Marleen G Groeneveld
Biographic Data
| ID | 372640 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Marleen G Groeneveld |
| GIVEN NAMES | Marleen G |
| FAMILY NAME | Groeneveld |
| SIGNATURE | GROENEVELD M G |
| AFFILIATIONS | Leiden University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8406-5861 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 22 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 86 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 22 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2010 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Ethnic and Gender Representation in German, Italian and Dutch School Textbooks
Female and/or ethnically minoritized textbook characters are often underrepresented and portrayed in ways that align with negative stereotypes. Previous studies have linked such stereotypes to educational underperformance and to educational choices that diverge from individual skills and preferences. In this study we aim to gain insights into the so‐called hidden curriculum; whether students observe a variety of ethnicity and gender among charact…
The hidden lessons in textbooks: Gender representation and stereotypes in European mathematics and language books
This cross‐national European comparison examined gender representation and stereotypes in mathematics and language textbooks from Germany, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Romania. The results showed that female characters were numerically underrepresented. Female characters were also less often a main character or individually portrayed compared to male characters, but not proportionally to the overall lower number of female characters. Cha…
Student–teacher gender congruence and student performance: The role of context
Student-teacher gender congruence is suggested to be related to increased student performance, but little is known about the contexts in which these effects occur. Based on literature on gender stereotypes this study hypothesizes different effects of student-teacher gender congruence for male and female students across school subjects and in different educational contexts. Using administrative data of secondary schools in The Netherlands ( N > 50…
The role of parents in predicting gender‐stereotypic attitudes towards Heed occupations and gender‐stereotypic interest in these careers
This study examined adolescents’ gender‐stereotypic attitudes towards HEED (Health care, Early Education, Domestic) occupations and gender‐stereotypic interest in HEED careers and the role of parental gender‐stereotypic attitudes, role model behaviour and socialization values. We used questionnaire data from 501 White Dutch families. Our results showed that adolescents’ gender‐stereotypic attitudes towards HEED predicted their stereotypic interes…
Same-Sex Kissing and Having a Gay or Lesbian Child: A Bridge Too Far? Parent-Child Similarities in Homophobic Attitudes and Observed Parental Discomfort
This study examined parent-child similarities in homophobic attitudes and observed parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes in interactions with their adolescent children (14-18 years old). Based on gender schema theory and the family process model we expected parent-child similarities in homophobic attitudes to be stronger in same-gender dyads. Further, we expected that observed parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes would occur and …
Growing up together: Differences between siblings in the development of compliance separating within-family and between-family effects
This study applies a within-family, age-snapshot design to investigate differences between siblings in the development of compliance during the preschool years by disaggregating situational, within-family, and between-family effects. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between sibling differences in compliance and the within-family factors birth order and differential parenting, as well as interactions between these factors. Usin…
Hidden in Plain Sight: Gender Bias and Heteronormativity in Dutch Textbooks
In this study, we examined gender and sexuality representation in language and math textbooks for Dutch secondary education. We analyzed all male and female characters in 13 language textbooks (N = 7,347) and 12 math textbooks (N = 4,591). Our results confirmed our expectations based on the theory of the hidden curriculum: female characters were underrepresented in all textbooks (40% in language, 44% in math textbooks), but overrepresented in hou…
Understanding gender bias in teachers’ grading: The role of gender stereotypical beliefs
This study experimentally tested the influence of secondary school students' gender on Dutch language and math teachers' grading (n = 358) and examined the role of teachers' gender and gender stereotypes in gender grading bias. Results showed that grading, on average, was not gender biased. However, differences between teachers' gender grading bias were related to their gender stereotypes. Although we found no direct effect of teachers' gender on…
Big news stories and longitudinal data collection: A prominent child sexual abuse case negatively affects parents’ attitudes toward male caregivers
Consumption of news media can influence attitudes toward specific groups, but the influence of news media on longitudinal data collection has not yet been researched. We present a method to index media attention on a specific topic, as well as a case study on a big child sexual abuse (CSA) story and its effect on parents’ attitudes toward male childcare professionals in a longitudinal study with fathers and mothers of 207 Dutch families. Question…
Fathers, faith, and family gender messages: Are religiosity and gender talk related to children's gender attitudes and preferences
This study examines the links between parents’ religiosity, the way parents implicitly talk about gender with their preschoolers, and children's gender attitudes and preferences. Additionally, we focused on the degree to which parents’ gender talk mediates the relation between religiosity and children's gender attitudes and preferences. In a sample of 134 families (81 in which at least 1 parent was Christian) with a child aged 4-6 years, we obser…
Gendered Parenting in Early Childhood: Subtle But Unmistakable if You Know Where to Look
Gendered parenting refers to parental messages and behaviors that convey information about how girls and boys are supposed to behave. In this article, we show that although gendered socialization is rarely found in broad parenting styles or explicit parenting practices, it is present in implicit parenting practices. Such implicit practices can be directed to the child (direct messages) and take the form of exposing children to different products …
The Gendered Family Process Model: An Integrative Framework of Gender in the Family
This article reviews and integrates research on gender-related biological, cognitive, and social processes that take place in or between family members, resulting in a newly developed gendered family process (GFP) model. The GFP model serves as a guiding framework for research on gender in the family context, calling for the integration of biological, social, and cognitive factors. Biological factors in the model are prenatal, postnatal, and pube…
Mothers’ and fathers’ sensitivity with their two children: A longitudinal study from infancy to early childhood
To examine the effects of child age and birth order on sensitive parenting, 364 families with 2 children were visited when the second-born children were 12, 24, and 36 months old, and their older siblings were on average 2 years older. Mothers showed higher levels of sensitivity than fathers at all assessments. Parental sensitivity increased from infancy to toddlerhood, and then decreased into early childhood. The changes in parental sensitivity …
Gender-Differentiated Parenting Revisited: Meta-Analysis Reveals Very Few Differences in Parental Control of Boys and Girls
Although various theories describe mechanisms leading to differential parenting of boys and girls, there is no consensus about the extent to which parents do treat their sons and daughters differently. The last meta-analyses on the subject were conducted more than fifteen years ago, and changes in gender-specific child rearing in the past decade are quite plausible. In the current set of meta-analyses, based on 126 observational studies (15,034 f…
Sibling Gender Configuration and Family Processes
The current study focuses on the effects of sibling gender configuration on family processes during early childhood. In a sample of 369 two-parent families with two children (youngest 12 months, oldest about 2 years older), both siblings' noncompliant and oppositional behaviors and fathers' and mothers' sensitivity and discipline strategies were observed. Both siblings' aggressive behaviors and empathy of the oldest sibling were assessed with par…
Fathers’ and mothers’ emotion talk with their girls and boys from toddlerhood to preschool age
Goals of the current study were to examine fathers' and mothers' emotion talk from toddlerhood to preschool age, and to test whether parents socialize emotions differently in girls and boys. In a sample of 317 families, we observed both parents' emotion talk and their use of gender labels, while discussing a picture book with drawings of children displaying 4 basic emotions (anger, fear, sadness, and happiness), with their first- and second-born …
Wait Until Your Mother Gets Home! Mothers' and Fathers' Discipline Strategies
From a traditional viewpoint, fathers are seen as the main disciplinarian in the family. However, recent studies suggest that these traditional family role patterns may have changed. In this study, we observed discipline strategies of mothers and fathers toward their sons and daughters. Participants included 242 families with two children (1 and 3 years of age). Findings revealed that parental discipline varied by the age of the children, but tha…
Boys Don’t Play with Dolls: Mothers’ and Fathers’ Gender Talk during Picture Book Reading
SYNOPSISObjective. This study examines mothers’ and fathers’ gender talk with their daughters and sons and investigates the association between parental gender talk and parental implicit gender stereotypes. Design. Mothers’ and fathers’ gender talk was examined in 304 families with two children aged 2 and 4 years old, using the newly developed Gender Stereotypes Picture Book. Parental implicit gender stereotypes were assessed with the action infe…
Threshold for noise in daycare: Noise level and noise variability are associated with child wellbeing in home-based childcare
Gender Stereotypes in the Family Context: Mothers, Fathers, and Siblings
Caregivers’ cortisol levels and perceived stress in home-based and center-based childcare
Children's wellbeing and cortisol levels in home-based and center-based childcare
Gender Stereotypes in the Family Context: Mothers, Fathers, and Siblings
The Gendered Family Process Model: An Integrative Framework of Gender in the Family
This article reviews and integrates research on gender-related biological, cognitive, and social processes that take place in or between family members, resulting in a newly developed gendered family process (GFP) model. The GFP model serves as a guiding framework for research on gender in the family context, calling for the integration of biological, social, and cognitive factors. Biological factors in the model are prenatal, postnatal, and pube…
Understanding gender bias in teachers’ grading: The role of gender stereotypical beliefs
This study experimentally tested the influence of secondary school students' gender on Dutch language and math teachers' grading (n = 358) and examined the role of teachers' gender and gender stereotypes in gender grading bias. Results showed that grading, on average, was not gender biased. However, differences between teachers' gender grading bias were related to their gender stereotypes. Although we found no direct effect of teachers' gender on…
Boys Don’t Play with Dolls: Mothers’ and Fathers’ Gender Talk during Picture Book Reading
SYNOPSISObjective. This study examines mothers’ and fathers’ gender talk with their daughters and sons and investigates the association between parental gender talk and parental implicit gender stereotypes. Design. Mothers’ and fathers’ gender talk was examined in 304 families with two children aged 2 and 4 years old, using the newly developed Gender Stereotypes Picture Book. Parental implicit gender stereotypes were assessed with the action infe…
Children's wellbeing and cortisol levels in home-based and center-based childcare
Mothers’ and fathers’ sensitivity with their two children: A longitudinal study from infancy to early childhood
To examine the effects of child age and birth order on sensitive parenting, 364 families with 2 children were visited when the second-born children were 12, 24, and 36 months old, and their older siblings were on average 2 years older. Mothers showed higher levels of sensitivity than fathers at all assessments. Parental sensitivity increased from infancy to toddlerhood, and then decreased into early childhood. The changes in parental sensitivity …
Wait Until Your Mother Gets Home! Mothers' and Fathers' Discipline Strategies
From a traditional viewpoint, fathers are seen as the main disciplinarian in the family. However, recent studies suggest that these traditional family role patterns may have changed. In this study, we observed discipline strategies of mothers and fathers toward their sons and daughters. Participants included 242 families with two children (1 and 3 years of age). Findings revealed that parental discipline varied by the age of the children, but tha…
Fathers, faith, and family gender messages: Are religiosity and gender talk related to children's gender attitudes and preferences
This study examines the links between parents’ religiosity, the way parents implicitly talk about gender with their preschoolers, and children's gender attitudes and preferences. Additionally, we focused on the degree to which parents’ gender talk mediates the relation between religiosity and children's gender attitudes and preferences. In a sample of 134 families (81 in which at least 1 parent was Christian) with a child aged 4-6 years, we obser…
Ethnic and Gender Representation in German, Italian and Dutch School Textbooks
Female and/or ethnically minoritized textbook characters are often underrepresented and portrayed in ways that align with negative stereotypes. Previous studies have linked such stereotypes to educational underperformance and to educational choices that diverge from individual skills and preferences. In this study we aim to gain insights into the so‐called hidden curriculum; whether students observe a variety of ethnicity and gender among charact…
Hidden in Plain Sight: Gender Bias and Heteronormativity in Dutch Textbooks
In this study, we examined gender and sexuality representation in language and math textbooks for Dutch secondary education. We analyzed all male and female characters in 13 language textbooks (N = 7,347) and 12 math textbooks (N = 4,591). Our results confirmed our expectations based on the theory of the hidden curriculum: female characters were underrepresented in all textbooks (40% in language, 44% in math textbooks), but overrepresented in hou…
The role of parents in predicting gender‐stereotypic attitudes towards Heed occupations and gender‐stereotypic interest in these careers
This study examined adolescents’ gender‐stereotypic attitudes towards HEED (Health care, Early Education, Domestic) occupations and gender‐stereotypic interest in HEED careers and the role of parental gender‐stereotypic attitudes, role model behaviour and socialization values. We used questionnaire data from 501 White Dutch families. Our results showed that adolescents’ gender‐stereotypic attitudes towards HEED predicted their stereotypic interes…
Same-Sex Kissing and Having a Gay or Lesbian Child: A Bridge Too Far? Parent-Child Similarities in Homophobic Attitudes and Observed Parental Discomfort
This study examined parent-child similarities in homophobic attitudes and observed parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes in interactions with their adolescent children (14-18 years old). Based on gender schema theory and the family process model we expected parent-child similarities in homophobic attitudes to be stronger in same-gender dyads. Further, we expected that observed parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes would occur and …
Growing up together: Differences between siblings in the development of compliance separating within-family and between-family effects
This study applies a within-family, age-snapshot design to investigate differences between siblings in the development of compliance during the preschool years by disaggregating situational, within-family, and between-family effects. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between sibling differences in compliance and the within-family factors birth order and differential parenting, as well as interactions between these factors. Usin…
Sibling Gender Configuration and Family Processes
The current study focuses on the effects of sibling gender configuration on family processes during early childhood. In a sample of 369 two-parent families with two children (youngest 12 months, oldest about 2 years older), both siblings' noncompliant and oppositional behaviors and fathers' and mothers' sensitivity and discipline strategies were observed. Both siblings' aggressive behaviors and empathy of the oldest sibling were assessed with par…
Caregivers’ cortisol levels and perceived stress in home-based and center-based childcare
Children's wellbeing and cortisol levels in home-based and center-based childcare
Caregivers’ cortisol levels and perceived stress in home-based and center-based childcare
Threshold for noise in daycare: Noise level and noise variability are associated with child wellbeing in home-based childcare
Gender Stereotypes in the Family Context: Mothers, Fathers, and Siblings
Boys Don’t Play with Dolls: Mothers’ and Fathers’ Gender Talk during Picture Book Reading
SYNOPSISObjective. This study examines mothers’ and fathers’ gender talk with their daughters and sons and investigates the association between parental gender talk and parental implicit gender stereotypes. Design. Mothers’ and fathers’ gender talk was examined in 304 families with two children aged 2 and 4 years old, using the newly developed Gender Stereotypes Picture Book. Parental implicit gender stereotypes were assessed with the action infe…
Fathers’ and mothers’ emotion talk with their girls and boys from toddlerhood to preschool age
Goals of the current study were to examine fathers' and mothers' emotion talk from toddlerhood to preschool age, and to test whether parents socialize emotions differently in girls and boys. In a sample of 317 families, we observed both parents' emotion talk and their use of gender labels, while discussing a picture book with drawings of children displaying 4 basic emotions (anger, fear, sadness, and happiness), with their first- and second-born …
Wait Until Your Mother Gets Home! Mothers' and Fathers' Discipline Strategies
From a traditional viewpoint, fathers are seen as the main disciplinarian in the family. However, recent studies suggest that these traditional family role patterns may have changed. In this study, we observed discipline strategies of mothers and fathers toward their sons and daughters. Participants included 242 families with two children (1 and 3 years of age). Findings revealed that parental discipline varied by the age of the children, but tha…
Gender-Differentiated Parenting Revisited: Meta-Analysis Reveals Very Few Differences in Parental Control of Boys and Girls
Although various theories describe mechanisms leading to differential parenting of boys and girls, there is no consensus about the extent to which parents do treat their sons and daughters differently. The last meta-analyses on the subject were conducted more than fifteen years ago, and changes in gender-specific child rearing in the past decade are quite plausible. In the current set of meta-analyses, based on 126 observational studies (15,034 f…
Sibling Gender Configuration and Family Processes
The current study focuses on the effects of sibling gender configuration on family processes during early childhood. In a sample of 369 two-parent families with two children (youngest 12 months, oldest about 2 years older), both siblings' noncompliant and oppositional behaviors and fathers' and mothers' sensitivity and discipline strategies were observed. Both siblings' aggressive behaviors and empathy of the oldest sibling were assessed with par…
Mothers’ and fathers’ sensitivity with their two children: A longitudinal study from infancy to early childhood
To examine the effects of child age and birth order on sensitive parenting, 364 families with 2 children were visited when the second-born children were 12, 24, and 36 months old, and their older siblings were on average 2 years older. Mothers showed higher levels of sensitivity than fathers at all assessments. Parental sensitivity increased from infancy to toddlerhood, and then decreased into early childhood. The changes in parental sensitivity …
Gendered Parenting in Early Childhood: Subtle But Unmistakable if You Know Where to Look
Gendered parenting refers to parental messages and behaviors that convey information about how girls and boys are supposed to behave. In this article, we show that although gendered socialization is rarely found in broad parenting styles or explicit parenting practices, it is present in implicit parenting practices. Such implicit practices can be directed to the child (direct messages) and take the form of exposing children to different products …
The Gendered Family Process Model: An Integrative Framework of Gender in the Family
This article reviews and integrates research on gender-related biological, cognitive, and social processes that take place in or between family members, resulting in a newly developed gendered family process (GFP) model. The GFP model serves as a guiding framework for research on gender in the family context, calling for the integration of biological, social, and cognitive factors. Biological factors in the model are prenatal, postnatal, and pube…
Big news stories and longitudinal data collection: A prominent child sexual abuse case negatively affects parents’ attitudes toward male caregivers
Consumption of news media can influence attitudes toward specific groups, but the influence of news media on longitudinal data collection has not yet been researched. We present a method to index media attention on a specific topic, as well as a case study on a big child sexual abuse (CSA) story and its effect on parents’ attitudes toward male childcare professionals in a longitudinal study with fathers and mothers of 207 Dutch families. Question…
Fathers, faith, and family gender messages: Are religiosity and gender talk related to children's gender attitudes and preferences
This study examines the links between parents’ religiosity, the way parents implicitly talk about gender with their preschoolers, and children's gender attitudes and preferences. Additionally, we focused on the degree to which parents’ gender talk mediates the relation between religiosity and children's gender attitudes and preferences. In a sample of 134 families (81 in which at least 1 parent was Christian) with a child aged 4-6 years, we obser…
Understanding gender bias in teachers’ grading: The role of gender stereotypical beliefs
This study experimentally tested the influence of secondary school students' gender on Dutch language and math teachers' grading (n = 358) and examined the role of teachers' gender and gender stereotypes in gender grading bias. Results showed that grading, on average, was not gender biased. However, differences between teachers' gender grading bias were related to their gender stereotypes. Although we found no direct effect of teachers' gender on…
Growing up together: Differences between siblings in the development of compliance separating within-family and between-family effects
This study applies a within-family, age-snapshot design to investigate differences between siblings in the development of compliance during the preschool years by disaggregating situational, within-family, and between-family effects. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between sibling differences in compliance and the within-family factors birth order and differential parenting, as well as interactions between these factors. Usin…
Hidden in Plain Sight: Gender Bias and Heteronormativity in Dutch Textbooks
In this study, we examined gender and sexuality representation in language and math textbooks for Dutch secondary education. We analyzed all male and female characters in 13 language textbooks (N = 7,347) and 12 math textbooks (N = 4,591). Our results confirmed our expectations based on the theory of the hidden curriculum: female characters were underrepresented in all textbooks (40% in language, 44% in math textbooks), but overrepresented in hou…
The hidden lessons in textbooks: Gender representation and stereotypes in European mathematics and language books
This cross‐national European comparison examined gender representation and stereotypes in mathematics and language textbooks from Germany, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Romania. The results showed that female characters were numerically underrepresented. Female characters were also less often a main character or individually portrayed compared to male characters, but not proportionally to the overall lower number of female characters. Cha…
Student–teacher gender congruence and student performance: The role of context
Student-teacher gender congruence is suggested to be related to increased student performance, but little is known about the contexts in which these effects occur. Based on literature on gender stereotypes this study hypothesizes different effects of student-teacher gender congruence for male and female students across school subjects and in different educational contexts. Using administrative data of secondary schools in The Netherlands ( N > 50…
The role of parents in predicting gender‐stereotypic attitudes towards Heed occupations and gender‐stereotypic interest in these careers
This study examined adolescents’ gender‐stereotypic attitudes towards HEED (Health care, Early Education, Domestic) occupations and gender‐stereotypic interest in HEED careers and the role of parental gender‐stereotypic attitudes, role model behaviour and socialization values. We used questionnaire data from 501 White Dutch families. Our results showed that adolescents’ gender‐stereotypic attitudes towards HEED predicted their stereotypic interes…
Same-Sex Kissing and Having a Gay or Lesbian Child: A Bridge Too Far? Parent-Child Similarities in Homophobic Attitudes and Observed Parental Discomfort
This study examined parent-child similarities in homophobic attitudes and observed parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes in interactions with their adolescent children (14-18 years old). Based on gender schema theory and the family process model we expected parent-child similarities in homophobic attitudes to be stronger in same-gender dyads. Further, we expected that observed parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes would occur and …
Ethnic and Gender Representation in German, Italian and Dutch School Textbooks
Female and/or ethnically minoritized textbook characters are often underrepresented and portrayed in ways that align with negative stereotypes. Previous studies have linked such stereotypes to educational underperformance and to educational choices that diverge from individual skills and preferences. In this study we aim to gain insights into the so‐called hidden curriculum; whether students observe a variety of ethnicity and gender among charact…
Psychology (21 works) · Developmental psychology (19 works) · Social Psychology (13 works) · Gender Roles and Identity Studies (11 works) · Early Childhood Education and Development (10 works) · Social Psychology (8 works) · Medicine (7 works) · Gender role (6 works) · Gender Studies in Language (5 works) · Sociology (5 works)