P D Jones
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3711549 |
|---|---|
| NOME | P D Jones |
| PRENOMES | P D |
| SOBRENOME | Jones |
| ASSINATURA | JONES P D |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of East Anglia |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5032-5493 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 55 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 146 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 55 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1980 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Evaluating the economic co-benefits of soil carbon sequestration
The effect of timers and precommitments on handwashing
Many foodborne illness outbreaks originate in food service establishments. We tested two behavioural interventions designed to improve the duration and quality of handwashing. We ran a three-armed parallel trial in a laboratory kitchen, from 7 March to 27 May 2022. Participants were n = 195 workers who handle food. We randomly allocated participants to three groups: Timer – tap-mounted timer that counted seconds while participants washed their ha…
Testing the impact of overt and covert ordering interventions on sustainable consumption choices
A street-scale simulation model for the cooling performance of urban greenery
Trust and risk pitfalls in medical education
PURPOSE: Learning opportunities in teaching hospitals are gated by clinical teachers. One way to unpack their decision-making is to employ a 'trust and risk' model. This study aimed to uncover clinical teachers' experience of trust, risk and vulnerability as they participate in medical education. METHODS: Hospital-based clinical teachers were interviewed about trust, risk and vulnerability in medical education. Data analysis was undertaken using …
A novel statistical decomposition of the historical change in global mean surface temperature
According to the characteristics of forced and unforced components to climate change, sophisticated statistical models were used to fit and separate multiple scale variations in the global mean surface temperature (GMST) series. These include a combined model of the multiple linear regression and autoregressive integrated moving average models to separate the contribution of both the anthropogenic forcing (including anthropogenic factors (GHGs, a…
Human-induced changes in Indonesian peatlands increase drought severity
Indonesian peatlands are critical to the global carbon cycle, but they also support a large number of local economies. Intense forest clearing and draining in these peatlands is causing severe ecological and environmental impacts. Most studies highlighted increased carbon emission in the region through drought and large‐scale fires, further accelerating peatland degradation. Yet, little is known about the long-term impacts of human-induced distur…
A Sacred Landscape of Sumer
The statuettes commonly referred to as “Ram Caught in a Thicket” (2500 BC ) may well be associated with what is known from later texts (2nd millennium BC ) as the (daily) determining-of-the-fates ritual that occurred at sunrise. Symbolic elements (tree, rosette, leaf, possible mountain), and motifs (quadruped facing a tree) occur in other media—glyptic, musical instruments—and their meaning informs the unique combination of elements found in thes…
An Ensemble Version of the E‐OBS Temperature and Precipitation Data Sets
We describe the construction of a new version of the Europe‐wide E‐OBS temperature (daily minimum, mean, and maximum values) and precipitation data set. This version provides an improved estimation of interpolation uncertainty through the calculation of a 100‐member ensemble of realizations of each daily field. The data set covers the period back to 1950 and provides gridded fields at a spacing of 0.25 ∘ × 0.25 ∘ in regular latitude/longitude coo…
In Memoriam
Keith R Briffa was one of the most influential palaeoclimatologists of the last 30 years. His primary research interests lay in Late-Holocene climate change with a geographical emphasis on northern Eurasia. His greatest impact was in the field of dendroclimatology, a field that he helped to shape. His contributions have been seminal to the development of sound methods for tree-ring analysis and in their proper application to allow the interpretat…
Climatic warming in China during 1901–2015 based on an extended dataset of instrumental temperature records
Monthly mean instrumental surface air temperature (SAT) observations back to the nineteenth century in Ch ina are synthesized fro m different sources via specific quality-control, interpolation, and homogenizat ion. Co mpared with the first homogenized long-term SAT dataset for China by Cao et al. (2013), wh ich contained 18 stations mainly located in the middle and eastern part of China, the present dataset includes homogenized monthly SAT serie…
Dark Ages Cold Period
Several late Quaternary studies have recorded cold and disturbed climates centred during the mid-first millennium AD and discussed these conditions under the term ‘Dark Ages Cold Period’ (DACP). A review of 114 palaeoclimate papers indicated that cold climates were common in the Northern Hemisphere between AD 400 and 765. There are also suggestions that some regions may have been relatively wet during the DACP, while those around the Mediterranea…
Tambora 1815 as a test case for high impact volcanic eruptions
The eruption of Tambora (Indonesia) in April 1815 had substantial effects on global climate and led to the ‘Year Without a Summer’ of 1816 in Europe and North America. Although a tragic event—tens of thousands of people lost their lives—the eruption also was an ‘experiment of nature’ from which science has learned until today. The aim of this study is to summarize our current understanding of the Tambora eruption and its effects on climate as exp…
Anomalous mid-twentieth century atmospheric circulation change over the South Atlantic compared to the last 6000 years
Determining the timing and impact of anthropogenic climate change in data-sparse regions is a considerable challenge. Arguably, nowhere is this more difficult than the Antarctic Peninsula and the subantarctic South Atlantic where observational records are relatively short but where high rates of warming have been experienced since records began. Here we interrogate recently developed monthly-resolved observational datasets from the Falkland Islan…
The Objective Borderline Method
A new probability-based standard setting technique, the Objective Borderline Method (OBM), was introduced recently. This was based on a mathematical model of how test scores relate to student ability. The present study refined the model and tested it using 2500 simulated data-sets. The OBM was feasible to use. On average, the OBM performed well with specificity .88, sensitivity .51, false positive rate 3.4% and false negative rate 26%. These indi…
Updated high‐resolution grids of monthly climatic observations – the CRU TS3 .10 Dataset
This paper describes the construction of an updated gridded climate dataset (referred to as CRU TS3 .10) from monthly observations at meteorological stations across the world's land areas. Station anomalies (from 1961 to 1990 means) were interpolated into 0.5° latitude/longitude grid cells covering the global land surface (excluding Antarctica), and combined with an existing climatology to obtain absolute monthly values. The dataset includes six …
Quantifying uncertainties in global and regional temperature change using an ensemble of observational estimates
Recent developments in observational near‐surface air temperature and sea‐surface temperature analyses are combined to produce HadCRUT4, a new data set of global and regional temperature evolution from 1850 to the present. This includes the addition of newly digitized measurement data, both over land and sea, new sea‐surface temperature bias adjustments and a more comprehensive error model for describing uncertainties in sea‐surface temperature m…
Desegregating New York
In October 2011, the Southern Poverty Law Center issued a new report on civil rights education in America’s public schools. It found that required coverage of the movement in K–12 classrooms ranged from “grossly inadequate to non-existent.” In all but a handful of states, including New York, Alabama, and Florida, standards and curricular frameworks failed to address civil rights leaders, organizations, events, origins, strategy and tactics, and o…
Eccentric Existence
Anyone who is asked to write a review essay, I suspect, harbors a secret hope that the book being evaluated will not be of fair-to-decent quality, thereby requiring a balanced account of its pros and cons, but will instead prove unusually bad or unusually good. If the book is unusually bad, marred by obvious, egregious, and perhaps dangerous flaws, one has the opportunity to respond with a vigorous Nein! One can do more than identify and criticiz…
The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project
The Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) project is an international effort to produce a comprehensive global atmospheric circulation dataset spanning the twentieth century, assimilating only surface pressure reports and using observed monthly sea‐surface temperature and sea‐ice distributions as boundary conditions. It is chiefly motivated by a need to provide an observational dataset with quantified uncertainties for validations of climate model …
Indices for monitoring changes in extremes based on daily temperature and precipitation data
Indices for climate variability and extremes have been used for a long time, often by assessing days with temperature or precipitation observations above or below specific physically‐based thresholds. While these indices provided insight into local conditions, few physically based thresholds have relevance in all parts of the world. Therefore, indices of extremes evolved over time and now often focus on relative thresholds that describe features …
A comparison of large scale changes in surface humidity over land in observations and CMIP3 general circulation models
Observed changes in the HadCRUH global land surface specific humidity and CRUTEM3 surface temperature from 1973 to 1999 are compared to CMIP3 archive climate model simulations with 20th Century forcings. Observed humidity increases are proportionately largest in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in winter. At the largest spatio-temporal scales moistening is close to the Clausius-Clapeyron scaling of the saturated specific humidity (~7% K -1). A…
The earliest daily barometric pressure readings in Italy
The earliest daily barometric pressure readings were taken during the Maunder Minimum of Solar activity (1645—1715). In Italy, observations were made at Pisa over the years 1657—1658 by V. Viviani and A. Borelli, and at Modena during the year 1694 by B. Ramazzini. These readings have been recovered, corrected and adjusted to modern units. The early instruments used and their problems have been thoroughly discussed. Barometer observations recorded…
Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to green walls and green roofs in diverse climates
A European daily high‐resolution gridded data set of surface temperature and precipitation for 1950–2006
We present a European land‐only daily high‐resolution gridded data set for precipitation and minimum, maximum, and mean surface temperature for the period 1950–2006. This data set improves on previous products in its spatial resolution and extent, time period, number of contributing stations, and attention to finding the most appropriate method for spatial interpolation of daily climate observations. The gridded data are delivered on four spatial…
High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium
Palaeoclimatology provides our only means of assessing climatic variations before the beginning of instrumental records. The various proxy variables used, however, have a number of limitations which must be adequately addressed and understood. Besides their obvious spatial and seasonal limitations, different proxies are also potentially limited in their ability to represent climatic variations over a range of different timescales. Simple correlat…
A 7400-year tree-ring chronology in northern Swedish Lapland
Tree-ring widths from 880 living, dry dead, and subfossil northern Swedish pines (Pinus syl vestris L.) have been assembled into a continuous and precisely dated chronology (the Torneträsk chronology) covering the period 5407 BC to ad 1997. Biological trends in the data were removed with autoregressive standardization (ARS) to emphasize year-to-year variability, and with regional curve stan dardization (RCS) to emphasize variability on timescales…
Cross-dating methods in dendrochronology
Indices for monitoring changes in extremes based on daily temperature and precipitation data
Indices for climate variability and extremes have been used for a long time, often by assessing days with temperature or precipitation observations above or below specific physically‐based thresholds. While these indices provided insight into local conditions, few physically based thresholds have relevance in all parts of the world. Therefore, indices of extremes evolved over time and now often focus on relative thresholds that describe features …
First cross-matched floating chronology from the marine fossil record
Integrated understanding of phasings within the climate system over the last glacial cycle, and at higher frequencies, is inhibited because no absolute timescale for the marine environment currently exists. This precludes identification of forcings and feedbacks, accurate temporal calibration of the marine radiocarbon reservoir effect, and the application of radiocarbon as a proxy of short-timescale ocean ventilation. This has prompted a search f…
Climate change and coastal hydrographic response along the Atlantic Iberian margin (Tagus Prodelta and Muros Ría) during the last two millennia
The Tagus Prodelta (W Portugal) and the Muros Ría (NW Spain) are areas of high deposition rates registering high-resolution palaeoclimatic records for western Iberia. We compare the climatic conditions of the two areas over the last two millennia based on proxies of temperature (sea surface temperatures and oxygen isotopes), continental input (grain size, iron and magnetic susceptibility) and productivity (inorganic and organic carbon, carbon iso…
Tree-ring width and density data around the Northern Hemisphere
A detailed description is presented of the statistical patterns of climate forcing of tree growth (annual maximum latewood density and ring-width time series), across a network of 387 specially selected conifer sites that circle the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere. The in‘ uence of summer temperature dominates growth. A mean April–September response is optimum for describing the major forcing signal over the whole densito-metric network, thoug…
Tree-ring width and density data around the Northern Hemisphere
Patterns of summer temperature over the Northern Hemisphere, obtained from a calibration of a treering network, are presented for every year from 1600 to 1877. The network of tree-ring density chronologies is shown to exhibit spatially coherent modes of variability. These modes closely match summer half-year tempera ture variations, in terms of similar spatial patterns and similar temporal evolution during the instrumental period. They can, there…
Decadal timescale links between Antarctic Peninsula ice-core oxygen-18, deuterium and temperature
The Antarctic Peninsula region has exprienced a long-term warming trend over the twentieth century, with the 1971-90 mean at Faraday being 1.9°C warmer than the mean over 1903-41 based on expedition reports. For the period prior to 1900, there is conflicting evidence from different data sources. An initial interpretation of isotopic data from ice cores suggests that the nineteenth century was warmer than the twentieth century. In contrast, snow a…
Global Surface Air Temperature Variations During the Twentieth Century
This paper is an up-to-date review of instrumentally-recorded, seasonal, surface temperature change across the land and marine regions of the world during the twentieth century. This is the first part of a two part series. The second part will deal with the interpretation of proxy-climate data in terms of large-scale hemispheric or global-scale temperature averages for the Holocene. In Part 1, we review the uncertainties associated with combining…
Tree-ring based reconstruction of summer temperatures at the Columbia Icefield, Alberta, Canada, AD 1073-1983
April-August temperatures are reconstructed from maximum latewood density and ring-width data for a tree-line site in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta close to Athabasca Glacier. The chronology primarily utilizes Picea engelmannii with some Abies lasiocarpa snags. This reconstruction (AD 1073-1983) is the longest densitometrically based summer temperature record from boreal North America. Mean temperatures from 1101- 1900 were 0.71°C below the 196…
Relationships between circulation strength and the variability of growing-season and cold-season climate in northern and central Europe
This paper examines variability in surface climate and the relationship with two circulation indices using recently produced 200–250 year long European daily and monthly climatic series. Assessments are made of the influence of circulation indices (zonal over western Europe and average pressure over central Europe) on regional temperature, precipitation and drought series for northern and central Europe. Changes in the circulation are shown to be…
Estimates of low frequency natural variabilit in near-surface air temperature
Estimates of the spectrum of natural variability are critical to the problem of detecting an anthropo genic signal in global climate observations. Without such information it is impossible to say that current climate change is different or unique from changes that have happened in the past and, therefore, potentially due to man-induced causes. We have estimated the spectrum of natural variability from a globally distributed set of palaeo-temperat…
The Bristol Bridge Riot and Its Antecedents
The Bristol Bridge Riot of 1793 was one of the most serious riots, in terms of killed and injured, to occur in Britain during the last half of the eighteenth century. George Rudé lists it as second in violence only to the Gordon Riots of 1780. Yet, because it defies classification, it is rarely listed in the categories of riots so meticulously set out by Rudé and others. It was neither a turnpike riot transferred to an urban setting, nor was it t…
Testing the impact of overt and covert ordering interventions on sustainable consumption choices
The earliest daily barometric pressure readings in Italy
The earliest daily barometric pressure readings were taken during the Maunder Minimum of Solar activity (1645—1715). In Italy, observations were made at Pisa over the years 1657—1658 by V. Viviani and A. Borelli, and at Modena during the year 1694 by B. Ramazzini. These readings have been recovered, corrected and adjusted to modern units. The early instruments used and their problems have been thoroughly discussed. Barometer observations recorded…
Late Holocene coastal hydrographic and climate changes in the eastern North Sea
We present a high-resolution palaeoenvironmental reconstruction covering the late Holocene from the Skagerrak and other sites in the North Sea area. The data, which are based on the analyses of marine sediment cores, reveal a marked environmental shift that took place between AD 700 and AD 1100, with the most pronounced changes occurring at AD 900. Both surface and bottom waters in the Skagerrak were subject to major circulation and productivity …
Desegregating New York
In October 2011, the Southern Poverty Law Center issued a new report on civil rights education in America’s public schools. It found that required coverage of the movement in K–12 classrooms ranged from “grossly inadequate to non-existent.” In all but a handful of states, including New York, Alabama, and Florida, standards and curricular frameworks failed to address civil rights leaders, organizations, events, origins, strategy and tactics, and o…
An 800-year reconstruction of Elbe River discharge and German Bight sea-surface salinity
On the basis of stable oxygen isotopes (8180), the summer sea-surface salinity of the German Bight, southeastern North Sea, was determined for the past 800 years. In this near-coastal area, salinity is mainly dependent on the freshwater input of the Elbe River discharging its large catchment, which covers an area of 149 000 km 2 of central Europe. Therefore, a proxy for Elbe River discharge was reconstructed at the same time, and consequently the…
Global surface air temperature variations during the twentieth century
This paper is the second of a two-part series analysing details of regional, hemispheric and global temperature change during the twentieth century. Based on the grid box data described in Part 1 we present global maps of the strength of regional temperature coherence measured in terms of the correlation decay length for both annual and seasonal mean data. Correlation decay lengths are generally higher for annual rather than seasonal data; higher…
Behaviour of New Zealand Glaciers and Atmospheric Circulation Changes over the Past 130 years
There is renewed interest as to the impact of future climate change on temperate alpine glaciers because of their role as indicators of past and ongoing changes, and due to their possible involvement in sea-level rise. Substantial changes in termini of New Zealand glaciers since the nineteenth century are compared with variations in atmospheric circulation patterns over the southwest Pacific region. Reconstructed sea-level pressure patterns are u…
The Bristol Bridge Riot and Its Antecedents
The Bristol Bridge Riot of 1793 was one of the most serious riots, in terms of killed and injured, to occur in Britain during the last half of the eighteenth century. George Rudé lists it as second in violence only to the Gordon Riots of 1780. Yet, because it defies classification, it is rarely listed in the categories of riots so meticulously set out by Rudé and others. It was neither a turnpike riot transferred to an urban setting, nor was it t…
Cross-dating methods in dendrochronology
Summer Temperature Patterns over Europe
Temperature variations over Europe are reconstructed for a 6-month “summer” season from April to September for the period 1750–1850 using a network of maximum latewood density chronologies of coniferous trees. Around 44% of the variance of the whole temperature grid was explained in calibration. Independent verification indicates that over the reconstruction period the explained variance averaged over the whole grid should lie in the range 30 to …
A 1,400-year tree-ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia
British Policy Towards German Crimes Against German Jews, 1939-1945
British Policy Towards German Crimes Against German Jews, 1939–1945 Get access Priscilla Dale Jones Priscilla Dale Jones Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, Volume 36, Issue 1, January 1991, Pages 339–366, https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/36.1.339 Published: 01 January 1991
Fennoscandian summers from ad 500
Global Surface Air Temperature Variations During the Twentieth Century
This paper is an up-to-date review of instrumentally-recorded, seasonal, surface temperature change across the land and marine regions of the world during the twentieth century. This is the first part of a two part series. The second part will deal with the interpretation of proxy-climate data in terms of large-scale hemispheric or global-scale temperature averages for the Holocene. In Part 1, we review the uncertainties associated with combining…
Behaviour of New Zealand Glaciers and Atmospheric Circulation Changes over the Past 130 years
There is renewed interest as to the impact of future climate change on temperate alpine glaciers because of their role as indicators of past and ongoing changes, and due to their possible involvement in sea-level rise. Substantial changes in termini of New Zealand glaciers since the nineteenth century are compared with variations in atmospheric circulation patterns over the southwest Pacific region. Reconstructed sea-level pressure patterns are u…
Global surface air temperature variations during the twentieth century
This paper is the second of a two-part series analysing details of regional, hemispheric and global temperature change during the twentieth century. Based on the grid box data described in Part 1 we present global maps of the strength of regional temperature coherence measured in terms of the correlation decay length for both annual and seasonal mean data. Correlation decay lengths are generally higher for annual rather than seasonal data; higher…
Decadal timescale links between Antarctic Peninsula ice-core oxygen-18, deuterium and temperature
The Antarctic Peninsula region has exprienced a long-term warming trend over the twentieth century, with the 1971-90 mean at Faraday being 1.9°C warmer than the mean over 1903-41 based on expedition reports. For the period prior to 1900, there is conflicting evidence from different data sources. An initial interpretation of isotopic data from ice cores suggests that the nineteenth century was warmer than the twentieth century. In contrast, snow a…
Estimates of low frequency natural variabilit in near-surface air temperature
Estimates of the spectrum of natural variability are critical to the problem of detecting an anthropo genic signal in global climate observations. Without such information it is impossible to say that current climate change is different or unique from changes that have happened in the past and, therefore, potentially due to man-induced causes. We have estimated the spectrum of natural variability from a globally distributed set of palaeo-temperat…
Tree-ring based reconstruction of summer temperatures at the Columbia Icefield, Alberta, Canada, AD 1073-1983
April-August temperatures are reconstructed from maximum latewood density and ring-width data for a tree-line site in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta close to Athabasca Glacier. The chronology primarily utilizes Picea engelmannii with some Abies lasiocarpa snags. This reconstruction (AD 1073-1983) is the longest densitometrically based summer temperature record from boreal North America. Mean temperatures from 1101- 1900 were 0.71°C below the 196…
Climate since A.D. 1500
High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium
Palaeoclimatology provides our only means of assessing climatic variations before the beginning of instrumental records. The various proxy variables used, however, have a number of limitations which must be adequately addressed and understood. Besides their obvious spatial and seasonal limitations, different proxies are also potentially limited in their ability to represent climatic variations over a range of different timescales. Simple correlat…
Tree-ring based reconstructions of northern Patagonia precipitation since AD 1600
Long-term reconstructions (400 years) of seasonal and annual precipitation variations were developed for northern Patagonia east of the Andes using a new set of 16 tree ring-width chronologies from Austrocedrus chilensis (D.Don) Endl. Reconstructions, which capture between 41 and 50% of the precipitation variance, show that the twentieth century contains the most extreme long periods of wetness and dryness in the past 400 years. Since about ad 19…
The Evolution of Climate Over the Last Millennium
Knowledge of past climate variability is crucial for understanding and modeling current and future climate trends. This article reviews present knowledge of changes in temperatures and two major circulation features—El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)—over much of the last 1000 years, mainly on the basis of high-resolution paleoclimate records. Average temperatures during the last three decades were likely…
A 7400-year tree-ring chronology in northern Swedish Lapland
Tree-ring widths from 880 living, dry dead, and subfossil northern Swedish pines (Pinus syl vestris L.) have been assembled into a continuous and precisely dated chronology (the Torneträsk chronology) covering the period 5407 BC to ad 1997. Biological trends in the data were removed with autoregressive standardization (ARS) to emphasize year-to-year variability, and with regional curve stan dardization (RCS) to emphasize variability on timescales…
Relationships between circulation strength and the variability of growing-season and cold-season climate in northern and central Europe
This paper examines variability in surface climate and the relationship with two circulation indices using recently produced 200–250 year long European daily and monthly climatic series. Assessments are made of the influence of circulation indices (zonal over western Europe and average pressure over central Europe) on regional temperature, precipitation and drought series for northern and central Europe. Changes in the circulation are shown to be…
Tree-ring width and density data around the Northern Hemisphere
Patterns of summer temperature over the Northern Hemisphere, obtained from a calibration of a treering network, are presented for every year from 1600 to 1877. The network of tree-ring density chronologies is shown to exhibit spatially coherent modes of variability. These modes closely match summer half-year tempera ture variations, in terms of similar spatial patterns and similar temporal evolution during the instrumental period. They can, there…
Tree-ring width and density data around the Northern Hemisphere
A detailed description is presented of the statistical patterns of climate forcing of tree growth (annual maximum latewood density and ring-width time series), across a network of 387 specially selected conifer sites that circle the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere. The in‘ uence of summer temperature dominates growth. A mean April–September response is optimum for describing the major forcing signal over the whole densito-metric network, thoug…
Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia
We present reconstructions of Northern and Southern Hemisphere mean surface temperature over the past two millennia based on high‐resolution ‘proxy’ temperature data which retain millennial‐scale variability. These reconstructions indicate that late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere. Conclusions for the Southern Hemisphere and global mean temperature are limited by the spa…
Climate over past millennia
We review evidence for climate change over the past several millennia from instrumental and high‐resolution climate “proxy” data sources and climate modeling studies. We focus on changes over the past 1 to 2 millennia. We assess reconstructions and modeling studies analyzing a number of different climate fields, including atmospheric circulation diagnostics, precipitation, and drought. We devote particular attention to proxy‐based reconstructions…
An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids
A database of monthly climate observations from meteorological stations is constructed. The database includes six climate elements and extends over the global land surface. The database is checked for inhomogeneities in the station records using an automated method that refines previous methods by using incomplete and partially overlapping records and by detecting inhomogeneities with opposite signs in different seasons. The method includes the d…
An 800-year reconstruction of Elbe River discharge and German Bight sea-surface salinity
On the basis of stable oxygen isotopes (8180), the summer sea-surface salinity of the German Bight, southeastern North Sea, was determined for the past 800 years. In this near-coastal area, salinity is mainly dependent on the freshwater input of the Elbe River discharging its large catchment, which covers an area of 149 000 km 2 of central Europe. Therefore, a proxy for Elbe River discharge was reconstructed at the same time, and consequently the…
Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes
The historical surface temperature data set HadCRUT provides a record of surface temperature trends and variability since 1850. A new version of this data set, HadCRUT3, has been produced, benefiting from recent improvements to the sea surface temperature data set which forms its marine component, and from improvements to the station records which provide the land data. A comprehensive set of uncertainty estimates has been derived to accompany th…
Geography (36 obras) · Climatology (35 obras) · Climate change (30 obras) · Environmental Science (28 obras) · Geology (27 obras) · Climate variability and models (24 obras) · Tree-ring climate responses (21 obras) · Geology and Paleoclimatology Research (20 obras) · Oceanography (19 obras) · Meteorology (17 obras)