Robert B Zajonc
Biographic Data
| ID | 3787679 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert B Zajonc |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert B |
| FAMILY NAME | Zajonc |
| SIGNATURE | ZAJONC R B |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Michigan |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 77 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 2325 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 77 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1952 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2003 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
Beliefs about birth rank and their reflection in reality
Beliefs about birth rank reflect what the society regards as social reality, and they may also influence that reality. Three studies found that people believe those with different birth ranks differ in their personalities, that higher birth ranks are likely to attain higher occupational prestige, and that the personality characteristics attributed to the various birth ranks favor the actual attainment of higher occupational prestige. In one examp…
Mere Exposure: A Gateway to the Subliminal
In the mere-repeated-exposure paradigm, an individual is repeatedly exposed to a particular stimulus object, and the researcher records the individual's emerging preference for that object. Vast literature on the mere-repeated-exposure effect shows it to be a robust phenomenon that cannot be explained by an appeal to recognition memory or perceptual fluency. The effect has been demonstrated across cultures, species, and diverse stimulus domains. …
The family dynamics of intellectual development
Birth order debate resolved
The family dynamics of intellectual development
Birth order effects on intellectual performance show both positive and negative results. The confluence model reconciles these conflicting data by proving that these effects interact with the age of participants at testing, such that young children should show negative or no effects, whereas older individuals (past age 11 +/- 2 years) should show positive effects. Birth order studies strongly support this prediction. Some writers have claimed the…
Subliminal Mere Exposure: Specific, General, and Diffuse Effects
The present research examined the possibility that repeated exposure may simultaneously produce specific and diffuse effects. In Study 1, participants were presented with 5-ms exposures of 25 stimuli each shown once (single-exposure condition) or with five repetitions of 5 stimuli (repeated-exposure condition). Participants in the repeated-exposure condition subsequently rated their own mood more positively than those in the single-exposure condi…
Birth order: Reconciling conflicting effects
Birth order: Reconciling conflicting effects
Additivity of nonconscious affect: Combined effects of priming and exposure
Affect deriving from 2 independent sources--repeated exposure and affective priming--was induced, and the combined effects were examined. In each of 4 studies, participants were first shown 72 Chinese ideographs in which the frequency of exposure was varied (0, 1, or 3). In the second phase participants rated ideographs that were primed either positively, negatively, or not at all. The 4 studies were identical except that the exposure duration--s…
An Early Insight into the Affect–Perception Interface
The confluence model: Differential or difference equation
Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures
One Justified Criticism Plus Three Flawed Analyses Equals Two Unwarranted Conclusions: A Reply to Retherford and Sewell
Retherford and Sewell claim that the confluence model of intellectual development is fatally flawed because: (1) mathematical simulations of that model generate numerical values that do not coincide with data they were claimed tofit, once those data are converted to mental age values; (2) the simulations of the confluence model also fail to fit aggregate patterns in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study; and (3) individual-level analyses of the Wiscon…
Obituary: Leon Festinger (1919–1989)
Styles of explanation in social psychology
This article examines some stylistic differences in social psychological explanations. Described are different styles in formulating problems, in constructing theories, and gathering evidence. Styles are not to be confused with method since a given method — say, factor analysis — can reveal itself in contrasting stylistic approaches. Comparisons are drawn from music and art
Cognition and communication: A Story of Missed Opportunities
The decline and rise of scholastic aptitude scores: A prediction derived from the confluence model
The decline and rise of scholastic aptitude scores: A prediction derived from the confluence model
Contentions over the confluence model: A reply to Price, Walsh, and Vilburg
Contentions over the confluence model: A reply to Price, Walsh, and Vilburg
Must All Affect Be Mediated by Cognition
Some of the arguments offered by Tsal (1985) to challenge the possible independence of affective processes have been made previously (e.g., Lazarus 1982; Watts 1983), and they have been extensively addressed (Ellis 1985; Kleinginna and Kleinginna 1985; Plutchik 1985; Rachman 1981; Zajonc 1984). We will, therefore, respond to them only briefly. Tsal implies that affective reactions are always mediated by some form of representation, whereas we pro…
On the primacy of affect
Validating the confluence model
Several recent articles (Galbraith, 1982; Grotevant, Scarr, & Weinberg, 1977; Page & Grandon, 1979; Rodgers, 1981; Steelman & Mercy, 1980; Svanum & Bringle, 1980; Velandia, Grandon, & Page, 1978) claim to have tested the confluence model (Zajonc, Markus, & Markus, 1979), and many of them report having disconflrmed it. This contention is based on discrepancies between the data of these studies and what might be expected from the predictions of the…
"A closer look at Galbraith's "closer look
Exposure effects in person perception: Familiarity, similarity, and attraction
Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences
A todos los integrantes del proyecto "Mejoramiento
Attitudinal effects of mere exposure
The hypothesis is offered that mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus object enhances his attitude toward it. By "mere " exposure is meant a condition making the stimulus accessible to the individual's perception. Support for the hypothesis consists of 4 types of evidence, presented and reviewed: (a) the correlation between affective connotation of words and word frequency; (b) the effect of experimentally manipulated frequency of…
On the primacy of affect
Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures
The process of cognitive tuning in communication
The Concepts of Balance, Congruity, and Dissonance
Journal Article THE CONCEPTS OF BALANCE, CONGRUITY, AND DISSONANCE Get access ROBERT B. ZAJONC ROBERT B. ZAJONC The author is an Assistant Program Director at the Research Center for Group Dynamics, an Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of Michigan, and a member of the Editorial Board of Contemporary Psychology and of Human Relations Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly…
Exposure effects in person perception: Familiarity, similarity, and attraction
Affective and Cognitive Factors in Preferences
Affective factors play an important role in the development and maintenance of preferences. The representation of affect can take a variety of forms, including motor responses and somatic reactions. This explains why cognitive methods of preference change that are directed at only one form of representation have seldom been effective
The learning of balanced and unbalanced social structures 1
Social facilitation of dominant and subordinate responses
Exposure, context, and interpersonal attraction
Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of and positive and negative contexts on interpersonal attraction. In both experiments, was manipulated by varying the number of encounters among female subjects; context was varied by having subjects taste either pleasant or noxious solutions during the encounters. In both experiments, attraction varied as a direct function of number of encounters, in negative as well as positive contexts. …
The birth order puzzle
Studies relating intellectual performance to birth order report conflicting results, some finding intellectual scores to increase, others to decrease with birth order. In contrast, the relationship between intellectual performance and family size is stable and consistently replicable. Why do these two highly related variables generate such divergent results? This birth order puzzle is resolved by means of the confluence model that quantifies the …
Structural balance, reciprocity, and positivity as sources of cognitive bias 1
Exposure effects and associative learning
Exposure effects may not depend on stimulus recognition
Additivity of nonconscious affect: Combined effects of priming and exposure
Affect deriving from 2 independent sources--repeated exposure and affective priming--was induced, and the combined effects were examined. In each of 4 studies, participants were first shown 72 Chinese ideographs in which the frequency of exposure was varied (0, 1, or 3). In the second phase participants rated ideographs that were primed either positively, negatively, or not at all. The 4 studies were identical except that the exposure duration--s…
Expectancy and feedback as independent factors in task performance
Individual and group risk-taking in a two-choice situation
Social enhancement and impairment of performance in the cockroach
Is stimulus recognition a necessary condition for the occurrence of exposure effects
Validating the confluence model
Several recent articles (Galbraith, 1982; Grotevant, Scarr, & Weinberg, 1977; Page & Grandon, 1979; Rodgers, 1981; Steelman & Mercy, 1980; Svanum & Bringle, 1980; Velandia, Grandon, & Page, 1978) claim to have tested the confluence model (Zajonc, Markus, & Markus, 1979), and many of them report having disconflrmed it. This contention is based on discrepancies between the data of these studies and what might be expected from the predictions of the…
Exposure, satiation, and stimulus discriminability
Group Risk Taking in Professional Decisions
Social facilitation and imitation in group risk-taking
Limiting conditions of the exposure effect: Satiation and relativity
Aggressive Attitudes of the "Stranger" as A Function of Conformity Pressures
Some Effects of the "Space" Serials
The general public, parents, teachers, and social scientists have long been concerned with the effects of children's radio programs. In the study reported here, the author investigated children's identification with radio characters and their acceptance of values espoused by those characters. He found that success was the most important element in determining whether the personality would be accepted or rejected
Psychology in Poland: "From M. Choynowski's "On the Awakening of Polish Psychology
An experimental study of cross-cultural norm conflict
Cognitive Behavior Under Uncertainty and Ambiguity
Cognitive Behavior under Uncertainty and Ambiguity
The Concepts of Balance, Congruity, and Dissonance
Journal Article THE CONCEPTS OF BALANCE, CONGRUITY, AND DISSONANCE Get access ROBERT B. ZAJONC ROBERT B. ZAJONC The author is an Assistant Program Director at the Research Center for Group Dynamics, an Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of Michigan, and a member of the Editorial Board of Contemporary Psychology and of Human Relations Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly…
The process of cognitive tuning in communication
The role of uncertainty in cognitive change
The Resolution of Cognitive Conflict Under Uncertainty
Conformity and Need-Achievement under Cross-Cultural Norm Conflict
A Note on Group Judgements and Group Size
Reply to Dr Jordan's Comments
The Effects of Feedback and Probability of Group Success on Individual and Group Performance
The Effect of Two Methods of varying Group Task Difficulty on Individual and Group Performance
Some effects of sound, background brightness, and economic status on the perceived size of coins and discs
Social Facilitation: A solution is suggested for an old unresolved social psychological problem.
The Effect of Group Success on the Reduction of Status Incongruence in Task-Oriented Groups
Individual Task Performance in a Changing Social Structure
The relationship between changes in status and task performance involving simple reaction time responses is studied. Status is manipulated by assigning to group members different degrees of control over the group product and by subsequently creating conditions which require that control be reallocated. The degree of control members have over the group product defines their status rank in the group. Two experiments are presented in which performan…
The requirements and design of a standard group task
The learning of balanced and unbalanced social structures 1
Structural balance, reciprocity, and positivity as sources of cognitive bias 1
The learning of influence structures1
Cognitive Consequences of a Person's Position in a Formal Organization
The purpose of this study is to examine these cognitive consequences of a person's position in a communication network which derives from his position in a formal organization. A sample of employees of an industrial company employing approximately 1000 men was examined for their participation in the communication process and for the cognitive consequences of their positions in the company. The main concern was with the way the employees view the …
Social facilitation of dominant and subordinate responses
Psychology (76 works) · Social Psychology (50 works) · Social Psychology (33 works) · Cognitive psychology (32 works) · Developmental psychology (24 works) · Computer Science (19 works) · Sociology (15 works) · Cognition (14 works) · Cognitive Abilities and Testing (12 works) · Economics (11 works)