Philip R Zelazo
Biographic Data
| ID | 3774128 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Philip R Zelazo |
| GIVEN NAMES | Philip R |
| FAMILY NAME | Zelazo |
| SIGNATURE | ZELAZO P R |
| AFFILIATIONS | McGill University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 14 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 37 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 14 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1971 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Schema formation and stimulus–schema discrepancy: A basic unit and its properties
Research with 2-day-old neonates shows that they create mental representations-schemata-for their experiences and that this cognitive ability is hardwired and functional at birth. This research and studies with older infants indicate that both the formation and the expansion of schemata occur through moderate discrepancies, a concept that Jerome Kagan promoted conceptually and through his research. Discrepancy, as distinct from novelty, is insuff…
Effects of Familiarity and Feeding on Newborn Speech–Voice Recognition
Newborn infants preferentially orient to familiar over unfamiliar speech sounds. They are also better at remembering unfamiliar speech sounds for short periods of time if learning and retention occur after a feed than before. It is unknown whether short‐term memory for speech is enhanced when the sound is familiar (versus unfamiliar) and, if so, whether the effect is further enhanced by feeding. We used a two‐factorial design and randomized infan…
Functional Play at 2 Years of Age: Effects of Prenatal Maternal Stress
Toddler toy play evolves in a predictable manner and provides a valid, nonverbal measure of cognitive function unbiased by social behaviors. Research on prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) indicates that exposure to stress in utero results in developmental deficits. We hypothesized that children exposed to high objective PNMS from a natural disaster early in pregnancy would exhibit higher rates of stereotypical play and lower rates of mature function…
McGraw and the Development of Unaided Walking
Newborn infants' memory for speech sounds retained over 24 hours
Newborn infants were exposed to speech sounds in 2 sessions separated by 24 hr. Their habituation and recovery to these sounds were assessed by spontaneous head orienting toward the sound's location. Thirty-six neonates were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: a no-change group that heard the same word both days; a change group that heard a different word each day; and a Day 2 age-control group that heard 1 of the 2 words for the 1st time on Day 2. Both g…
Specificity of practice effects on elementary neuromotor patterns
The specificity of the effects of practice on 2 elementary neuromotor patterns, stepping and sitting, was investigated. Thirty-two 6-week-old male infants were assigned to 1 of 5 groups: Three experimental groups received 2,3-min daily sessions of exercise of stepping, sitting, or both (3 min each), whereas 2 control groups received no exercise. After 7 weeks, infants who received elicitation of the stepping pattern, alone or in combination with …
Recovery of neonatal head turning to decreased sound pressure level
Human newborns's responses to decreased sound pressure level (SPL) were investigated with a localized head-turning habituation procedure. Recovery to a decrement in volume contradicts a selective receptor adaptation view because a lower intensity stimulus does not engage a separate set of receptor cells. Ninety-six infants (mean age = 41 hr) were presented with the same sound for 2 infant-controlled phases. After criterion orientation and criteri…
Habituation–dishabituation to speech in the neonate
Habituation-dishabituation to speech in the neonate
Harvard UniversityA counterbalanced between-groups design with repeated measures was used todemonstrate that both male and female neonates would habituate and dishabituateto repeated and novel speech sounds. Twenty-four full-term newborns with a birthweight greater than 2,400 grams and a mean age of 72.2 hours served as subjectsin a head-turning sound-localization task. The results clearly indicated the reliableoccurrence of two basic processes i…
The dawn of active thought
The qualitative changes in behavior that occur between about 8 and 12 months extend to virtually all areas of development and imply that the infant undergoes a major cognitive metamorphosis at 1 year of age
The Day Care Issue: Children's Rights, Women's Rights, Family Rights
Separation protest in infants in home and laboratory
category of behavior was computed using the Pearson product-moment correlation. These correlations ranged from .92 for duration of time proximal to mother to .98 for duration of play. As in the earlier laboratory study, behavior in the home was a function of the adult with whom the infant was left, F (2, 36) = 18.2, p < .001 for play; F (2, 36) = 5.5, p < .007 for crying; F (2, 36) = 18.1, p < .001 for proximity to door. Infants played significan…
Father interaction and separation protest
Thirty-six 1-year-old middle-class children with fathers who spent differential time with them at home were observed in two experimental contexts separated by 2 weeks. In the first, each infant was shown six to eight repetitions of three different nonsocial events followed by a change in the repeated standard. In the second, each infant experienced the unannounced entrances and departures of his mother, father, and a female stranger. The infants …
Smiling to social stimuli: Eliciting and conditioning effects
Father interaction and separation protest
Thirty-six 1-year-old middle-class children with fathers who spent differential time with them at home were observed in two experimental contexts separated by 2 weeks. In the first, each infant was shown six to eight repetitions of three different nonsocial events followed by a change in the repeated standard. In the second, each infant experienced the unannounced entrances and departures of his mother, father, and a female stranger. The infants …
Separation protest in infants in home and laboratory
category of behavior was computed using the Pearson product-moment correlation. These correlations ranged from .92 for duration of time proximal to mother to .98 for duration of play. As in the earlier laboratory study, behavior in the home was a function of the adult with whom the infant was left, F (2, 36) = 18.2, p < .001 for play; F (2, 36) = 5.5, p < .007 for crying; F (2, 36) = 18.1, p < .001 for proximity to door. Infants played significan…
Newborn infants' memory for speech sounds retained over 24 hours
Newborn infants were exposed to speech sounds in 2 sessions separated by 24 hr. Their habituation and recovery to these sounds were assessed by spontaneous head orienting toward the sound's location. Thirty-six neonates were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: a no-change group that heard the same word both days; a change group that heard a different word each day; and a Day 2 age-control group that heard 1 of the 2 words for the 1st time on Day 2. Both g…
Smiling to social stimuli: Eliciting and conditioning effects
Habituation-dishabituation to speech in the neonate
Harvard UniversityA counterbalanced between-groups design with repeated measures was used todemonstrate that both male and female neonates would habituate and dishabituateto repeated and novel speech sounds. Twenty-four full-term newborns with a birthweight greater than 2,400 grams and a mean age of 72.2 hours served as subjectsin a head-turning sound-localization task. The results clearly indicated the reliableoccurrence of two basic processes i…
Specificity of practice effects on elementary neuromotor patterns
The specificity of the effects of practice on 2 elementary neuromotor patterns, stepping and sitting, was investigated. Thirty-two 6-week-old male infants were assigned to 1 of 5 groups: Three experimental groups received 2,3-min daily sessions of exercise of stepping, sitting, or both (3 min each), whereas 2 control groups received no exercise. After 7 weeks, infants who received elicitation of the stepping pattern, alone or in combination with …
Recovery of neonatal head turning to decreased sound pressure level
Human newborns's responses to decreased sound pressure level (SPL) were investigated with a localized head-turning habituation procedure. Recovery to a decrement in volume contradicts a selective receptor adaptation view because a lower intensity stimulus does not engage a separate set of receptor cells. Ninety-six infants (mean age = 41 hr) were presented with the same sound for 2 infant-controlled phases. After criterion orientation and criteri…
Smiling to social stimuli: Eliciting and conditioning effects
Father interaction and separation protest
Thirty-six 1-year-old middle-class children with fathers who spent differential time with them at home were observed in two experimental contexts separated by 2 weeks. In the first, each infant was shown six to eight repetitions of three different nonsocial events followed by a change in the repeated standard. In the second, each infant experienced the unannounced entrances and departures of his mother, father, and a female stranger. The infants …
Separation protest in infants in home and laboratory
category of behavior was computed using the Pearson product-moment correlation. These correlations ranged from .92 for duration of time proximal to mother to .98 for duration of play. As in the earlier laboratory study, behavior in the home was a function of the adult with whom the infant was left, F (2, 36) = 18.2, p < .001 for play; F (2, 36) = 5.5, p < .007 for crying; F (2, 36) = 18.1, p < .001 for proximity to door. Infants played significan…
The Day Care Issue: Children's Rights, Women's Rights, Family Rights
The dawn of active thought
The qualitative changes in behavior that occur between about 8 and 12 months extend to virtually all areas of development and imply that the infant undergoes a major cognitive metamorphosis at 1 year of age
Habituation–dishabituation to speech in the neonate
Habituation-dishabituation to speech in the neonate
Harvard UniversityA counterbalanced between-groups design with repeated measures was used todemonstrate that both male and female neonates would habituate and dishabituateto repeated and novel speech sounds. Twenty-four full-term newborns with a birthweight greater than 2,400 grams and a mean age of 72.2 hours served as subjectsin a head-turning sound-localization task. The results clearly indicated the reliableoccurrence of two basic processes i…
Recovery of neonatal head turning to decreased sound pressure level
Human newborns's responses to decreased sound pressure level (SPL) were investigated with a localized head-turning habituation procedure. Recovery to a decrement in volume contradicts a selective receptor adaptation view because a lower intensity stimulus does not engage a separate set of receptor cells. Ninety-six infants (mean age = 41 hr) were presented with the same sound for 2 infant-controlled phases. After criterion orientation and criteri…
Newborn infants' memory for speech sounds retained over 24 hours
Newborn infants were exposed to speech sounds in 2 sessions separated by 24 hr. Their habituation and recovery to these sounds were assessed by spontaneous head orienting toward the sound's location. Thirty-six neonates were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: a no-change group that heard the same word both days; a change group that heard a different word each day; and a Day 2 age-control group that heard 1 of the 2 words for the 1st time on Day 2. Both g…
Specificity of practice effects on elementary neuromotor patterns
The specificity of the effects of practice on 2 elementary neuromotor patterns, stepping and sitting, was investigated. Thirty-two 6-week-old male infants were assigned to 1 of 5 groups: Three experimental groups received 2,3-min daily sessions of exercise of stepping, sitting, or both (3 min each), whereas 2 control groups received no exercise. After 7 weeks, infants who received elicitation of the stepping pattern, alone or in combination with …
McGraw and the Development of Unaided Walking
Functional Play at 2 Years of Age: Effects of Prenatal Maternal Stress
Toddler toy play evolves in a predictable manner and provides a valid, nonverbal measure of cognitive function unbiased by social behaviors. Research on prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) indicates that exposure to stress in utero results in developmental deficits. We hypothesized that children exposed to high objective PNMS from a natural disaster early in pregnancy would exhibit higher rates of stereotypical play and lower rates of mature function…
Effects of Familiarity and Feeding on Newborn Speech–Voice Recognition
Newborn infants preferentially orient to familiar over unfamiliar speech sounds. They are also better at remembering unfamiliar speech sounds for short periods of time if learning and retention occur after a feed than before. It is unknown whether short‐term memory for speech is enhanced when the sound is familiar (versus unfamiliar) and, if so, whether the effect is further enhanced by feeding. We used a two‐factorial design and randomized infan…
Schema formation and stimulus–schema discrepancy: A basic unit and its properties
Research with 2-day-old neonates shows that they create mental representations-schemata-for their experiences and that this cognitive ability is hardwired and functional at birth. This research and studies with older infants indicate that both the formation and the expansion of schemata occur through moderate discrepancies, a concept that Jerome Kagan promoted conceptually and through his research. Discrepancy, as distinct from novelty, is insuff…
Psychology (14 works) · Developmental psychology (12 works) · Cognitive psychology (9 works) · Child and Animal Learning Development (7 works) · Infant Health and Development (6 works) · Audiology (5 works) · Neuroscience (5 works) · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development (4 works) · Habituation (4 works) · Language Development and Disorders (4 works)