowded, and that the leve…
National Parks Tourism and Conservation
National Parks Tourism and Conservation
Crowding Norms in Backcountry Settings: A Review and Synthesis
Crowding in outdoor recreation has been suggested as a normative concept. Review of the conceptual and empirical literature supports this notion and indicates that crowding norms are influenced by visitor characteristics, characteristics of those encountered, and situational variables. Several management and research implications are developed based on review and synthesis of the crowding literature in outdoor recreation
Diversity in a democracy: Expanding the recreation opportunity spectrum
Diversity in tastes among the public for outdoor recreation has been a consistent finding from more than two decades of research. A number of planning and management systems have been designed to accommodate this diversity. The most recent and highly developed design has been the recreation opportunity spectrum, which suggests, among other things, relatively standard relationships between recreation setting conditions to produce a variety of oppo…
Differential Campsite Pricing: An Experiment
An experiment involving differential campsite fees was conducted in 14 Vermont state parks. Differential fees were based on historical campsite occupancy rates and ranged from $1 to $5. Campsite choice behavior was closely monitored. Differential fees were found to both shift campsite occupancy and raise campground revenues. Using least squares regression, over half the variation in both the campsite occupancy shift index and prime campsite deman…
Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality
Indicators and standards of quality have emerged as key variables in defining and managing carrying capacity. Moreover, normative theory has been found useful when applied to the difficult task of setting standards of quality. However, the traditional numerical approach to measuring crowding and related norms has several potential shortcomings when applied to relatively high‐use areas such as frontcountry attraction sites. This study applies a vi…
Norm congruence among tour boat passengers to Glacier Bay national park
Personal and social norms of visitors are receiving increased attention as a means of setting standards of quality in parks and recreation areas. However, if visitors’ evaluations and behavior are not congruent with norm‐based standards, then this approach may lack validity. This study tests norm congruence among tour boat passengers to Glacier Bay National Park. A sample of tour boat passengers was surveyed to determine (a) personal norms for th…
Integration in natural resources education: Designing a core curriculum
The field of natural resources is in a strong position to build a more integrated and holistic component into its system of higher education. This article describes an effort by the faculty of the School of Natural Resources at the University of Vermont to design and implement a core curriculum that integrates the traditional fields of study in natural resources and the natural and social sciences. Important elements of this curriculum design pro…
Pragmatism in Environmental Ethics: Democracy, Pluralism, and the Management of Nature
A growing number of contributors to environmental philosophy are beginning to rethink the field’s mission and practice. Noting that the emphasis of protracted conceptual battles over axiology may not get us very far in solving environmental problems, many environmental ethicists have begun to advocate a more pragmatic, pluralistic, and policy-based approach in philosophical discussions about human-nature relationships. In this paper, we argue for…
Convergence in Environmental Values: An Empirical and Conceptual Defense
Bryan Norton's convergence hypothesis, which predicts that nonanthropocentric and human-based philosophical positions will actually converge on long-sighted, multi-value environmental policy, has drawn a number of criticisms from within environmental philosophy. In particular, nonanthropocentric theorists like J. Baird Callicott and Laura Westra have rejected the accuracy of Norton's thesis, refusing to believe that his model's contextual appeals…
Convergence in environmental values: An empirical and conceptual defense
Bryan Norton's convergence hypothesis, which predicts that nonan‐thropocentric and human‐based philosophical positions will actually converge on long‐sighted, multi‐value environmental policy, has drawn a number of criticisms from within environmental philosophy. In particular, nonanthropocentric theorists like J. Baird Callicott and Laura Westra have rejected the accuracy of Norton's thesis, refusing to believe that his model's contextual appeal…
Solitude Versus Access: A Study of Tradeoffs in Outdoor Recreation Using Indifference Curve Analysis
Tradeoffs are an inherent part of many of the decisions faced by outdoor recreation visitors and managers. For example, decisions concerning the social carrying capacity of popular attraction sites involve potential tradeoffs between limiting visitor use to ensure a high quality experience and allowing high levels of visitor use to ensure that large numbers of visitors retain access to park and outdoor recreation resources. This study uses indiff…
Coping in Outdoor Recreation: Causes and Consequences of Crowding and Conflict Among Community Residents
Displacement, product shift, and rationalization are coping mechanisms that can be adopted in response to crowding and conflict in outdoor recreation. Using survey methods, this study found relatively high levels of adoption of coping mechanisms by residents of communities in and around Acadia National Park, Maine in response to perceived increases in 1) overall recreation use levels, 2) selected recreation activities and 3) selected problem beha…
Respondent Self-Assessment of Research on Crowding Norms in Outdoor Recreation
This study explores the validity of measuring crowding norms in outdoor recreation through the use of respondent self-assessment techniques. Review of the literature on crowding norms, and the related topic of contingent valuation, suggests a number of theoretical and methodological issues that can influence validity. Based on this literature review, measures of respondent self-assessment of crowding norms research are developed and applied at mu…
Tradeoffs Among Social, Resource, and Management Attributes of the Denali Wilderness Experience: A Contextual Approach to Normative Research
Wilderness experiences are thought to be comprised of three primary dimensions, including social, resource, and management conditions. Decisions about how to manage wilderness recreation in Denali National Park and Preserve involve potential tradeoffs among these conditions. This study extends the normative approach to wilderness research by developing and applying a decision-making model that considers social, resource, and managerial attributes…
Normative Research in Outdoor Recreation: Progress and Prospects for Continued Development and Applications
This special issue of Leisure Sciences on Normative Research in Outdoor Recreation grew from on-going research into and theoretical development of normative approaches to social and environmental issues and problems in outdoor recreation. The nine articles included in this special issue provide insights that improve and expand out understanding of norms, their measurement, and utility. Keywords: Normative Research Norm Theory Norm Methodology Nor…
Methodological Issues in Measuring Crowding-Related Norms in Outdoor Recreation
Based on theoretical and methodological similarities between research on recreationrelated norms and contingent valuation, three methodological issues--question format, starting point bias, and information bias--are explored as they apply to measuring crowding-related norms of visitors to two national parks. Few statistically or substantively significant differences in crowding-related norms were found to be associated with these methodological i…
Basic and Applied Research: Application of Disciplinary Theory and Methods in the Field of Leisure Studies
Leisure studies is an applied field that draws on theory and methods developed in conventional academic disciplines. This paper illustrates the ways in which theory and methods developed in several academic disciplines (sociology, economics, computer science, and statistics) can be employed to help resolve an applied problem (carrying capacity of parks and related areas) in leisure studies. Application of disciplinary theory and methods to leisur…
What to Do About Crowding and Solitude in Parks and Wilderness? A Reply to Stewart and Cole
Recent research by Stewart and Cole (2001) adds evidence that the number of encounters among park and wilderness visitors is negatively, but weakly-to-moderately related to visitor satisfaction. However, their conclusions—1) that there is little empirical evidence to support limits on park and wilderness use, and 2) surveys of park and wilderness visitors contribute little or nothing to resolving the issue of use limits—warrant further considerat…
An Examination of the Relationship between Leisure Activity Involvement and Place Attachment among Hikers Along the Appalachian Trail
The place attachment construct has been used by leisure researchers and practitioners to refine our understanding of certain leisure behaviors for over two decades. Despite the construct's importance to natural resource-based leisure, little empirical work has appeared in the leisure literature examining the construct's antecedent processes; that is, the processes that lead to recreationists'; attachment to settings. This study examined one antec…
Effects of place attachment on users’ perceptions of social and environmental conditions in a natural setting
Environmental Ethics Beyond Principle? The Case for a Pragmatic Contextualism
Predictors of Behavioral Loyalty Among Hikers Along the Appalachian Trail
In recent years, conceptual and empirical papers have begun to appear in the leisure literature examining the processes leading to the formation of recreationist loyalty. While this work is still in its infancy, current understanding suggests that leisure involvement plays a formative role in the development of social psychological commitment, which in turn, is an antecedent to loyalty to a brand or organization. In the context of natural resourc…
Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management (37 works) · Political science (30 works) · Recreation (30 works) · Geography (27 works) · Psychology (25 works) · Sociology (22 works) · Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research (20 works) · Computer Science (19 works) · Economic and Environmental Valuation (17 works) · Social Psychology (17 works)