Tony Blakely
Biographic Data
| ID | 3718908 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Tony Blakely |
| GIVEN NAMES | Tony |
| FAMILY NAME | Blakely |
| SIGNATURE | BLAKELY T |
| AFFILIATIONS | Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington, New Zealand |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 42 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 158 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 42 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2004 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Income and economic productivity loss associated with comorbidity: Longitudinal analysis of linked individual-level data for a whole country
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the income loss from having two or more diseases, over and above the independent and separate effects of having a single disease. METHODS: We used linked health income data from 2006-2007 to 2015-2016 for 25-64 years, for the entire New Zealand population. Fixed effects OLS regression was used to estimate within-individual income loss for diseases separately, and to estimate if having two or more diseases together resulted …
Health benefits and costs of weight-loss dietary counselling by nurses in primary care: A cost-effectiveness analysis
Objective: We aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of brief weight-loss counselling by dietitian-trained practice nurses, in a high-income-country case study. Design: A literature search of the impact of dietary counselling on BMI was performed to source the ‘best’ effect size for use in modelling. This was combined with multiple other input parameters (e.g. epidemiological and cost parameters for obesity-related diseases, likely uptake of co…
Do nutrition labels influence healthier food choices? Analysis of label viewing behaviour and subsequent food purchases in a labelling intervention trial
BACKGROUND: There are few objective data on how nutrition labels are used in real-world shopping situations, or how they affect dietary choices and patterns. DESIGN: The Starlight study was a four-week randomised, controlled trial of the effects of three different types of nutrition labels on consumer food purchases: Traffic Light Labels, Health Star Rating labels, or Nutrition Information Panels (control). Smartphone technology allowed participa…
Neighbourhood built environment associations with body size in adults: Mediating effects of activity and sedentariness in a cross-sectional study of New Zealand adults
Built environment features were associated with body size in the expected directions. Objectively-assessed physical activity mediated observed built environment-body size relationships
Patterns of Cancer Care Costs in a Country With Detailed Individual Data
OBJECTIVE: To determine health system expenditure on cancers by time since diagnosis using data for an entire country. METHODS: New Zealand cancer registry data was linked to hospitalization, pharmaceutical, outpatient, general practice, laboratory, and other datasets, with costs ascribed to each event occurring in 2006-2011. "Excess" cancer costs were estimated by subtracting "expected costs" for citizens without cancer from the "total cost" for…
What shape is your neighbourhood? Investigating the micro geographies of physical activity
Fixed effects analysis of repeated measures data
The analysis of repeated measures or panel data allows control of some of the biases which plague other observational studies, particularly unmeasured confounding. When this bias is suspected, and the research question is: 'Does a change in an exposure cause a change in the outcome?', a fixed effects approach can reduce the impact of confounding by time-invariant factors, such as the unmeasured characteristics of individuals. Epidemiologists fami…
Socio-economic inequalities in mortality persist into old age in New Zealand: Study of all 65 years plus, 2001–04
A number of studies have explored the relationship between socio-economic status and mortality, although these have mostly been based on the working-age population, despite the fact that the burden of mortality is highest in older people. Using Poisson regression on linked New Zealand census and mortality data (2001–04, 1.3 million person years) with a comprehensive set of socio-economic indicators (education, income, car access, housing tenure, …
The impact of an unconditional tax credit for families on self-rated health in adults: Further evidence from the cohort study of 6900 New Zealanders
Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses
What will it take to get to under 5% smoking prevalence by 2025? Modelling in a country with a smokefree goal
The smokefree goal of <5% prevalence is only feasible with large increases in cessation rates
The impact of in-work tax credit for families on self-rated health in adults: A cohort study of 6900 New Zealanders
BACKGROUND: In-work tax credit (IWTC) for families, a welfare-to-work policy intervention, may impact health status by improving income and employment. Most studies estimate that IWTCs in the USA and the UK have no effect on self-rated health (SRH) and several other health outcomes, but these estimates may be biased by confounding. The current study estimates the impact of one such IWTC intervention (called In-Work Tax Credit) on SRH in adults in…
Misclassification of the mediator matters when estimating indirect effects
BACKGROUND: Confounding of mediator-outcome associations resulting in collider biases causes systematic error when estimating direct and indirect effects. However, until recently little attention has been given to the impact of misclassification bias. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the impact of non-differential and independent misclassification of a dichotomous exposure and a dichotomous mediator on three target parameters: the total effect of exposure …
Understanding Price Elasticities to Inform Public Health Research and Intervention Studies: Key Issues
Pricing policies such as taxes and subsidies are important tools in preventing and controlling a range of threats to public health. This is particularly so in tobacco and alcohol control efforts and efforts to change dietary patterns and physical activity levels as a means of addressing increases in noncommunicable diseases. To understand the potential impact of pricing policies, it is critical to understand the nature of price elasticities for c…
Migration and Pacific Mortality: Estimating Migration Effects on Pacific Mortality Rates Using Bayesian Models
Pacific people living in New Zealand have higher mortality rates than New Zealand residents of European/Other ethnicity. The aim of this paper is to see whether Pacific mortality rates vary by natality and duration of residence. We used linked census-mortality information for 25- to 74-year-olds in the 2001 census followed for up to three years. Hierarchical Bayesian modeling provided a means of handling sparse data. Posterior mortality rates wer…
The Mismeasurement of Quality by Readmission Rate: How Blunt Is too Blunt an Instrument? A Quantitative Bias Analysis
BACKGROUND: The rate of readmission is widely used as a measure of hospital quality of care, often with funding implications for outlying facilities. OBJECTIVES: This study explored the plausibility of readmission as a proxy for health care quality with quantitative bias analysis and the application of a structural Directed Acyclic Graph framework. It applies this paradigm to observed ethnic differences in the odds of readmission in a sample of N…
Housing affordability and mental health: Does the relationship differ for renters and home purchasers
Neighborhood Built Environment and Transport and Leisure Physical Activity: Findings Using Objective Exposure and Outcome Measures in New Zealand
BACKGROUND: Evidence of associations between neighborhood built environments and transport-related physical activity (PA) is accumulating, but few studies have investigated associations with leisure-time PA. OBJECTIVE: We investigated associations of five objectively measured characteristics of the neighborhood built environment-destination access, street connectivity, dwelling density, land-use mix and streetscape quality-with residents' self-re…
The explanation of a paradox? A commentary on Mackenbach with perspectives from research on financial credits and risk factor trends
The relationship between income and health using longitudinal data from New Zealand
BACKGROUND: Evidence for a cross-sectional relationship between income and health is strong but is probably biased by substantial confounding. Longitudinal data with repeated income and health measures on the same individuals can be analysed to control completely for time-invariant confounding, giving a more accurate estimate of the impact of short-term changes in income on health. METHODS: 4 years of annual data (2002--2005) from the New Zealand…
Seasonal patterns of mortality in relation to social factors
BACKGROUND: New Zealand is a temperate country with substantial excess winter mortality. We investigated whether this excess winter mortality varies with social factors. METHODS: Records from New Zealand censuses in 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001 were each anonymously and probabilistically linked to 3 years of subsequent mortality data creating five cohort studies of the New Zealand adult population (age 30-74 years at census) each with 3 years'…
Air pollution and mortality in New Zealand: Cohort study
BACKGROUND: Few cohort studies of the health effects of urban air pollution have been published. There is evidence, most consistently in studies with individual measurement of social factors, that more deprived populations are particularly sensitive to air pollution effects. METHODS: Records from the 1996 New Zealand census were anonymously and probabilistically linked to mortality data, creating a cohort study of the New Zealand population follo…
The New Zealand Index of Neighbourhood Social Fragmentation: Integrating Theory and Data
We report on the development and validation of a neighbourhood measure of social fragmentation. Firstly, we developed a theoretical model of neighbourhood-level social fragmentation, as the structural antecedent to collective social functioning, with three domains (attachment, resources, and means of sharing of norms and values). Secondly, utilising the New Zealand 1996 and 2001 Censuses, variables were constructed to create the New Zealand Index…
Comparing self-rated health and self-assessed change in health in a longitudinal survey: Which is more valid
Change in income and change in self-rated health: Systematic review of studies using repeated measures to control for confounding bias
Housing affordability and mental health: Does the relationship differ for renters and home purchasers
Do effects of price discounts and nutrition education on food purchases vary by ethnicity, income and education? Results from a randomised, controlled trial
BACKGROUND: Reducing health inequalities requires interventions that work as well, if not better, among disadvantaged populations. The aim of this study was to determine if the effects of price discounts and tailored nutrition education on supermarket food purchases (percentage energy from saturated fat and healthy foods purchased) vary by ethnicity, household income and education. METHOD: A 2×2 factorial trial of 1104 New Zealand shoppers random…
Comparing self-rated health and self-assessed change in health in a longitudinal survey: Which is more valid
What shape is your neighbourhood? Investigating the micro geographies of physical activity
Shifting dollars, saving lives: What might happen to mortality rates, and socio-economic inequalities in mortality rates, if income was redistributed
Do nutrition labels influence healthier food choices? Analysis of label viewing behaviour and subsequent food purchases in a labelling intervention trial
BACKGROUND: There are few objective data on how nutrition labels are used in real-world shopping situations, or how they affect dietary choices and patterns. DESIGN: The Starlight study was a four-week randomised, controlled trial of the effects of three different types of nutrition labels on consumer food purchases: Traffic Light Labels, Health Star Rating labels, or Nutrition Information Panels (control). Smartphone technology allowed participa…
The relationship between income and health using longitudinal data from New Zealand
BACKGROUND: Evidence for a cross-sectional relationship between income and health is strong but is probably biased by substantial confounding. Longitudinal data with repeated income and health measures on the same individuals can be analysed to control completely for time-invariant confounding, giving a more accurate estimate of the impact of short-term changes in income on health. METHODS: 4 years of annual data (2002--2005) from the New Zealand…
Ethnic Inequalities in Cancer Survival in New Zealand: Linkage Study
We explored the contribution of stage at diagnosis to ethnic disparities in cancer survival in New Zealand. We linked 115811 adult patients with invasive cancer registered on the cancer registry (1994 to 2002) to mortality data. Age-standardized, 5-year relative survival rates were lowest for Maori, intermediate for Pacific people (otherwise known as Pacific Islanders), and highest for non-Maori/non-Pacific people for many cancers. Stage at diagn…
Misclassification of the mediator matters when estimating indirect effects
BACKGROUND: Confounding of mediator-outcome associations resulting in collider biases causes systematic error when estimating direct and indirect effects. However, until recently little attention has been given to the impact of misclassification bias. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the impact of non-differential and independent misclassification of a dichotomous exposure and a dichotomous mediator on three target parameters: the total effect of exposure …
Survival disparities in Indigenous and non-Indigenous New Zealanders with colon cancer: The role of patient comorbidity, treatment and health service factors
BACKGROUND: Ethnic disparities in cancer survival have been documented in many populations and cancer types. The causes of these inequalities are not well understood but may include disease and patient characteristics, treatment differences and health service factors. Survival was compared in a cohort of Maori (Indigenous) and non-Maori New Zealanders with colon cancer, and the contribution of demographics, disease characteristics, patient comorb…
Regional and Urban–Rural Variations in the Association of Neighbourhood Deprivation with Community Resource Access: A National Study
Recent work has identified growing geographical inequalities in health between deprived and nondeprived areas in a number of countries. Despite the plethora of studies monitoring these trends, the explanations for this growing spatial divide remain unclear. This lack of clarity has been a hindrance to the implementation of strategies by policymakers to reduce health inequalities. One explanation for the noted spatial differences in health is that…
Compression, expansion, or dynamic equilibrium? The evolution of health expectancy in New Zealand
Study objective: To evaluate the New Zealand evidence for three theories of population health change: compression of morbidity, expansion of morbidity, and dynamic equilibrium. Design: Using the Sullivan method, repeated cross sectional survey information on functional limitation prevalence was combined with population mortality data and census information on the utilisation of institutional care to produce health expectancy indices for 1981 and …
Understanding Price Elasticities to Inform Public Health Research and Intervention Studies: Key Issues
Pricing policies such as taxes and subsidies are important tools in preventing and controlling a range of threats to public health. This is particularly so in tobacco and alcohol control efforts and efforts to change dietary patterns and physical activity levels as a means of addressing increases in noncommunicable diseases. To understand the potential impact of pricing policies, it is critical to understand the nature of price elasticities for c…
Migration and Pacific Mortality: Estimating Migration Effects on Pacific Mortality Rates Using Bayesian Models
Pacific people living in New Zealand have higher mortality rates than New Zealand residents of European/Other ethnicity. The aim of this paper is to see whether Pacific mortality rates vary by natality and duration of residence. We used linked census-mortality information for 25- to 74-year-olds in the 2001 census followed for up to three years. Hierarchical Bayesian modeling provided a means of handling sparse data. Posterior mortality rates wer…
Do social and economic reforms change socioeconomic inequalities in child mortality? A case study: New Zealand 1981–1999
Background: Socioeconomic inequalities in child mortality are known to exist; however the trends in these inequalities have not been well examined. This study examines the trends in child mortality inequality between 1981 and 1999 against the background of the rapid and dramatic social and economic restructuring in New Zealand during this time period. Methods: Record linkage studies of census and mortality records of all New Zealand children aged…
Seasonal patterns of mortality in relation to social factors
BACKGROUND: New Zealand is a temperate country with substantial excess winter mortality. We investigated whether this excess winter mortality varies with social factors. METHODS: Records from New Zealand censuses in 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001 were each anonymously and probabilistically linked to 3 years of subsequent mortality data creating five cohort studies of the New Zealand adult population (age 30-74 years at census) each with 3 years'…
The New Zealand Index of Neighbourhood Social Fragmentation: Integrating Theory and Data
We report on the development and validation of a neighbourhood measure of social fragmentation. Firstly, we developed a theoretical model of neighbourhood-level social fragmentation, as the structural antecedent to collective social functioning, with three domains (attachment, resources, and means of sharing of norms and values). Secondly, utilising the New Zealand 1996 and 2001 Censuses, variables were constructed to create the New Zealand Index…
Do ethnic and socio-economic inequalities in mortality vary by region in New Zealand? An application of hierarchical Bayesian modelling
The impact of an unconditional tax credit for families on self-rated health in adults: Further evidence from the cohort study of 6900 New Zealanders
The impact of in-work tax credit for families on self-rated health in adults: A cohort study of 6900 New Zealanders
BACKGROUND: In-work tax credit (IWTC) for families, a welfare-to-work policy intervention, may impact health status by improving income and employment. Most studies estimate that IWTCs in the USA and the UK have no effect on self-rated health (SRH) and several other health outcomes, but these estimates may be biased by confounding. The current study estimates the impact of one such IWTC intervention (called In-Work Tax Credit) on SRH in adults in…
Air pollution and mortality in New Zealand: Cohort study
BACKGROUND: Few cohort studies of the health effects of urban air pollution have been published. There is evidence, most consistently in studies with individual measurement of social factors, that more deprived populations are particularly sensitive to air pollution effects. METHODS: Records from the 1996 New Zealand census were anonymously and probabilistically linked to mortality data, creating a cohort study of the New Zealand population follo…
Socio-economic inequalities in mortality persist into old age in New Zealand: Study of all 65 years plus, 2001–04
A number of studies have explored the relationship between socio-economic status and mortality, although these have mostly been based on the working-age population, despite the fact that the burden of mortality is highest in older people. Using Poisson regression on linked New Zealand census and mortality data (2001–04, 1.3 million person years) with a comprehensive set of socio-economic indicators (education, income, car access, housing tenure, …
Reflections from the antipodes on the English strategy to reduce health inequalities and Mackenbach's analysis
Mackenbach has thoughtfully and objectively critiqued the effect of the English 1997–2000 strategy to reduce health inequalities.1 His analysis (consistent with others) is sobering; held up against endpoint targets of reducing inequalities in life expectancy and infant mortality, the strategy has not succeeded, despite a large government investment and effort that surpasses any other (European) country. However, it might be that inequalities woul…
Unemployment and mortality: Learning from the past in times of resurging unemployment: Figure 1
Impressive. Timely. These two words capture the essence of a study by Lundin et al published in this issue ( see page 22 ).1 The authors examine a cohort of Swedish men born in 1949–51 and the effects of unemployment (during the 1992–4 recession) on subsequent mortality (1995–2003). The data assembled for the analysis are impressive. The findings are timely in light of the worldwide surges in unemployment. As can only happen in Scandinavia, the a…
Iconography and Commission on the Social Determinants of Health (and health inequity)
The report by the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) ( Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health )1 was launched on 28 August this year. In this issue, timed to coincide with a conference of the same name being held in London in November, we include two papers relevant to the CSDH’s work. First, a paper by Marmot (Chair of the CSDH) and Frie…
Compression, expansion, or dynamic equilibrium? The evolution of health expectancy in New Zealand
Study objective: To evaluate the New Zealand evidence for three theories of population health change: compression of morbidity, expansion of morbidity, and dynamic equilibrium. Design: Using the Sullivan method, repeated cross sectional survey information on functional limitation prevalence was combined with population mortality data and census information on the utilisation of institutional care to produce health expectancy indices for 1981 and …
Do social and economic reforms change socioeconomic inequalities in child mortality? A case study: New Zealand 1981–1999
Background: Socioeconomic inequalities in child mortality are known to exist; however the trends in these inequalities have not been well examined. This study examines the trends in child mortality inequality between 1981 and 1999 against the background of the rapid and dramatic social and economic restructuring in New Zealand during this time period. Methods: Record linkage studies of census and mortality records of all New Zealand children aged…
Ethnic Inequalities in Cancer Survival in New Zealand: Linkage Study
We explored the contribution of stage at diagnosis to ethnic disparities in cancer survival in New Zealand. We linked 115811 adult patients with invasive cancer registered on the cancer registry (1994 to 2002) to mortality data. Age-standardized, 5-year relative survival rates were lowest for Maori, intermediate for Pacific people (otherwise known as Pacific Islanders), and highest for non-Maori/non-Pacific people for many cancers. Stage at diagn…
Shifting dollars, saving lives: What might happen to mortality rates, and socio-economic inequalities in mortality rates, if income was redistributed
Are socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods deprived of health-related community resources?
BACKGROUND: Recent work in a number of countries has identified growing geographical inequalities in health between deprived and non-deprived neighbourhoods. The health gaps observed cannot be entirely explained by differences in the characteristics of individuals living in those neighbourhoods, which has led to a concerted international public health research effort to determine what contextual features of neighbourhoods matter. This article rep…
Neighborhood Deprivation and Access to Fast-Food Retailing
Effect of insulating existing houses on health inequality: Cluster randomised study in the community
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether insulating existing houses increases indoor temperatures and improves occupants' health and wellbeing. DESIGN: Community based, cluster, single blinded randomised study. SETTING: Seven low income communities in New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS: 1350 households containing 4407 participants. INTERVENTION: Installation of a standard retrofit insulation package. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Indoor temperature and relative humidity,…
Strategies to promote healthier food purchases: A pilot supermarket intervention study
Objective To pilot the design and methodology for a large randomised controlled trial (RCT) of two interventions to promote healthier food purchasing: culturally appropriate nutrition education and price discounts. Design A 12-week, single-blind, pilot RCT. Effects on food purchases were measured using individualised electronic shopping data (‘Shop ’N Go’ system). Partial data were also collected on food expenditure at other (non-supermarket) ret…
Neighbourhood access to open spaces and the physical activity of residents: A national study
Iconography and Commission on the Social Determinants of Health (and health inequity)
The report by the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) ( Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health )1 was launched on 28 August this year. In this issue, timed to coincide with a conference of the same name being held in London in November, we include two papers relevant to the CSDH’s work. First, a paper by Marmot (Chair of the CSDH) and Frie…
Regional and Urban–Rural Variations in the Association of Neighbourhood Deprivation with Community Resource Access: A National Study
Recent work has identified growing geographical inequalities in health between deprived and nondeprived areas in a number of countries. Despite the plethora of studies monitoring these trends, the explanations for this growing spatial divide remain unclear. This lack of clarity has been a hindrance to the implementation of strategies by policymakers to reduce health inequalities. One explanation for the noted spatial differences in health is that…
Do ethnic and socio-economic inequalities in mortality vary by region in New Zealand? An application of hierarchical Bayesian modelling
Survival disparities in Indigenous and non-Indigenous New Zealanders with colon cancer: The role of patient comorbidity, treatment and health service factors
BACKGROUND: Ethnic disparities in cancer survival have been documented in many populations and cancer types. The causes of these inequalities are not well understood but may include disease and patient characteristics, treatment differences and health service factors. Survival was compared in a cohort of Maori (Indigenous) and non-Maori New Zealanders with colon cancer, and the contribution of demographics, disease characteristics, patient comorb…
Unemployment and mortality: Learning from the past in times of resurging unemployment: Figure 1
Impressive. Timely. These two words capture the essence of a study by Lundin et al published in this issue ( see page 22 ).1 The authors examine a cohort of Swedish men born in 1949–51 and the effects of unemployment (during the 1992–4 recession) on subsequent mortality (1995–2003). The data assembled for the analysis are impressive. The findings are timely in light of the worldwide surges in unemployment. As can only happen in Scandinavia, the a…
Change in income and change in self-rated health: Systematic review of studies using repeated measures to control for confounding bias
Do effects of price discounts and nutrition education on food purchases vary by ethnicity, income and education? Results from a randomised, controlled trial
BACKGROUND: Reducing health inequalities requires interventions that work as well, if not better, among disadvantaged populations. The aim of this study was to determine if the effects of price discounts and tailored nutrition education on supermarket food purchases (percentage energy from saturated fat and healthy foods purchased) vary by ethnicity, household income and education. METHOD: A 2×2 factorial trial of 1104 New Zealand shoppers random…
Reflections from the antipodes on the English strategy to reduce health inequalities and Mackenbach's analysis
Mackenbach has thoughtfully and objectively critiqued the effect of the English 1997–2000 strategy to reduce health inequalities.1 His analysis (consistent with others) is sobering; held up against endpoint targets of reducing inequalities in life expectancy and infant mortality, the strategy has not succeeded, despite a large government investment and effort that surpasses any other (European) country. However, it might be that inequalities woul…
Mortality among the working age population receiving incapacity benefits in New Zealand, 1981-2004
Neighborhood Built Environment and Transport and Leisure Physical Activity: Findings Using Objective Exposure and Outcome Measures in New Zealand
BACKGROUND: Evidence of associations between neighborhood built environments and transport-related physical activity (PA) is accumulating, but few studies have investigated associations with leisure-time PA. OBJECTIVE: We investigated associations of five objectively measured characteristics of the neighborhood built environment-destination access, street connectivity, dwelling density, land-use mix and streetscape quality-with residents' self-re…
The explanation of a paradox? A commentary on Mackenbach with perspectives from research on financial credits and risk factor trends
The relationship between income and health using longitudinal data from New Zealand
BACKGROUND: Evidence for a cross-sectional relationship between income and health is strong but is probably biased by substantial confounding. Longitudinal data with repeated income and health measures on the same individuals can be analysed to control completely for time-invariant confounding, giving a more accurate estimate of the impact of short-term changes in income on health. METHODS: 4 years of annual data (2002--2005) from the New Zealand…
Seasonal patterns of mortality in relation to social factors
BACKGROUND: New Zealand is a temperate country with substantial excess winter mortality. We investigated whether this excess winter mortality varies with social factors. METHODS: Records from New Zealand censuses in 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001 were each anonymously and probabilistically linked to 3 years of subsequent mortality data creating five cohort studies of the New Zealand adult population (age 30-74 years at census) each with 3 years'…
Air pollution and mortality in New Zealand: Cohort study
BACKGROUND: Few cohort studies of the health effects of urban air pollution have been published. There is evidence, most consistently in studies with individual measurement of social factors, that more deprived populations are particularly sensitive to air pollution effects. METHODS: Records from the 1996 New Zealand census were anonymously and probabilistically linked to mortality data, creating a cohort study of the New Zealand population follo…
The New Zealand Index of Neighbourhood Social Fragmentation: Integrating Theory and Data
We report on the development and validation of a neighbourhood measure of social fragmentation. Firstly, we developed a theoretical model of neighbourhood-level social fragmentation, as the structural antecedent to collective social functioning, with three domains (attachment, resources, and means of sharing of norms and values). Secondly, utilising the New Zealand 1996 and 2001 Censuses, variables were constructed to create the New Zealand Index…
Comparing self-rated health and self-assessed change in health in a longitudinal survey: Which is more valid
Medicine (36 works) · Demography (26 works) · Environmental health (26 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (21 works) · Population (20 works) · Economics (18 works) · Sociology (14 works) · Gerontology (13 works) · Geography (12 works) · Gerontology (11 works)