Carlo Martini
Biographic Data
| ID | 3786656 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Carlo Martini |
| GIVEN NAMES | Carlo |
| FAMILY NAME | Martini |
| SIGNATURE | MARTINI C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Helsinki |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9061-8020 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 19 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 16 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 19 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1972 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
How do online users respond to crowdsourced fact-checking
Recently, crowdsourcing has been proposed as a tool for fighting misinformation online. Will internet users listen to crowdsourced fact-checking, and how? In this experiment we test how participants follow others’ opinions to evaluate the validity of a science-themed Facebook post and examine which factors mediate the use of this information. Participants observed a post presenting either scientific information or misinformation, along with a gra…
Knowledge Brokers in Crisis
Knowledge brokers are among the main channels of communication between scientists and the public and a key element to establishing a relation of trust between the two. But translating knowledge from the scientific community to a wider audience presents several difficulties, which can be accentuated in times of crisis. In this paper we study some of the problems that knowledge brokers face when communicating in times of crisis. During the first wa…
Climate Change and Culpable Ignorance
Moral philosophers, when arguing in favor of curbing climate change, tend to take for granted that ignorance about climate change is culpable. Existing data on knowledge and beliefs on climate change, however, show a concerning amount of false beliefs. Few studies have investigated the culpability of those who exhibit ignorance about climate change. As a result, this paper focuses on ignorance about climate change arising from encounters with pse…
Genuine versus bogus scientific controversies
Hypothetico‐Deductive Method
The hypothetico‐deductive (HD) method is the term that philosophers and methodologists of science use to refer to the scientific practice of validating theories by means of formulating hypotheses (premises), and deriving and testing conclusions. According to an early proponent of the method, John Stuart Mill, political economy must be investigated by first postulating a number of general definitions and laws about the behavior of the objects that…
Uncertainty
The concept of uncertainty refers to the lack of perfect knowledge over facts, measurements, or predictions. In the public sphere, uncertainty has a different meaning from the one it has in science. In public understanding, uncertainty is typically an expression of subjective doubt or ignorance, and is typically expressed in verbal, nonnumerical form. Uncertainty, however, is also related to the theory and measurement of error. After evaluating a…
Measurement
Measurement is the scientific and administrative practice of assigning numbers, or other mathematical concepts, to objects, in order to represent some attributes of those objects. According to the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, “metrology” is the “science of measurement and its application” including “theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application.” What distinguishes…
Equality
The concept of equality refers to a relation between two or more objects, persons, groups, processes, etc., that are identical with respect to certain qualities or properties. Much philosophical and political theorizing has focused on equality, in particular in the discussions preceding and during the democratic transitions of political power in the early modern period in England, France, and North America. Today, the concept of equality is rarel…
Micro‐ and Macro‐Economics
Micro‐ and macro‐economics are two of the main branches of economic science, together with economic history, experimental economics, and econometrics. Their difference is primarily a matter of scale: Micro‐economics studies the micro‐scale of economic phenomena, while macro‐economics studies the macro‐scale. While micro‐economics studies how individuals make market decisions in order to satisfy their needs and wants, given the availability of onl…
Markets
Originally, markets were venues where goods could be bought and sold. With the development of markets for services, international markets, and other technologies, the word “market” nowadays refers to any system, such as institutions, infrastructures, and social settings, where people exchange goods and services with one another, either directly (as in a barter economy) or through the use of fiat money. Markets are very old institutions, and, as s…
Experts in science
A puzzle about belief updating
In recent decades much literature has been produced on disagreement; the puzzling conclusion being that epistemic disagreement is, for the most part, either impossible (e.g. Aumann (Ann Stat 4(6):1236–1239, 1976)), or at least easily resolvable (e.g. Elga (Noûs 41(3):478–502, 2007)). In this paper I show that, under certain conditions, an equally puzzling result arises: that is, disagreement cannot be rationally resolved by belief updating. I sug…
Disagreement behind the veil of ignorance
Consensus Formation in Networked Groups
Applying Formal Social Epistemology to the Real World
The claim that diversity and independence have a net positive epistemic effect on the judgments of groups has been recently defended formally by Scott Page, among others, and popularized in Surowiecki's The Wisdom of Crowds. In Meta-Induction and the Wisdom of Crowds Thorn and Schurz take issue with the claim that more diversity and independence in groups leads to better collective judgments. I argue that Thorn and Schurz's arguments are helpful …
Consensual Decision-Making Among Epistemic Peers
This paper focuses on the question of how to resolve disagreement and uses the Lehrer-Wagner model as a formal tool for investigating consensual decision-making. The main result consists in a general definition of when agents treat each other as epistemic peers (Kelly 2005; Elga 2007), and a theorem vindicating the “equal weight view” to resolve disagreement among epistemic peers. We apply our findings to an analysis of the impact of social netwo…
Is There a Late Alexandrian Text of the Gospels
This research was started with the desire to ascertain whether in the papyri of Didymus 1 , which were discovered at Toura in 1941, and whose regular publication began in 1962 and is still continuing 2 , it was possible to discover some fresh evidence for the existence of a later Alexandrian text of the Gospels. The existence of this text is taken for granted by manuals of textual criticism today. B. M. Metzger, for instance, states that Alexandr…
Eclecticism and Atticism in the Textual Criticism of the Greek New Testamen
Incontri con i contemporanei
Experts in science
Disagreement behind the veil of ignorance
Consensual Decision-Making Among Epistemic Peers
This paper focuses on the question of how to resolve disagreement and uses the Lehrer-Wagner model as a formal tool for investigating consensual decision-making. The main result consists in a general definition of when agents treat each other as epistemic peers (Kelly 2005; Elga 2007), and a theorem vindicating the “equal weight view” to resolve disagreement among epistemic peers. We apply our findings to an analysis of the impact of social netwo…
Genuine versus bogus scientific controversies
Incontri con i contemporanei
Eclecticism and Atticism in the Textual Criticism of the Greek New Testamen
Is There a Late Alexandrian Text of the Gospels
This research was started with the desire to ascertain whether in the papyri of Didymus 1 , which were discovered at Toura in 1941, and whose regular publication began in 1962 and is still continuing 2 , it was possible to discover some fresh evidence for the existence of a later Alexandrian text of the Gospels. The existence of this text is taken for granted by manuals of textual criticism today. B. M. Metzger, for instance, states that Alexandr…
Consensual Decision-Making Among Epistemic Peers
This paper focuses on the question of how to resolve disagreement and uses the Lehrer-Wagner model as a formal tool for investigating consensual decision-making. The main result consists in a general definition of when agents treat each other as epistemic peers (Kelly 2005; Elga 2007), and a theorem vindicating the “equal weight view” to resolve disagreement among epistemic peers. We apply our findings to an analysis of the impact of social netwo…
Consensus Formation in Networked Groups
Applying Formal Social Epistemology to the Real World
The claim that diversity and independence have a net positive epistemic effect on the judgments of groups has been recently defended formally by Scott Page, among others, and popularized in Surowiecki's The Wisdom of Crowds. In Meta-Induction and the Wisdom of Crowds Thorn and Schurz take issue with the claim that more diversity and independence in groups leads to better collective judgments. I argue that Thorn and Schurz's arguments are helpful …
A puzzle about belief updating
In recent decades much literature has been produced on disagreement; the puzzling conclusion being that epistemic disagreement is, for the most part, either impossible (e.g. Aumann (Ann Stat 4(6):1236–1239, 1976)), or at least easily resolvable (e.g. Elga (Noûs 41(3):478–502, 2007)). In this paper I show that, under certain conditions, an equally puzzling result arises: that is, disagreement cannot be rationally resolved by belief updating. I sug…
Disagreement behind the veil of ignorance
Experts in science
Hypothetico‐Deductive Method
The hypothetico‐deductive (HD) method is the term that philosophers and methodologists of science use to refer to the scientific practice of validating theories by means of formulating hypotheses (premises), and deriving and testing conclusions. According to an early proponent of the method, John Stuart Mill, political economy must be investigated by first postulating a number of general definitions and laws about the behavior of the objects that…
Uncertainty
The concept of uncertainty refers to the lack of perfect knowledge over facts, measurements, or predictions. In the public sphere, uncertainty has a different meaning from the one it has in science. In public understanding, uncertainty is typically an expression of subjective doubt or ignorance, and is typically expressed in verbal, nonnumerical form. Uncertainty, however, is also related to the theory and measurement of error. After evaluating a…
Measurement
Measurement is the scientific and administrative practice of assigning numbers, or other mathematical concepts, to objects, in order to represent some attributes of those objects. According to the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, “metrology” is the “science of measurement and its application” including “theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application.” What distinguishes…
Equality
The concept of equality refers to a relation between two or more objects, persons, groups, processes, etc., that are identical with respect to certain qualities or properties. Much philosophical and political theorizing has focused on equality, in particular in the discussions preceding and during the democratic transitions of political power in the early modern period in England, France, and North America. Today, the concept of equality is rarel…
Micro‐ and Macro‐Economics
Micro‐ and macro‐economics are two of the main branches of economic science, together with economic history, experimental economics, and econometrics. Their difference is primarily a matter of scale: Micro‐economics studies the micro‐scale of economic phenomena, while macro‐economics studies the macro‐scale. While micro‐economics studies how individuals make market decisions in order to satisfy their needs and wants, given the availability of onl…
Markets
Originally, markets were venues where goods could be bought and sold. With the development of markets for services, international markets, and other technologies, the word “market” nowadays refers to any system, such as institutions, infrastructures, and social settings, where people exchange goods and services with one another, either directly (as in a barter economy) or through the use of fiat money. Markets are very old institutions, and, as s…
Genuine versus bogus scientific controversies
Knowledge Brokers in Crisis
Knowledge brokers are among the main channels of communication between scientists and the public and a key element to establishing a relation of trust between the two. But translating knowledge from the scientific community to a wider audience presents several difficulties, which can be accentuated in times of crisis. In this paper we study some of the problems that knowledge brokers face when communicating in times of crisis. During the first wa…
Climate Change and Culpable Ignorance
Moral philosophers, when arguing in favor of curbing climate change, tend to take for granted that ignorance about climate change is culpable. Existing data on knowledge and beliefs on climate change, however, show a concerning amount of false beliefs. Few studies have investigated the culpability of those who exhibit ignorance about climate change. As a result, this paper focuses on ignorance about climate change arising from encounters with pse…
How do online users respond to crowdsourced fact-checking
Recently, crowdsourcing has been proposed as a tool for fighting misinformation online. Will internet users listen to crowdsourced fact-checking, and how? In this experiment we test how participants follow others’ opinions to evaluate the validity of a science-themed Facebook post and examine which factors mediate the use of this information. Participants observed a post presenting either scientific information or misinformation, along with a gra…
Philosophy (14 works) · Computer Science (11 works) · Epistemology (11 works) · Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics (9 works) · Psychology (7 works) · Mathematics (6 works) · Sociology (6 works) · Feminist Epistemology and Gender Studies (4 works) · Philosophy (4 works) · Philosophy and History of Science (4 works)