Robert Lloyd
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3711020 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Robert Lloyd |
| NOMBRES | Robert |
| APELLIDO | Lloyd |
| FIRMA | LLOYD R |
| AFILIACIONES | University of South Carolina |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5771-9900 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 38 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 108 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 38 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1952 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2023 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Relating social, ecological, and technological vulnerability to future flood exposure at two spatial scales in four U.S. cities
Assessment of urban flood vulnerability using the social-ecological-technological systems framework in six US cities
As urban populations continue to grow through the 21st century, more people are projected to be at risk of exposure to climate change-induced extreme events. To investigate the complexity of urban floods, this study applied an interlinked social-ecological-technological systems (SETS) vulnerability framework by developing an urban flood vulnerability index for six US cities. Indicators were selected to reflect and illustrate exposure, sensitivity…
Book Forum
As part of our goal in “rethinking” what Shirley Jackson scholarship looks like, Robert Lloyd, Joan Passy, and Eric Savoy each re-read Hattenhauer and wrote a new review of the work, looking at it
What’s Haunting Shirley Jackson? The Spectral Condition of Life Writing
“‘I’ is only a convenient term for somebody who has no real being.” - Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own (5) “I am going to stick to ghosts and bridge games and haunted houses, where I belong.”
Religion and Health Care in East Africa
What is the impact of religious and non-religious beliefs on health care? Health care, an essential aspect of an individual’s physical, emotional, and psychological well-being, is an important way to assess this question. This book studies the relationship of the physical and spiritual domains by investigating how religious belief affects the provision and consumption of public health in three Africa countries: Uganda, Mozambique, and Ethiopia. R…
Sexuality and the gothic magic lantern
Sexuality and the gothic magic lantern: desire, eroticism and literary visibilities from Byron to Bram Stoker." Early Popular Visual Culture, 15(2), pp. 278–279
Maps and Biased Familiarity
When map readers process information on cartographic maps, there is a competition for visual attention controlled by both top-down and bottom-up mechanisms. We hypothesize that when learning, map readers are predisposed to allocate attention asymmetrically and to initially favour some locations over others. This asymmetrical allocation of attention facilitates learning for certain locations as a result of familiarity bias. In this study, particip…
Learning Geographic Information from a Map and Text
A map is frequently combined with a text to provide spatial and non-spatial information for learners. How a map and a text are combined and the characteristics of learners are keys for understanding successful learning. This study used a cognitive experiment to investigate spatial learning by explaining performance on a test of acquired knowledge with variables related to the learning environment and to individual differences of learners. Results…
Anti-Americanism, Political Cartoons, and a Socio-Geographic Imagination
This research note synopsizes previous studies to present future directions for the measurement of anti-Americanism within the United States and comparatively. We explain new vectors in our research design and posit new hypotheses for future research. The note highlights the importance of cross-national investigation of anti-Americanism, and suggests some methodological considerations in that endeavor
Explaining Map-reading Performance Efficiency
This paper explains the performance of a map-reading task that required subjects to locate a state on a map of the United States after being given the state's name. Response times and accuracy were hypothesized to be a function of differences among the decision makers and among the states. The cognitive science literature suggests that variation in performance can be explained by the interaction of biological and environmental variables. Individu…
Promoting Global Accountability
The One World Trust (OWT) is a think tank that conducts research and advocacy into ways of making global governance more accountable. For the past eight years its Global Accountability Project (GAP) has focused on generating awareness of and commitment to common principles of accountability among global actors from across sectors. This article reflects on the work of OWT and others in promoting accountability at the global level, identifying both…
Markets, information asymmetry and health care
Rebuilding the Liberian State
Can a very poor country, scarred by decades of fighting and slowly rebuilding a collapsed state, democratize? The answer is not yet clear
Assessing accountability of global and regional organisations
Assessing accountability of global and regional organisations - 1
Assessment of Simulated Cognitive Maps
Real cognitive maps encoded by humans are difficult to study using experimental methods because they are a product of complex processes whose content and timing cannot easily be known or controlled. This paper assesses the value of using neural network model simulations for investigating cognitive maps. The study simulated the learning of mapped city locations in South Carolina from reference sites in the three primary regions of the state using …
Individual Differences in Map Reading Spatial Abilities Using Perceptual and Memory Processes
Central to spatial intelligence are the capacities to perceive the visual world accurately, to perform transformations and modifications upon one's initial perceptions, and to be able to re-create aspects of one's visual experiences, even in the absence of relevant physical stimulation. One can be asked to produce forms or simply to manipulate those that have been provided [Gardner 1983, p. 173]
Technology and Map-Learning
This article investigates the cognitive processes used by learners (adults and young adolescents) for tasks that require the integration of geographical information across spaces, hierarchies, and geographic scales. An experiment simulated basic GIS functions and contained four experimental conditions (Chunk, Layer, Scale, and Whole). Reaction time, accuracy, and confidence were recorded as dependent variables related to the success of the integr…
Visual Search for Land Use Objects in Aerial Photographs
Although visual search has been a topic of interest for some time, most search processes have considered simple target symbols in a plain background. The purpose of the current study was to consider more realistic search processes that involved complex targets and backgrounds. A cognitive experiment was conducted in which subjects searched for specific types of land use in aerial photographs. Subjects were presented displays with simple or comple…
Visual Categorization with Aerial Photographs
This article investigates how people process information from aerial photographs to categorize locations. Three cognitive experiments were conducted with human subjects viewing a series of aerial photographs and categorizing the land use for target locations. Reaction time, accuracy, and confidence were considered as dependent variables related to the success of the categorization process. The first experiment considered two categories of land us…
The Search for Boundaries on Maps
(2000). The Search for Boundaries on Maps: Color Processing and Map Pattern Effects. Cartography and Geographic Information Science: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 15-30
An Evaluation of Generation and Region as Urban Categories
This study identifies generational divisions among urban areas, investigates traditional regional divisions of Frostbelt/Sunbelt, and formally tests whether these divisions can be identified using contemporary socioeconomic variables. Contemporary urban areas are influenced by initial technological and cultural patterns. Cities formed in the 19th century are different than those formed in the 20th century. Urban generations, therefore, are define…
Spatial Behavior
Keywords: spatial problems ; decision making ; social aspects ; cognitive theory Reference Record created on 2005-06-20, modified on 2016-08-08
Visual Search Processes Used in Map Reading
This paper discusses visual search theories that explain how humans search for objects on maps. A mapreading experiment considered variations in visual search processes ref ated to searching for targets with unique features and mrgets that share features with other objects. Experimental objects differing in colour, shape, size, and orientation were constructed. The importance of these characteristics was evaluated, as was the effect of the locati…
Learning Environments and Switching Perspectives
Mental models are cognitive structures in human memory that organize and store spatial information. Researchers have argued that cognitive maps encoded from both verbal and visual information can integrate this information and store it as mental models. These mental models are thought to be perspective-free structures. This means that someone who learned information about landmarks presented in either a map (external) or route (internal) perspect…
A probit analysis of the Senate vote on Gramm-Rudman
Markets, information asymmetry and health care
Cognitive Maps
The experiences of learning a city by direct experience or navigating through it and studying a map of it provide people with different types of spatial information. Navigation is thought to provide procedural knowledge, which is stored as verbal coding, and map reading is thought to provide survey knowledge, which is stored as imagery coding. Subjects who learned a city primarily through years of navigation and subjects who learned a city by stu…
Spatial Behavior
Keywords: spatial problems ; decision making ; social aspects ; cognitive theory Reference Record created on 2005-06-20, modified on 2016-08-08
A Look at Images
The term “image” has been used in many different types of geographic studies. Recently, some geographers have expressed doubts concerning the meaningfulness of concepts such as mental maps and images. Interest in the measurement and function of images, however, has remained strong in the geographic and psychological literature. Geographers should be more concerned with fundamental issues concerning how spatial information is coded, stored, recons…
Shopping Behavior and Income
The shopping behavior of two groups of consumers in Columbia, South Carolina, that have similar environmental opportunities but differ economically and racially, were compared. The consumers' cogni
Cognition, Preference, and Behavior in Space
Recent work done by behavioral geographers has suggested that spatial behavior is a function of the cognitive information available to decision makers. The structural similarities of cognitive information concerning the states of the United States, preferences for these states, and the actual migration flows among the states are examined as an example of this type of process. The analysis suggests a strong structural linkage among cognitions, pre…
Systematic Distortions in Urban Cognitive Maps
Aggregate cognitive maps of urban areas differ from cartographic maps for reasons other than differences in the mobility and idiosyncratic experiences of individuals. Systematic distortions in aggregate urban cognitive maps may be caused by the cognitive processes used to code spatial information into memory or to retrieve it from memory and by the way these processes relate to a particular urban area. A purpose of this study was to determine the…
Consumer Behavior after Migration
This paper investigates changes in consumer behavior that are related to intraurban migration. Migrations are conceptualized as falling into a number of discrete classes based on the number of functional nodes displaced by the migration. These classes include a total displacement migration level, which occurs when a migrant breaks with all of his old functional nodes, a number of partial displacement migration levels, which occur when a migrant b…
Individual Differences in Map Reading Spatial Abilities Using Perceptual and Memory Processes
Central to spatial intelligence are the capacities to perceive the visual world accurately, to perform transformations and modifications upon one's initial perceptions, and to be able to re-create aspects of one's visual experiences, even in the absence of relevant physical stimulation. One can be asked to produce forms or simply to manipulate those that have been provided [Gardner 1983, p. 173]
Alternative Dispute Resolution in Federal Contracts
Visual and Statistical Comparison of Choropleth Maps
It may be possible to make the visual similarity of a set of maps conform to the statistical intercorrelations among the variables used to produce the maps. Conceptualizing the intercorrelations as the signal and blackness differences as noise, three sets of maps were produced allowing blackness differences to vary for the first and second'set and holding blackness differences constant for the third set. Subjects viewing the third set of maps mad…
Explaining Map-reading Performance Efficiency
This paper explains the performance of a map-reading task that required subjects to locate a state on a map of the United States after being given the state's name. Response times and accuracy were hypothesized to be a function of differences among the decision makers and among the states. The cognitive science literature suggests that variation in performance can be explained by the interaction of biological and environmental variables. Individu…
Promoting Global Accountability
The One World Trust (OWT) is a think tank that conducts research and advocacy into ways of making global governance more accountable. For the past eight years its Global Accountability Project (GAP) has focused on generating awareness of and commitment to common principles of accountability among global actors from across sectors. This article reflects on the work of OWT and others in promoting accountability at the global level, identifying both…
Assessment of Simulated Cognitive Maps
Real cognitive maps encoded by humans are difficult to study using experimental methods because they are a product of complex processes whose content and timing cannot easily be known or controlled. This paper assesses the value of using neural network model simulations for investigating cognitive maps. The study simulated the learning of mapped city locations in South Carolina from reference sites in the three primary regions of the state using …
Visual Categorization with Aerial Photographs
This article investigates how people process information from aerial photographs to categorize locations. Three cognitive experiments were conducted with human subjects viewing a series of aerial photographs and categorizing the land use for target locations. Reaction time, accuracy, and confidence were considered as dependent variables related to the success of the categorization process. The first experiment considered two categories of land us…
The Search for Boundaries on Maps
(2000). The Search for Boundaries on Maps: Color Processing and Map Pattern Effects. Cartography and Geographic Information Science: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 15-30
A probit analysis of the Senate vote on Gramm-Rudman
Learning Spatial Prototypes
This paper considers spatial prototypes as cognitive structures that are encoded into memory through experiences with spatial information. A prototype represents a category of information in your memory and serves as an abstraction of the most typical or central member of that category. Results from an experimental study are compared with results from a simulation. The purpose of the experiment is to understand the factors that influence the form…
Government‐induced market failure
The conventional wisdom regarding the creation of federal housing programs during the Great Depression cites market failure as the key factor leading to government action. A review of the historical record regarding one program in particular, the Federal Housing Administration's insurance of real‐estate mortgages, suggests a more complex picture. Amortized loans were not created anew by the FHA but had been developed previously by various financi…
Kerly's Law of Trade Marks and Trade Names
W.J.D.; Law of Trade Marks and Trade Names. Handbook on Trade Marks Laws Throughout the WorldTrade Marks and the Law of Unfair CompetitionCopyright and Ind
Cognition, Preference, and Behavior in Space
Recent work done by behavioral geographers has suggested that spatial behavior is a function of the cognitive information available to decision makers. The structural similarities of cognitive information concerning the states of the United States, preferences for these states, and the actual migration flows among the states are examined as an example of this type of process. The analysis suggests a strong structural linkage among cognitions, pre…
Visual and Statistical Comparison of Choropleth Maps
It may be possible to make the visual similarity of a set of maps conform to the statistical intercorrelations among the variables used to produce the maps. Conceptualizing the intercorrelations as the signal and blackness differences as noise, three sets of maps were produced allowing blackness differences to vary for the first and second'set and holding blackness differences constant for the third set. Subjects viewing the third set of maps mad…
Consumer Behavior after Migration
This paper investigates changes in consumer behavior that are related to intraurban migration. Migrations are conceptualized as falling into a number of discrete classes based on the number of functional nodes displaced by the migration. These classes include a total displacement migration level, which occurs when a migrant breaks with all of his old functional nodes, a number of partial displacement migration levels, which occur when a migrant b…
Shopping Behavior and Income
The shopping behavior of two groups of consumers in Columbia, South Carolina, that have similar environmental opportunities but differ economically and racially, were compared. The consumers' cogni
Cognitive Integration Of Objective Choropleth Map Attribute Information
An experiment was conducted to determine the relative importance of three map attributes (correlation, blackness and complexity) for judging the similarity of choropleth maps. Subjects rated pairs of maps prepared using two different map classing algorithms according to the map pairs' visual similarity. By relating cognitive measures of visual similarity to objective measures of the three map attributes, the relative importance of correlation, bl…
A Look at Images
The term “image” has been used in many different types of geographic studies. Recently, some geographers have expressed doubts concerning the meaningfulness of concepts such as mental maps and images. Interest in the measurement and function of images, however, has remained strong in the geographic and psychological literature. Geographers should be more concerned with fundamental issues concerning how spatial information is coded, stored, recons…
Comparison of Quantitative Point Symbols / the Cognitive Process
Experiments were conducted to compare the cognitive processes used to compare pairs of quantitative point symbols using perception or memory and in or out of a map context. Results indicated that the differences in the sizes of the symbols being compared significantly influenced decision times for all of the experimental situations considered. The decision times for subjects who visually compared symbols on a map were also significantly influence…
Systematic Distortions in Urban Cognitive Maps
Aggregate cognitive maps of urban areas differ from cartographic maps for reasons other than differences in the mobility and idiosyncratic experiences of individuals. Systematic distortions in aggregate urban cognitive maps may be caused by the cognitive processes used to code spatial information into memory or to retrieve it from memory and by the way these processes relate to a particular urban area. A purpose of this study was to determine the…
Alternative Dispute Resolution in Federal Contracts
Cognitive Maps
The experiences of learning a city by direct experience or navigating through it and studying a map of it provide people with different types of spatial information. Navigation is thought to provide procedural knowledge, which is stored as verbal coding, and map reading is thought to provide survey knowledge, which is stored as imagery coding. Subjects who learned a city primarily through years of navigation and subjects who learned a city by stu…
Learning Spatial Prototypes
This paper considers spatial prototypes as cognitive structures that are encoded into memory through experiences with spatial information. A prototype represents a category of information in your memory and serves as an abstraction of the most typical or central member of that category. Results from an experimental study are compared with results from a simulation. The purpose of the experiment is to understand the factors that influence the form…
Government‐induced market failure
The conventional wisdom regarding the creation of federal housing programs during the Great Depression cites market failure as the key factor leading to government action. A review of the historical record regarding one program in particular, the Federal Housing Administration's insurance of real‐estate mortgages, suggests a more complex picture. Amortized loans were not created anew by the FHA but had been developed previously by various financi…
Learning Environments and Switching Perspectives
Mental models are cognitive structures in human memory that organize and store spatial information. Researchers have argued that cognitive maps encoded from both verbal and visual information can integrate this information and store it as mental models. These mental models are thought to be perspective-free structures. This means that someone who learned information about landmarks presented in either a map (external) or route (internal) perspect…
A probit analysis of the Senate vote on Gramm-Rudman
Visual Search Processes Used in Map Reading
This paper discusses visual search theories that explain how humans search for objects on maps. A mapreading experiment considered variations in visual search processes ref ated to searching for targets with unique features and mrgets that share features with other objects. Experimental objects differing in colour, shape, size, and orientation were constructed. The importance of these characteristics was evaluated, as was the effect of the locati…
Spatial Behavior
Keywords: spatial problems ; decision making ; social aspects ; cognitive theory Reference Record created on 2005-06-20, modified on 2016-08-08
An Evaluation of Generation and Region as Urban Categories
This study identifies generational divisions among urban areas, investigates traditional regional divisions of Frostbelt/Sunbelt, and formally tests whether these divisions can be identified using contemporary socioeconomic variables. Contemporary urban areas are influenced by initial technological and cultural patterns. Cities formed in the 19th century are different than those formed in the 20th century. Urban generations, therefore, are define…
The Search for Boundaries on Maps
(2000). The Search for Boundaries on Maps: Color Processing and Map Pattern Effects. Cartography and Geographic Information Science: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 15-30
Visual Search for Land Use Objects in Aerial Photographs
Although visual search has been a topic of interest for some time, most search processes have considered simple target symbols in a plain background. The purpose of the current study was to consider more realistic search processes that involved complex targets and backgrounds. A cognitive experiment was conducted in which subjects searched for specific types of land use in aerial photographs. Subjects were presented displays with simple or comple…
Visual Categorization with Aerial Photographs
This article investigates how people process information from aerial photographs to categorize locations. Three cognitive experiments were conducted with human subjects viewing a series of aerial photographs and categorizing the land use for target locations. Reaction time, accuracy, and confidence were considered as dependent variables related to the success of the categorization process. The first experiment considered two categories of land us…
Technology and Map-Learning
This article investigates the cognitive processes used by learners (adults and young adolescents) for tasks that require the integration of geographical information across spaces, hierarchies, and geographic scales. An experiment simulated basic GIS functions and contained four experimental conditions (Chunk, Layer, Scale, and Whole). Reaction time, accuracy, and confidence were recorded as dependent variables related to the success of the integr…
Assessment of Simulated Cognitive Maps
Real cognitive maps encoded by humans are difficult to study using experimental methods because they are a product of complex processes whose content and timing cannot easily be known or controlled. This paper assesses the value of using neural network model simulations for investigating cognitive maps. The study simulated the learning of mapped city locations in South Carolina from reference sites in the three primary regions of the state using …
Individual Differences in Map Reading Spatial Abilities Using Perceptual and Memory Processes
Central to spatial intelligence are the capacities to perceive the visual world accurately, to perform transformations and modifications upon one's initial perceptions, and to be able to re-create aspects of one's visual experiences, even in the absence of relevant physical stimulation. One can be asked to produce forms or simply to manipulate those that have been provided [Gardner 1983, p. 173]
Rebuilding the Liberian State
Can a very poor country, scarred by decades of fighting and slowly rebuilding a collapsed state, democratize? The answer is not yet clear
Computer Science (25 obras) · Geography (16 obras) · Psychology (16 obras) · Artificial Intelligence (15 obras) · Mathematics (14 obras) · Spatial Cognition and Navigation (14 obras) · Cognition (12 obras) · Geographic Information Systems Studies (12 obras) · Political science (12 obras) · Categorization, perception, and language (10 obras)