Rafael Martinez
Biographic Data
| ID | 3737300 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Rafael Martinez |
| GIVEN NAMES | Rafael |
| FAMILY NAME | Martinez |
| SIGNATURE | MARTINEZ R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Universitat de Barcelona |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4487-6613 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 53 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1965 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Mobility-system compatibility and bus underuse in Ho Chi Minh City
Public transport underuse is commonly attributed to service quality, accessibility, travel time, cost, and individual preferences. These explanations say less about how travellers evaluate public transport within mobility environments already organised around established modes and practices, and may treat categories derived from particular transport histories as universally applicable. In Ho Chi Minh City, fixed-route buses operate within a motor…
Mapping lived experience
Assessing urban livability requires accounting for both the physical environment and residents’ perceptions. However, objective indicators (OI) derived from geospatial data and subjective indicators (SI) from surveys often yield conflicting insights, complicating evidence-based urban planning. This study addresses this challenge by comparing spatial patterns of OIs and SIs related to the built environment in Jakarta, Indonesia. We analyze ten obj…
The aspiration gap
In rapidly urbanizing Southeast Asian cities, questions of belonging, class identity, and future aspiration have become central to understanding urban life. This paper examines urban hope among the emerging urban middle class by analyzing the aspirations of residents in Jakarta, Manila, Ho Chi Minh City, and Phnom Penh for their children to build a future in the same city. We introduce the “aspiration gap” as a forward-looking measure linking cur…
A pandemic in the fragmented city
In Jakarta, the COVID-19 pandemic produced a paradox: low-density informal settlements experienced disproportionately high infection rates. While we hypothesized that the dense social networks (intensive socialization) would drive transmission, our quantitative models revealed that pre-pandemic socialization was, in fact, a significant protective factor. The primary drivers of transmission were high resident mobility and a lack of formal health i…
En la megalópolis antigua
d y la reciprocidad
Fragmented Realities
Rapid urbanization in Southeast Asia has created a paradox between severe environmental degradation and the often-muted concern of urban residents. The objective of this study is to explain this disconnect by comparatively analyzing the structural factors that shape environmental perceptions among the urban middle class in Jakarta and Phnom Penh. Drawing on survey data from over 2000 households, the study reveals two distinct narratives. In Jakar…
Brecha cultural? Percepciones de elites políticas, económicas y militares españolas respecto de las Fuerzas Armadas
La valoración de las fuerzas armadas por parte de diferentes elites constituye un factor relevante en las relaciones civiles-militares. La convergencia o divergencia en valores y percepciones entre ellos respecto a la administración militar, es decir, la existencia o no de una brecha cultural, puede dificultar el desarrollo de la política de defensa. Esta investigación analiza las percepciones de tres grupos de elites españolas (políticas, empres…
Performing Ephemerality and the Daily Production of the Fleeting City
Political culture and defence policy
European citizens’ attitudes towards defence are a fundamental element of common identity in the EU’s aim of becoming a unitary international actor. In Spain, since the early 2000s, the Spanish Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces have developed a public policy to promote defence culture to influence Spanish society’s views, perceptions, opinions, etc., towards defence and military policies. However, this approach is flawed because, despite b…
Risks and Fallacies of Expanding New Roles to the Military
This article responds to the analysis about the Spanish Emergency Military Unit in the research note by Pérez et al. in Armed Forces & Society, which emphasizes the efficiency of the Spanish Emergency Military Unit and how it has enhanced the image of the Spanish Armed Forces. We believe that a more critical understanding of the development of this military unit is necessary, as its deployment pitfalls and the literature on civil-military relatio…
The Militarization of Emergencies
The role of the armed forces in Latin America is characterized by their participation in multiple internal missions. These range from security functions to the provision of social, educational, and public services, among others; their role also involves providing emergency relief. However, some of the armed forces involved in this type of mission do not have specialized units or corps. This poses obvious problems not only from a technical and ope…
Social Class Competence Stereotypes Are Amplified by Socially Signaled Economic Inequality
A number of psychological theories suggest that increased economic inequality may lead to greater social class stereotyping. However, all existing evidence for this claim is correlational. Across three experiments (one exploratory and two confirmatory, N = 2,286), we observed that exposure to socially signaled inequality—operationalized in terms of variation in perceived incomes among groups of target individuals—amplified the endorsement of one …
Domestic military missions in Latin America
Latin American militaries are today in many regards inoperative and obsolete as an instrument of defence. Yet, they seek to maintain their organisational power and privileges. Governments, on the other hand, lack the adequate means to fight criminality, persisting poverty and social inequality. In an apparent win-win situation, Latin American governments have used the military as a wildcard to step in where civilian state capacity falls short, in…
Jakarta
A Measurement Scale to Assess Children’s Satisfaction with Hospitalization in the Andalusian Population
Background : Patient satisfaction is a principal indicator in the evaluation of the stay of pediatric patients in hospitals, since its consequences can emotionally interfere with health treatment. The aim of this study was to obtain a valid scale to assess children's satisfaction with their time spent as a patient in an Andalusian hospital. Method : The Children's Satisfaction with Hospitalization Questionnaire (CSHQ) was applied to 623 pediatric…
Spanish Version of the Family Health Behavior Scale
Different studies around the world indicate that the percentages of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence are high. In this context, it would be useful to have a common, valid, and reliable instrument to assess health behaviors of families that allows comparisons of data from different countries. The objective is the adaptation of a Spanish version of the Family Health Behavior Scale (FHBS). The questionnaire originally developed by…
Estrategias Nacionales de Seguridad ante los riesgos y amenazas transnacionales
El final de la Guerra Fría, y el 'desorden' del sistema político internacional que ello comportó, fomentó la aparición de actores internacionales no estatales -transnacionales-que han modificado la tipología de las amenazas y los riesgos. Ello ha traído consigo un replanteamiento de la seguridad de los Estados. Ese nuevo escenario y retos hacen necesario actuar de manera integral y multilateral; al mismo tiempo que exige unaactuación más preventi…
Soldiers, Politicians, and Civilians
Are interactions between soldiers, politicians, and civilians improving? Every nation has to come to grips with achieving a more enduring harmony between government, the armed forces, and society if it aspires to strengthen its democracy. While there is an abundance of studies on civil-military affairs, few examine all three of these actors, let alone establish any standards with which to assess whether progress is being made. This ambitious book…
International Missions as a Way to Improve Civil–Military Relations
At the end of the twentieth century (after a long history of coups d’état, a military uprising, a civil war, and a four-decade dictatorship) the Spanish public had serious doubts about the democratic nature of the armed forces. In 1989, the Spanish armed forces first took part in an international mission. Now, after 25 years of continuous active participation in overseas missions, public opinion polls rank the armed forces as the second most trus…
Experiencias de la participación militar española en misiones internacionales
The current research note addresses the experiences of the Spanish Army officers in 175 international\nmilitary missions that portray the features of asymmetrical conflicts or wars occurred\nbetween 1993 and 2015. And it is based on the analysis of fifty semi-structured interviews.\nThese experiences have been systematized in a series of variables that serve to identify such\nconflicts: (i) procedures; (ii) constraints, and (iii) actors. More spe…
Les forces armées espagnoles
Bien que l’Armée espagnole ait connu de profonds changements depuis la transition politique, les relations civils-militaires sont, en Espagne, parmi les plus conflictuelles d’Europe. Et l’Espagne est un des pays européens avec le plus fort refus de l’Armée. Ce sentiment conserve-t-il un sens ou s’agit-il d’un vestige d’un passé franquiste révolu ? Cet article tente de répondre à ses interrogations en se basant sur diverses enquêtes empiriques réa…
Los mandos de las fuerzas armadas españolas del siglo XXI
Esta publicación nos descubre el perfil profesional, social y político de las fuerzas armadas del siglo XXI. Para ello su autor, Rafael Martínez, se ha entrevistado con todos los futuros oficiales y suboficiales en sus treinta y dos centros de formación. También utilizó dos estudios de ERGOMAS (European Research Group on Military and Society) sobre cadetes europeos para comparar los resultados
Mathematical Background and Attitudes Toward Statistics in a Sample of Spanish College Students
Efectos de la fórmula electoral mayoritaria de doble vuelta
La fórmula de la doble vuelta presenta una alta versatilidad y un importante número de variantes. este trabajo plantea los efectos imputables a la doble vuelta tanto en elecciones generales como presidenciales. En concreto, se analizan los efectos en elecciones generales de la doble vuelta (mayoría absoluta en 1.a vuelta y relativa en 2.a) en circunscripciones uninominales y con umbral legal para acceder a la segunda vuelta ; asi como los efectos…
Taos Indian Songs
Domestic military missions in Latin America
Latin American militaries are today in many regards inoperative and obsolete as an instrument of defence. Yet, they seek to maintain their organisational power and privileges. Governments, on the other hand, lack the adequate means to fight criminality, persisting poverty and social inequality. In an apparent win-win situation, Latin American governments have used the military as a wildcard to step in where civilian state capacity falls short, in…
International Missions as a Way to Improve Civil–Military Relations
At the end of the twentieth century (after a long history of coups d’état, a military uprising, a civil war, and a four-decade dictatorship) the Spanish public had serious doubts about the democratic nature of the armed forces. In 1989, the Spanish armed forces first took part in an international mission. Now, after 25 years of continuous active participation in overseas missions, public opinion polls rank the armed forces as the second most trus…
Risks and Fallacies of Expanding New Roles to the Military
This article responds to the analysis about the Spanish Emergency Military Unit in the research note by Pérez et al. in Armed Forces & Society, which emphasizes the efficiency of the Spanish Emergency Military Unit and how it has enhanced the image of the Spanish Armed Forces. We believe that a more critical understanding of the development of this military unit is necessary, as its deployment pitfalls and the literature on civil-military relatio…
The Militarization of Emergencies
The role of the armed forces in Latin America is characterized by their participation in multiple internal missions. These range from security functions to the provision of social, educational, and public services, among others; their role also involves providing emergency relief. However, some of the armed forces involved in this type of mission do not have specialized units or corps. This poses obvious problems not only from a technical and ope…
Jakarta
Experiencias de la participación militar española en misiones internacionales
The current research note addresses the experiences of the Spanish Army officers in 175 international\nmilitary missions that portray the features of asymmetrical conflicts or wars occurred\nbetween 1993 and 2015. And it is based on the analysis of fifty semi-structured interviews.\nThese experiences have been systematized in a series of variables that serve to identify such\nconflicts: (i) procedures; (ii) constraints, and (iii) actors. More spe…
Les forces armées espagnoles
Bien que l’Armée espagnole ait connu de profonds changements depuis la transition politique, les relations civils-militaires sont, en Espagne, parmi les plus conflictuelles d’Europe. Et l’Espagne est un des pays européens avec le plus fort refus de l’Armée. Ce sentiment conserve-t-il un sens ou s’agit-il d’un vestige d’un passé franquiste révolu ? Cet article tente de répondre à ses interrogations en se basant sur diverses enquêtes empiriques réa…
Taos Indian Songs
Efectos de la fórmula electoral mayoritaria de doble vuelta
La fórmula de la doble vuelta presenta una alta versatilidad y un importante número de variantes. este trabajo plantea los efectos imputables a la doble vuelta tanto en elecciones generales como presidenciales. En concreto, se analizan los efectos en elecciones generales de la doble vuelta (mayoría absoluta en 1.a vuelta y relativa en 2.a) en circunscripciones uninominales y con umbral legal para acceder a la segunda vuelta ; asi como los efectos…
Mathematical Background and Attitudes Toward Statistics in a Sample of Spanish College Students
Los mandos de las fuerzas armadas españolas del siglo XXI
Esta publicación nos descubre el perfil profesional, social y político de las fuerzas armadas del siglo XXI. Para ello su autor, Rafael Martínez, se ha entrevistado con todos los futuros oficiales y suboficiales en sus treinta y dos centros de formación. También utilizó dos estudios de ERGOMAS (European Research Group on Military and Society) sobre cadetes europeos para comparar los resultados
Les forces armées espagnoles
Bien que l’Armée espagnole ait connu de profonds changements depuis la transition politique, les relations civils-militaires sont, en Espagne, parmi les plus conflictuelles d’Europe. Et l’Espagne est un des pays européens avec le plus fort refus de l’Armée. Ce sentiment conserve-t-il un sens ou s’agit-il d’un vestige d’un passé franquiste révolu ? Cet article tente de répondre à ses interrogations en se basant sur diverses enquêtes empiriques réa…
International Missions as a Way to Improve Civil–Military Relations
At the end of the twentieth century (after a long history of coups d’état, a military uprising, a civil war, and a four-decade dictatorship) the Spanish public had serious doubts about the democratic nature of the armed forces. In 1989, the Spanish armed forces first took part in an international mission. Now, after 25 years of continuous active participation in overseas missions, public opinion polls rank the armed forces as the second most trus…
Experiencias de la participación militar española en misiones internacionales
The current research note addresses the experiences of the Spanish Army officers in 175 international\nmilitary missions that portray the features of asymmetrical conflicts or wars occurred\nbetween 1993 and 2015. And it is based on the analysis of fifty semi-structured interviews.\nThese experiences have been systematized in a series of variables that serve to identify such\nconflicts: (i) procedures; (ii) constraints, and (iii) actors. More spe…
Soldiers, Politicians, and Civilians
Are interactions between soldiers, politicians, and civilians improving? Every nation has to come to grips with achieving a more enduring harmony between government, the armed forces, and society if it aspires to strengthen its democracy. While there is an abundance of studies on civil-military affairs, few examine all three of these actors, let alone establish any standards with which to assess whether progress is being made. This ambitious book…
Estrategias Nacionales de Seguridad ante los riesgos y amenazas transnacionales
El final de la Guerra Fría, y el 'desorden' del sistema político internacional que ello comportó, fomentó la aparición de actores internacionales no estatales -transnacionales-que han modificado la tipología de las amenazas y los riesgos. Ello ha traído consigo un replanteamiento de la seguridad de los Estados. Ese nuevo escenario y retos hacen necesario actuar de manera integral y multilateral; al mismo tiempo que exige unaactuación más preventi…
A Measurement Scale to Assess Children’s Satisfaction with Hospitalization in the Andalusian Population
Background : Patient satisfaction is a principal indicator in the evaluation of the stay of pediatric patients in hospitals, since its consequences can emotionally interfere with health treatment. The aim of this study was to obtain a valid scale to assess children's satisfaction with their time spent as a patient in an Andalusian hospital. Method : The Children's Satisfaction with Hospitalization Questionnaire (CSHQ) was applied to 623 pediatric…
Spanish Version of the Family Health Behavior Scale
Different studies around the world indicate that the percentages of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence are high. In this context, it would be useful to have a common, valid, and reliable instrument to assess health behaviors of families that allows comparisons of data from different countries. The objective is the adaptation of a Spanish version of the Family Health Behavior Scale (FHBS). The questionnaire originally developed by…
Jakarta
Social Class Competence Stereotypes Are Amplified by Socially Signaled Economic Inequality
A number of psychological theories suggest that increased economic inequality may lead to greater social class stereotyping. However, all existing evidence for this claim is correlational. Across three experiments (one exploratory and two confirmatory, N = 2,286), we observed that exposure to socially signaled inequality—operationalized in terms of variation in perceived incomes among groups of target individuals—amplified the endorsement of one …
Domestic military missions in Latin America
Latin American militaries are today in many regards inoperative and obsolete as an instrument of defence. Yet, they seek to maintain their organisational power and privileges. Governments, on the other hand, lack the adequate means to fight criminality, persisting poverty and social inequality. In an apparent win-win situation, Latin American governments have used the military as a wildcard to step in where civilian state capacity falls short, in…
The Militarization of Emergencies
The role of the armed forces in Latin America is characterized by their participation in multiple internal missions. These range from security functions to the provision of social, educational, and public services, among others; their role also involves providing emergency relief. However, some of the armed forces involved in this type of mission do not have specialized units or corps. This poses obvious problems not only from a technical and ope…
Political culture and defence policy
European citizens’ attitudes towards defence are a fundamental element of common identity in the EU’s aim of becoming a unitary international actor. In Spain, since the early 2000s, the Spanish Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces have developed a public policy to promote defence culture to influence Spanish society’s views, perceptions, opinions, etc., towards defence and military policies. However, this approach is flawed because, despite b…
Risks and Fallacies of Expanding New Roles to the Military
This article responds to the analysis about the Spanish Emergency Military Unit in the research note by Pérez et al. in Armed Forces & Society, which emphasizes the efficiency of the Spanish Emergency Military Unit and how it has enhanced the image of the Spanish Armed Forces. We believe that a more critical understanding of the development of this military unit is necessary, as its deployment pitfalls and the literature on civil-military relatio…
En la megalópolis antigua
d y la reciprocidad
Fragmented Realities
Rapid urbanization in Southeast Asia has created a paradox between severe environmental degradation and the often-muted concern of urban residents. The objective of this study is to explain this disconnect by comparatively analyzing the structural factors that shape environmental perceptions among the urban middle class in Jakarta and Phnom Penh. Drawing on survey data from over 2000 households, the study reveals two distinct narratives. In Jakar…
Brecha cultural? Percepciones de elites políticas, económicas y militares españolas respecto de las Fuerzas Armadas
La valoración de las fuerzas armadas por parte de diferentes elites constituye un factor relevante en las relaciones civiles-militares. La convergencia o divergencia en valores y percepciones entre ellos respecto a la administración militar, es decir, la existencia o no de una brecha cultural, puede dificultar el desarrollo de la política de defensa. Esta investigación analiza las percepciones de tres grupos de elites españolas (políticas, empres…
Performing Ephemerality and the Daily Production of the Fleeting City
Mobility-system compatibility and bus underuse in Ho Chi Minh City
Public transport underuse is commonly attributed to service quality, accessibility, travel time, cost, and individual preferences. These explanations say less about how travellers evaluate public transport within mobility environments already organised around established modes and practices, and may treat categories derived from particular transport histories as universally applicable. In Ho Chi Minh City, fixed-route buses operate within a motor…
Mapping lived experience
Assessing urban livability requires accounting for both the physical environment and residents’ perceptions. However, objective indicators (OI) derived from geospatial data and subjective indicators (SI) from surveys often yield conflicting insights, complicating evidence-based urban planning. This study addresses this challenge by comparing spatial patterns of OIs and SIs related to the built environment in Jakarta, Indonesia. We analyze ten obj…
The aspiration gap
In rapidly urbanizing Southeast Asian cities, questions of belonging, class identity, and future aspiration have become central to understanding urban life. This paper examines urban hope among the emerging urban middle class by analyzing the aspirations of residents in Jakarta, Manila, Ho Chi Minh City, and Phnom Penh for their children to build a future in the same city. We introduce the “aspiration gap” as a forward-looking measure linking cur…
A pandemic in the fragmented city
In Jakarta, the COVID-19 pandemic produced a paradox: low-density informal settlements experienced disproportionately high infection rates. While we hypothesized that the dense social networks (intensive socialization) would drive transmission, our quantitative models revealed that pre-pandemic socialization was, in fact, a significant protective factor. The primary drivers of transmission were high resident mobility and a lack of formal health i…
Political science (13 works) · Law (8 works) · Politics (8 works) · Art (7 works) · Humanities (7 works) · Sociology (7 works) · Law (6 works) · Civil–military relations (5 works) · Geography (5 works) · Psychology (5 works)