B L Milgram
Biographic Data
| ID | 3748 |
|---|---|
| NAME | B L Milgram |
| GIVEN NAMES | B L |
| FAMILY NAME | Milgram |
| SIGNATURE | MILGRAM B L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Ontario College of Art and Design |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0934-9164 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 21 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 43 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 21 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1969 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Diasporic entanglements: Philippine-Toronto entrepreneurs reinventing food, business and belonging pre- and post-Covid-19
Studies of Philippine migration to Canada primarily chart migrants’ work in health services and caregiving, focusing on the deprofessoinalisation of migrants’ skills and justifiably emphasising issues of precarious citizenship and family separation. This article instead analyses Philippine migrants’ small-scale food businesses in Toronto to demonstrate the mainstream and ‘informal’ strategies entrepreneurs have pursed to establish viable enterpri…
Social Entrepreneurship and Arabica Coffee Production in the Northern Philippines: Navigating Opportunities and Constraints
Private, government, and corporate sectors increasingly seek to mitigate the precarious economic and environmental conditions their businesses have caused. Given the shortcomings of conventional approaches to achieve meaningful social change, social entrepreneurship has emerged as an alternative approach to answer this call. Combining business, private investment, and social movement models, social entrepreneurs work collaboratively with communit…
Fashioning frontiers in artisanal trade: Social entrepreneurship and textile production in the Philippine Cordillera
In the northern upland Philippines, a new group of social entrepreneurs are working with Cordillera weavers to develop innovatively designed but indigenously inspired textiles that respond to the global market for artisanal goods. These social entrepreneurs champion business transparency, quality production, ongoing producer–buyer relationships and community welfare. This article investigates these frontier enterprises in Ifugao and Benguet provi…
(Re)fashioning Philippine street foods and vending
A hallmark of many Global South city streets is ambulant vendors' daily trade in prepared and fresh foods. Yet governments often restrict such informal and sometimes illegal enterprises, privileging instead privatized and sanitized streetscapes-policies that disrupt urbanites' livelihoods and their consumption options. Engaging these issues, this article analyzes how street food vendors in Baguio, northern Philippines, mitigate the constraints of…
Recrafting in/formality, leveraging public market trade in Baguio, Philippines
With growing urbanization, Southern governments often privilege large-scale developments that frustrate urbanites' livelihood needs. In Baguio, Philippines public marketers counter such top-down disenfranchisement by operationalizing formal 'advocacy' and informal 'everyday' politics. That authorities negotiate agreements to accept payments for marketers' infractions, I argue, materializes complex and complicit intersections of formal/informal an…
From Street to Store to Shopping Mall: Extralegal Zones of Commerce for Pirated Audio-Visual Goods in Baguio, the Philippines
A focus on the trade in pirated DVDs and CDs dominated by Philippine Muslim street and store vendors in Baguio, the Philippines, permits analysis of “legal/illegal” practice. Both vendors and city officials use the elasticity of “extralegality” as an urban organizing logic to their mutual advantage — rental income for the city and a livelihood for vendors. Vendors differentially combine “everyday” and “advocacy” politics to secure their livelihoo…
Unsettling Urban Marketplace Redevelopment in Baguio City, Philippines
Urban public marketplaces in Global South cities host a vibrant mix of retail and wholesale trade. Yet local-to-national governments increasingly promote sanitized and privatized urban spaces by privileging modern retail outlets (malls and supermarkets) and discouraging "traditional" livelihoods (street vending and market stalls). These political decisions dramatically disrupt the public market trade that has provisioned urbanites for decades. To…
Food Provisioning and Wholesale Agricultural Commodity Chains in Northern Vietnam
Recent research examining the functioning of agricultural wholesale markets in the Global South tends to aim at understanding how these connect commodity chains between Global South suppliers and Global North consumers (often via large chain supermarkets), identifying groups of winners and losers en route. Often, the everyday lived experiences of individual actors along these chains, and how they maintain a livelihood within these vast networks, …
Reconfiguring Margins: Secondhand Clothing and Street Vending in the Philippines
Throughout the Philippines, the recent contraction of the global economy has challenged the livelihoods of the country's urban poor. This is particularly evident in Baguio City, northern Luzon's administrative center. Here, women, building on their history as the country's foremost public market traders, have established viable street vending businesses selling different goods such as imported secondhand clothing. The meaning of secondhand clothi…
Tangled fields: Rethinking positionality and ethics in research on women's work in a Hong Kong-Philippine trade
Given the increased attention in cultural anthropology and geography to positionality, ethics and reflexivity in conducting fieldwork, there is surprisingly little discussion about the concerns and constraints inherent in researching activities operating on the margins of the law. In the Philippines, although a 1966 law bans importing used clothing for resale, the legal sale of second-hand clothing once it is in the country, provides work for hun…
Reconfiguring Space, Mobilizing Livelihood Street Vending, Legality, and Work in the Philippines
In the Philippines, the liberalization of the country's economy has meant increasing rural to urban migration and dramatic growth in informal sector trade. Women, in particular, building on their historical roles as the country's primary public and regional market traders, have made Philippine city streets their new business venue for itinerant, but viable work selling different goods: fresh produce, manufactured goods, cooked food – gendered occ…
From Trash to Totes: Recycled Production and Cooperative Economy Practice in the Philippines
Scholarship on artisan cooperatives analyzes how collective frameworks can support members' social welfare needs and their production for local and international markets. Some artisans seeking more control over their work, for example, have used the global demand for goods that speak of equitable manufacturing and environmental sustainability to add value to their products. This paper engages this research by examining a Philippine women's collec…
Negotiating urban activism: Women, vending and the transformation of streetscapes in the urban Philippines
In the mid-1980s, Carol Esteban,1 at 22 years old, began to look for work in Baguio City, Philippines to augment her husband’s irregular earnings in periodic wage labor. Given the lack of formal sector employment opportunities for men and women throughout the Philippines, Carol, even with two years of college education, found herself with little choice but to carve out a particularized space in which to earn a living. Carol, now 45 years old, exp…
Edgy things: Negotiating borders and identity in Asian material culture – a foreword
Edgy things: Negotiating borders and identity in Asian material culture – a foreword." Asian Studies Review, 29(3), pp. 231–232
Piña cloth, identity and the project of Philippine nationalism
In the early 1990s, with increasing pressure from the economic and cultural effects of postmodern development, Philippine President Fidel Ramos orchestrated a nationalist construction under the rub
Refashioning Commodities: Women and the Sourcing of Secondhand Clothing in the Philippines
With Asian Spirit's regular flights to Baguio City starting on October 25 [2002], pine-scented breezes, strawberry jam and even ukay-ukay adventures are just a flight away (Asian Spirit Airlines, 2002).Among teeners, the wagwag [secondhand clothing] craze is called WW.COM to give it a more Internet-like sound. Cell phone texters call it WAG2 (Sanidad, 2001: 4).Just check out the new wagwag line displayed at the city's first rummage festival last …
Artisans and Cooperatives: Developing Alternative Trade for the Global Economy
With new markets opening up for goods produced by artisans from all parts of the world, craft commercialization and craft industries have become key components of local economies. Now with the emergence of the Fair Trade movement and public opposition to sweatshop labor, many people are demanding that artisans in third world countries not be exploited for their labor. Bringing together case studies from the Americas and Asia, this timely collecti…
Operationalizing Microfinance: Women and Craftwork in Ifugao, Upland Philippines
In the 1990s, microfinance emerged as the leading development strategy adopted to alleviate poverty and empower the poor, particularly women. Views differ, however, on the extent to which access to financial services can enhance participants' quality of life. This paper addresses this ongoing debate by analyzing a new (mid-1997) microfinance program in the northern Philippines established by the Central Cordillera Agricultural Programme (CECAP). …
Women and Microcredit in Rural Bangladesh: An Anthropological Study of Grameen Bank Lending
As Rahman notes in his introduction, microcredit has become the paradigm for thinking about economic (p. 1). Since the limits of welfare-oriented approaches are now well recognized, an ever-growing wave of microlending initiatives are cloning Bangladesh's Bank model in efforts to alleviate poverty and empower the poor. Because of women's higher repayment rates and prioritization of expenditure on family welfare, many of these programs target wome…
Locating "Tradition" in the Striped Textiles of Banaue, Ifugao
Gift-Commodity Entanglements: Repositioning (In)Formality in a Transnational Philippine Market Trade
Filipinos working abroad, known as Overseas Filipino Workers, regularly send cash remittances and in-kind gifts (for example, cosmetics, vitamins, clothing) to family in the Philippines. These gifts are not subject to customs duties because, like cash, they contribute to the Philippine economy and provide family members with needed goods. However, because state economic policies have failed to adequately meet citizens' subsistence requirements, P…
Reconfiguring Space, Mobilizing Livelihood Street Vending, Legality, and Work in the Philippines
In the Philippines, the liberalization of the country's economy has meant increasing rural to urban migration and dramatic growth in informal sector trade. Women, in particular, building on their historical roles as the country's primary public and regional market traders, have made Philippine city streets their new business venue for itinerant, but viable work selling different goods: fresh produce, manufactured goods, cooked food – gendered occ…
Unsettling Urban Marketplace Redevelopment in Baguio City, Philippines
Urban public marketplaces in Global South cities host a vibrant mix of retail and wholesale trade. Yet local-to-national governments increasingly promote sanitized and privatized urban spaces by privileging modern retail outlets (malls and supermarkets) and discouraging "traditional" livelihoods (street vending and market stalls). These political decisions dramatically disrupt the public market trade that has provisioned urbanites for decades. To…
Piña cloth, identity and the project of Philippine nationalism
In the early 1990s, with increasing pressure from the economic and cultural effects of postmodern development, Philippine President Fidel Ramos orchestrated a nationalist construction under the rub
From Street to Store to Shopping Mall: Extralegal Zones of Commerce for Pirated Audio-Visual Goods in Baguio, the Philippines
A focus on the trade in pirated DVDs and CDs dominated by Philippine Muslim street and store vendors in Baguio, the Philippines, permits analysis of “legal/illegal” practice. Both vendors and city officials use the elasticity of “extralegality” as an urban organizing logic to their mutual advantage — rental income for the city and a livelihood for vendors. Vendors differentially combine “everyday” and “advocacy” politics to secure their livelihoo…
Fashioning frontiers in artisanal trade: Social entrepreneurship and textile production in the Philippine Cordillera
In the northern upland Philippines, a new group of social entrepreneurs are working with Cordillera weavers to develop innovatively designed but indigenously inspired textiles that respond to the global market for artisanal goods. These social entrepreneurs champion business transparency, quality production, ongoing producer–buyer relationships and community welfare. This article investigates these frontier enterprises in Ifugao and Benguet provi…
(Re)fashioning Philippine street foods and vending
A hallmark of many Global South city streets is ambulant vendors' daily trade in prepared and fresh foods. Yet governments often restrict such informal and sometimes illegal enterprises, privileging instead privatized and sanitized streetscapes-policies that disrupt urbanites' livelihoods and their consumption options. Engaging these issues, this article analyzes how street food vendors in Baguio, northern Philippines, mitigate the constraints of…
Tangled fields: Rethinking positionality and ethics in research on women's work in a Hong Kong-Philippine trade
Given the increased attention in cultural anthropology and geography to positionality, ethics and reflexivity in conducting fieldwork, there is surprisingly little discussion about the concerns and constraints inherent in researching activities operating on the margins of the law. In the Philippines, although a 1966 law bans importing used clothing for resale, the legal sale of second-hand clothing once it is in the country, provides work for hun…
Refashioning Commodities: Women and the Sourcing of Secondhand Clothing in the Philippines
With Asian Spirit's regular flights to Baguio City starting on October 25 [2002], pine-scented breezes, strawberry jam and even ukay-ukay adventures are just a flight away (Asian Spirit Airlines, 2002).Among teeners, the wagwag [secondhand clothing] craze is called WW.COM to give it a more Internet-like sound. Cell phone texters call it WAG2 (Sanidad, 2001: 4).Just check out the new wagwag line displayed at the city's first rummage festival last …
Women and Microcredit in Rural Bangladesh: An Anthropological Study of Grameen Bank Lending
As Rahman notes in his introduction, microcredit has become the paradigm for thinking about economic (p. 1). Since the limits of welfare-oriented approaches are now well recognized, an ever-growing wave of microlending initiatives are cloning Bangladesh's Bank model in efforts to alleviate poverty and empower the poor. Because of women's higher repayment rates and prioritization of expenditure on family welfare, many of these programs target wome…
Locating "Tradition" in the Striped Textiles of Banaue, Ifugao
Gift-Commodity Entanglements: Repositioning (In)Formality in a Transnational Philippine Market Trade
Filipinos working abroad, known as Overseas Filipino Workers, regularly send cash remittances and in-kind gifts (for example, cosmetics, vitamins, clothing) to family in the Philippines. These gifts are not subject to customs duties because, like cash, they contribute to the Philippine economy and provide family members with needed goods. However, because state economic policies have failed to adequately meet citizens' subsistence requirements, P…
Gift-Commodity Entanglements: Repositioning (In)Formality in a Transnational Philippine Market Trade
Filipinos working abroad, known as Overseas Filipino Workers, regularly send cash remittances and in-kind gifts (for example, cosmetics, vitamins, clothing) to family in the Philippines. These gifts are not subject to customs duties because, like cash, they contribute to the Philippine economy and provide family members with needed goods. However, because state economic policies have failed to adequately meet citizens' subsistence requirements, P…
Locating "Tradition" in the Striped Textiles of Banaue, Ifugao
Artisans and Cooperatives: Developing Alternative Trade for the Global Economy
With new markets opening up for goods produced by artisans from all parts of the world, craft commercialization and craft industries have become key components of local economies. Now with the emergence of the Fair Trade movement and public opposition to sweatshop labor, many people are demanding that artisans in third world countries not be exploited for their labor. Bringing together case studies from the Americas and Asia, this timely collecti…
Operationalizing Microfinance: Women and Craftwork in Ifugao, Upland Philippines
In the 1990s, microfinance emerged as the leading development strategy adopted to alleviate poverty and empower the poor, particularly women. Views differ, however, on the extent to which access to financial services can enhance participants' quality of life. This paper addresses this ongoing debate by analyzing a new (mid-1997) microfinance program in the northern Philippines established by the Central Cordillera Agricultural Programme (CECAP). …
Women and Microcredit in Rural Bangladesh: An Anthropological Study of Grameen Bank Lending
As Rahman notes in his introduction, microcredit has become the paradigm for thinking about economic (p. 1). Since the limits of welfare-oriented approaches are now well recognized, an ever-growing wave of microlending initiatives are cloning Bangladesh's Bank model in efforts to alleviate poverty and empower the poor. Because of women's higher repayment rates and prioritization of expenditure on family welfare, many of these programs target wome…
Refashioning Commodities: Women and the Sourcing of Secondhand Clothing in the Philippines
With Asian Spirit's regular flights to Baguio City starting on October 25 [2002], pine-scented breezes, strawberry jam and even ukay-ukay adventures are just a flight away (Asian Spirit Airlines, 2002).Among teeners, the wagwag [secondhand clothing] craze is called WW.COM to give it a more Internet-like sound. Cell phone texters call it WAG2 (Sanidad, 2001: 4).Just check out the new wagwag line displayed at the city's first rummage festival last …
Edgy things: Negotiating borders and identity in Asian material culture – a foreword
Edgy things: Negotiating borders and identity in Asian material culture – a foreword." Asian Studies Review, 29(3), pp. 231–232
Piña cloth, identity and the project of Philippine nationalism
In the early 1990s, with increasing pressure from the economic and cultural effects of postmodern development, Philippine President Fidel Ramos orchestrated a nationalist construction under the rub
Negotiating urban activism: Women, vending and the transformation of streetscapes in the urban Philippines
In the mid-1980s, Carol Esteban,1 at 22 years old, began to look for work in Baguio City, Philippines to augment her husband’s irregular earnings in periodic wage labor. Given the lack of formal sector employment opportunities for men and women throughout the Philippines, Carol, even with two years of college education, found herself with little choice but to carve out a particularized space in which to earn a living. Carol, now 45 years old, exp…
From Trash to Totes: Recycled Production and Cooperative Economy Practice in the Philippines
Scholarship on artisan cooperatives analyzes how collective frameworks can support members' social welfare needs and their production for local and international markets. Some artisans seeking more control over their work, for example, have used the global demand for goods that speak of equitable manufacturing and environmental sustainability to add value to their products. This paper engages this research by examining a Philippine women's collec…
Reconfiguring Space, Mobilizing Livelihood Street Vending, Legality, and Work in the Philippines
In the Philippines, the liberalization of the country's economy has meant increasing rural to urban migration and dramatic growth in informal sector trade. Women, in particular, building on their historical roles as the country's primary public and regional market traders, have made Philippine city streets their new business venue for itinerant, but viable work selling different goods: fresh produce, manufactured goods, cooked food – gendered occ…
Reconfiguring Margins: Secondhand Clothing and Street Vending in the Philippines
Throughout the Philippines, the recent contraction of the global economy has challenged the livelihoods of the country's urban poor. This is particularly evident in Baguio City, northern Luzon's administrative center. Here, women, building on their history as the country's foremost public market traders, have established viable street vending businesses selling different goods such as imported secondhand clothing. The meaning of secondhand clothi…
Tangled fields: Rethinking positionality and ethics in research on women's work in a Hong Kong-Philippine trade
Given the increased attention in cultural anthropology and geography to positionality, ethics and reflexivity in conducting fieldwork, there is surprisingly little discussion about the concerns and constraints inherent in researching activities operating on the margins of the law. In the Philippines, although a 1966 law bans importing used clothing for resale, the legal sale of second-hand clothing once it is in the country, provides work for hun…
Food Provisioning and Wholesale Agricultural Commodity Chains in Northern Vietnam
Recent research examining the functioning of agricultural wholesale markets in the Global South tends to aim at understanding how these connect commodity chains between Global South suppliers and Global North consumers (often via large chain supermarkets), identifying groups of winners and losers en route. Often, the everyday lived experiences of individual actors along these chains, and how they maintain a livelihood within these vast networks, …
From Street to Store to Shopping Mall: Extralegal Zones of Commerce for Pirated Audio-Visual Goods in Baguio, the Philippines
A focus on the trade in pirated DVDs and CDs dominated by Philippine Muslim street and store vendors in Baguio, the Philippines, permits analysis of “legal/illegal” practice. Both vendors and city officials use the elasticity of “extralegality” as an urban organizing logic to their mutual advantage — rental income for the city and a livelihood for vendors. Vendors differentially combine “everyday” and “advocacy” politics to secure their livelihoo…
Unsettling Urban Marketplace Redevelopment in Baguio City, Philippines
Urban public marketplaces in Global South cities host a vibrant mix of retail and wholesale trade. Yet local-to-national governments increasingly promote sanitized and privatized urban spaces by privileging modern retail outlets (malls and supermarkets) and discouraging "traditional" livelihoods (street vending and market stalls). These political decisions dramatically disrupt the public market trade that has provisioned urbanites for decades. To…
Recrafting in/formality, leveraging public market trade in Baguio, Philippines
With growing urbanization, Southern governments often privilege large-scale developments that frustrate urbanites' livelihood needs. In Baguio, Philippines public marketers counter such top-down disenfranchisement by operationalizing formal 'advocacy' and informal 'everyday' politics. That authorities negotiate agreements to accept payments for marketers' infractions, I argue, materializes complex and complicit intersections of formal/informal an…
Fashioning frontiers in artisanal trade: Social entrepreneurship and textile production in the Philippine Cordillera
In the northern upland Philippines, a new group of social entrepreneurs are working with Cordillera weavers to develop innovatively designed but indigenously inspired textiles that respond to the global market for artisanal goods. These social entrepreneurs champion business transparency, quality production, ongoing producer–buyer relationships and community welfare. This article investigates these frontier enterprises in Ifugao and Benguet provi…
(Re)fashioning Philippine street foods and vending
A hallmark of many Global South city streets is ambulant vendors' daily trade in prepared and fresh foods. Yet governments often restrict such informal and sometimes illegal enterprises, privileging instead privatized and sanitized streetscapes-policies that disrupt urbanites' livelihoods and their consumption options. Engaging these issues, this article analyzes how street food vendors in Baguio, northern Philippines, mitigate the constraints of…
Social Entrepreneurship and Arabica Coffee Production in the Northern Philippines: Navigating Opportunities and Constraints
Private, government, and corporate sectors increasingly seek to mitigate the precarious economic and environmental conditions their businesses have caused. Given the shortcomings of conventional approaches to achieve meaningful social change, social entrepreneurship has emerged as an alternative approach to answer this call. Combining business, private investment, and social movement models, social entrepreneurs work collaboratively with communit…
Diasporic entanglements: Philippine-Toronto entrepreneurs reinventing food, business and belonging pre- and post-Covid-19
Studies of Philippine migration to Canada primarily chart migrants’ work in health services and caregiving, focusing on the deprofessoinalisation of migrants’ skills and justifiably emphasising issues of precarious citizenship and family separation. This article instead analyses Philippine migrants’ small-scale food businesses in Toronto to demonstrate the mainstream and ‘informal’ strategies entrepreneurs have pursed to establish viable enterpri…
Business (14 works) · Economics (12 works) · Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy (11 works) · Geography (10 works) · Political science (9 works) · Economic growth (8 works) · Sociology (7 works) · Law (6 works) · Livelihood (6 works) · Politics (6 works)