Bruna Zani
Biographic Data
| ID | 3799614 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Bruna Zani |
| GIVEN NAMES | Bruna |
| FAMILY NAME | Zani |
| SIGNATURE | ZANI B |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Bologna |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7358-5001 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 26 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 181 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 26 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1991 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Mobilising critical consciousness in educational contexts
This chapter addresses critical consciousness (CC) in educational and Community Psychology interventions with young people. We first introduce the conceptualisation of CC and its components, the main research findings on the links between CC and some individual and contextual variables, and its association with positive developmental outcomes. Then, we focus on interventions aimed to foster CC development in adolescents and young adults, presenti…
Acculturation, social exclusion and resistance
Discriminatory Contexts, Emotions and Civic/Political Engagement among Native Italians and Migrants
We assume that emotions (anger, shame and hope) mediate the relationship between perceiving a discriminatory context and civic/political engagement. Results of a survey with 1242 participants (mean age 20.7 years; 53% men; 32.8% migrants) showed that such emotions play a different role according to the type of engagement and the population (native Italians versus migrants). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Psychosocial functioning in adults with beta-thalassaemia major
Our aims were to compare the psychosocial functioning of a sample of adults with beta-thalassaemia major to that of a control sample and to examine the protective role of quality of relationship with parents during adolescence and perceived quality of care. A total of 85 Italian beta-thalassaemia major participants and 73 controls completed an ad hoc questionnaire. Compared with controls, beta-thalassaemia major participants did not differ on rel…
Political and Civic Engagement
The influence of knowing someone with HIV/Aids on preventive behaviors in Italy
The influence of knowing someone with HIV/AIDS on HIV preventive behaviors has become increasingly relevant in the literature, with controversial findings. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between knowing someone with HIV/AIDS and preventive behaviors in a representative sample of the Italian adult population. Drawing on two sociocognitive models, perceived threat and HIV/AIDS knowledge were proposed as mediators of this …
Psychosocial Predictors and HIV-Related Behaviors of Old Adults Versus Late Middle-Aged and Younger Adults
Old adults should be included in prevention efforts targeting knowledge, perceptions, and intentions toward condom use. Future studies should be cautious when overgeneralizing the results to all individuals aged 50 and older
Sense of Community and Empowerment Among Young People
Civic participation in community life and within community organizations is generally considered as associated with positive outcomes for youth development and well-being. However, supportive empirical evidence on such benefits is still limited, as well as on the processes that may explain such positive outcomes. In this paper, we examined the impact of young people’s participation in different community and youth organizations on Social well-bei…
Meanings of Community in Contexts of Multiculture
Sense of community (SOC) can be an important concept in relation to cultural and social changes affecting Western societies because of immigration. The focus of this article is on community, immigration, and contexts of multiculture as the starting point to analyze changes and their consequences in everyday lives. Interviews were conducted with 15 leaders living in Reggio Emilia's Station Zone (Italy) to explore meanings of SOC in the contexts of…
The Relationship Between Psychological Empowerment and Organizational Identification
The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational identification as well as the impact that these two constructs have on turnover intention and job satisfaction (focal outcomes). Participants were 5,195 employees from 730 teams in 6 Italian local health organizations. Two competing conceptual models were tested for goodness of fit using multilevel path analysis. In the first model, psych…
Gender differences in youths’ political engagement and participation. The role of parents and of adolescents’ social and civic participation
Research examining youths’ political development mostly focused on young people as a general group; comparatively less attention has been devoted to the examination of gender pathways toward citizenship. Two studies were conducted addressing (a) the role of parents’ participation and the moderating role of adolescent gender and age group ( n = 1419) and (b) the role of adolescent social and civic participation and the moderating role of adolescen…
Youth civic and political participation through the lens of gender
Italy is one of the European countries with the highest levels of gender inequalities (World Economic Forum 2011). The aims of this paper were to understand to what extent the well-documented gender gap in Italian adult society has an impact on both political and civic actions of younger generations, and whether the process of participation assumes specific features according to gender. 835 Italian participants (49.6% males; 50.4% female, aged fr…
Engaged citizens? Political participation and social engagement among youth, women, minorities, and migrants
FIGURE 20. Zarenkolambrus epibranchialis (Zarenkov, 1990): lectotype, M CL 5.0 mm, (after Zarenkov 1990: fig. 10). A, carapace; B, P1; C, P2; D, P3; E, P4; F, P5; G, abdomen; H, ventral view (no scale bar available)
A Social‐Cognitive Model of Pandemic Influenza H1N1 Risk Perception and Recommended Behaviors in Italy
The outbreak of the pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 (swine flu) between March and April 2009 challenged the health services around the world. Indeed, misconceptions and worries have led the public to refuse to comply with precautionary measures. Moreover, there have been limited efforts to develop models incorporating cognitive, social‐contextual, and affective factors as predictors of compliance with recommended behaviors. The aim of this study was…
Compliance with recommendations for pandemic influenza H1N1 2009
BACKGROUND: To investigate the relationship between risk perception, worry, control, trust, exposure to an educational campaign, media exaggeration with recommendations for pandemic influenza H1N1 2009. METHODS: Cross sectional telephone survey using random digit dialing. A total of 1010 adult Italians were interviewed by telephone between 16 and 19 February 2010. The survey instrument included demographic data, measures on risk perception, worry…
Community psychology in Europe
In this paper, we first contend that community psychology in Europe is facing a particularly challenging situation: On the one hand we witness an increase in complex social problems, which would require a community approach in order to be tackled; on the other hand socio‐economic and cultural changes in the era of globalization diminish the demand and the sources of public funding needed to promote and implement community intervention programs. W…
Conflict Styles and Outcomes in Families with Adolescent Children
The role of conflict in parent–adolescent relationships is a topic of considerable theoretical debate and empirical investigation; however, limited attention has been devoted to the strategies used by family members to deal with disagreements and their outcomes and how they differ from early to late adolescence. This study explored conflict styles and outcomes in a sample of 302 families with adolescent children (total N = 906), of two age groups…
The impact of residential context on adolescents' Subjective Well being
The study investigates the impact of residential context on stressful events and Subjective Well being (Emotional and Psychological) in young people living in a deprived geographical area, and the mediating role of personal (Self‐Efficacy) and social (Social Support, Sense of Community) variables. A questionnaire was submitted to 297 subjects (48.5% males): 203 adolescents (14–19 years old) and 94 young adults (20–27 years old), from different so…
Social Dominance Orientation and Prejudice in an Italian Sample
Social dominance orientation has been proposed as an important variable in the explanation of prejudice. For an Italian sample of 355, correlations with measures of blatant and subtle prejudice against migrant people showed social dominance orientation was positively related to blatant prejudice. Persons with less education scored higher on social dominance orientation
Sense of community, civic engagement and social well‐being in Italian adolescents
This study investigates the relationship between sense of community, civic engagement and social well‐being in a sample of Italian adolescents. Participants were 14–19 year‐old high school students ( N = 566) from two demographically distinct cities. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing sense of community, social well‐being (Keyes, 1998 ), involvement in structured group activities (group membership) and civic engagement. Results show…
Adolescents' sense of community and feeling of unsafety in the urban environment
The purpose of this research was to explore adolescents' feeling of unsafety associated with living in the urban context, their perceptions of the quality of social relations (social support from different persons) and sense of community, and the differences according to the size of the city and adolescent gender. A second aim was to analyse the antecedents of feeling of unsafety. In particular, we considered the influence of sense of community, …
Gender differences in burnout, empowerment and somatic symptoms among health professionals
Considers the issue of occupational stress and burn-out which has received increasing attention. Suggests that stress and burn-out are significant factors in the development of various illnesses. Defines burn-out as a reaction to chronic difficulty in controlling stress among helping professionals, a syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and a lack of personal accomplishment. Presents evidence that women report signifi…
Additional cross-cultural evidence on the selective usage of nonmaterial beliefs in explaining life events
Two studies, one conducted in the Netherlands (N=87) and one in Italy with two samples—Catholic Youth (N=41) and Young Communists (N=41)—assessed the cross-cultural generality of the previously confirmed hypothesis (Pepitone & Saffiotti, 1997) that six universal nonmaterial beliefs—fate, God, luck, chance, just punishment, and just reward—are used selectively to interpret life events. A ‘selective correspondence’ between the six beliefs and the s…
Why don't they stay at home? Prejudices against ethnic minorities in Italy
This study was conducted in Bologna, Italy, to analyse attitudes concerning ethnic minorities and emotions experienced in intergroup relations. Stereotypes of North African immigrants were investigated as a function of 'geographical' proximity with black people (living in the neighbourhood of black immigrants versus living in districts without immigrants) and origin (natives of Bologna versus residents who moved from Southern Italy to Bologna). I…
When violence overshadows the spirit of sporting competition
This study addresses violence of fans during football matches. It focuses on group dynamics and sociodemographic variables as determinants of serious disturbances. Overall, 505 male and female football fans, who were either ‘fanatic’ or ‘moderate’ fans from Naples and Bologna, Italy, completed a questionnaire on attitudes towards football and violence in stadiums, and related matters, and gave self‐descriptions and descriptions of their own and o…
Sense of community, civic engagement and social well‐being in Italian adolescents
This study investigates the relationship between sense of community, civic engagement and social well‐being in a sample of Italian adolescents. Participants were 14–19 year‐old high school students ( N = 566) from two demographically distinct cities. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing sense of community, social well‐being (Keyes, 1998 ), involvement in structured group activities (group membership) and civic engagement. Results show…
Sense of Community and Empowerment Among Young People
Civic participation in community life and within community organizations is generally considered as associated with positive outcomes for youth development and well-being. However, supportive empirical evidence on such benefits is still limited, as well as on the processes that may explain such positive outcomes. In this paper, we examined the impact of young people’s participation in different community and youth organizations on Social well-bei…
Adolescents' sense of community and feeling of unsafety in the urban environment
The purpose of this research was to explore adolescents' feeling of unsafety associated with living in the urban context, their perceptions of the quality of social relations (social support from different persons) and sense of community, and the differences according to the size of the city and adolescent gender. A second aim was to analyse the antecedents of feeling of unsafety. In particular, we considered the influence of sense of community, …
The impact of residential context on adolescents' Subjective Well being
The study investigates the impact of residential context on stressful events and Subjective Well being (Emotional and Psychological) in young people living in a deprived geographical area, and the mediating role of personal (Self‐Efficacy) and social (Social Support, Sense of Community) variables. A questionnaire was submitted to 297 subjects (48.5% males): 203 adolescents (14–19 years old) and 94 young adults (20–27 years old), from different so…
When violence overshadows the spirit of sporting competition
This study addresses violence of fans during football matches. It focuses on group dynamics and sociodemographic variables as determinants of serious disturbances. Overall, 505 male and female football fans, who were either ‘fanatic’ or ‘moderate’ fans from Naples and Bologna, Italy, completed a questionnaire on attitudes towards football and violence in stadiums, and related matters, and gave self‐descriptions and descriptions of their own and o…
Discriminatory Contexts, Emotions and Civic/Political Engagement among Native Italians and Migrants
We assume that emotions (anger, shame and hope) mediate the relationship between perceiving a discriminatory context and civic/political engagement. Results of a survey with 1242 participants (mean age 20.7 years; 53% men; 32.8% migrants) showed that such emotions play a different role according to the type of engagement and the population (native Italians versus migrants). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The Relationship Between Psychological Empowerment and Organizational Identification
The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational identification as well as the impact that these two constructs have on turnover intention and job satisfaction (focal outcomes). Participants were 5,195 employees from 730 teams in 6 Italian local health organizations. Two competing conceptual models were tested for goodness of fit using multilevel path analysis. In the first model, psych…
Acculturation, social exclusion and resistance
Meanings of Community in Contexts of Multiculture
Sense of community (SOC) can be an important concept in relation to cultural and social changes affecting Western societies because of immigration. The focus of this article is on community, immigration, and contexts of multiculture as the starting point to analyze changes and their consequences in everyday lives. Interviews were conducted with 15 leaders living in Reggio Emilia's Station Zone (Italy) to explore meanings of SOC in the contexts of…
Youth civic and political participation through the lens of gender
Italy is one of the European countries with the highest levels of gender inequalities (World Economic Forum 2011). The aims of this paper were to understand to what extent the well-documented gender gap in Italian adult society has an impact on both political and civic actions of younger generations, and whether the process of participation assumes specific features according to gender. 835 Italian participants (49.6% males; 50.4% female, aged fr…
Engaged citizens? Political participation and social engagement among youth, women, minorities, and migrants
FIGURE 20. Zarenkolambrus epibranchialis (Zarenkov, 1990): lectotype, M CL 5.0 mm, (after Zarenkov 1990: fig. 10). A, carapace; B, P1; C, P2; D, P3; E, P4; F, P5; G, abdomen; H, ventral view (no scale bar available)
Community psychology in Europe
In this paper, we first contend that community psychology in Europe is facing a particularly challenging situation: On the one hand we witness an increase in complex social problems, which would require a community approach in order to be tackled; on the other hand socio‐economic and cultural changes in the era of globalization diminish the demand and the sources of public funding needed to promote and implement community intervention programs. W…
Why don't they stay at home? Prejudices against ethnic minorities in Italy
This study was conducted in Bologna, Italy, to analyse attitudes concerning ethnic minorities and emotions experienced in intergroup relations. Stereotypes of North African immigrants were investigated as a function of 'geographical' proximity with black people (living in the neighbourhood of black immigrants versus living in districts without immigrants) and origin (natives of Bologna versus residents who moved from Southern Italy to Bologna). I…
Psychosocial functioning in adults with beta-thalassaemia major
Our aims were to compare the psychosocial functioning of a sample of adults with beta-thalassaemia major to that of a control sample and to examine the protective role of quality of relationship with parents during adolescence and perceived quality of care. A total of 85 Italian beta-thalassaemia major participants and 73 controls completed an ad hoc questionnaire. Compared with controls, beta-thalassaemia major participants did not differ on rel…
Psychosocial Predictors and HIV-Related Behaviors of Old Adults Versus Late Middle-Aged and Younger Adults
Old adults should be included in prevention efforts targeting knowledge, perceptions, and intentions toward condom use. Future studies should be cautious when overgeneralizing the results to all individuals aged 50 and older
Conflict Styles and Outcomes in Families with Adolescent Children
The role of conflict in parent–adolescent relationships is a topic of considerable theoretical debate and empirical investigation; however, limited attention has been devoted to the strategies used by family members to deal with disagreements and their outcomes and how they differ from early to late adolescence. This study explored conflict styles and outcomes in a sample of 302 families with adolescent children (total N = 906), of two age groups…
Communicative skills in childhood
The present study aims at analyzing the skills involved in children's performance on communicative referential tasks and the developmental changes in the type and quality of the messages. The performance of 28 twins and the performance of 28 singleton children were compared at different age levels (younger group, mean age = 5.5; older group, mean age = 10.4). Four different interactive situations were considered: (a) twin‐twin; (b) single born‐si…
When violence overshadows the spirit of sporting competition
This study addresses violence of fans during football matches. It focuses on group dynamics and sociodemographic variables as determinants of serious disturbances. Overall, 505 male and female football fans, who were either ‘fanatic’ or ‘moderate’ fans from Naples and Bologna, Italy, completed a questionnaire on attitudes towards football and violence in stadiums, and related matters, and gave self‐descriptions and descriptions of their own and o…
Communicative skills in childhood
The present study aims at analyzing the skills involved in children's performance on communicative referential tasks and the developmental changes in the type and quality of the messages. The performance of 28 twins and the performance of 28 singleton children were compared at different age levels (younger group, mean age = 5.5; older group, mean age = 10.4). Four different interactive situations were considered: (a) twin‐twin; (b) single born‐si…
Why don't they stay at home? Prejudices against ethnic minorities in Italy
This study was conducted in Bologna, Italy, to analyse attitudes concerning ethnic minorities and emotions experienced in intergroup relations. Stereotypes of North African immigrants were investigated as a function of 'geographical' proximity with black people (living in the neighbourhood of black immigrants versus living in districts without immigrants) and origin (natives of Bologna versus residents who moved from Southern Italy to Bologna). I…
Additional cross-cultural evidence on the selective usage of nonmaterial beliefs in explaining life events
Two studies, one conducted in the Netherlands (N=87) and one in Italy with two samples—Catholic Youth (N=41) and Young Communists (N=41)—assessed the cross-cultural generality of the previously confirmed hypothesis (Pepitone & Saffiotti, 1997) that six universal nonmaterial beliefs—fate, God, luck, chance, just punishment, and just reward—are used selectively to interpret life events. A ‘selective correspondence’ between the six beliefs and the s…
Adolescents' sense of community and feeling of unsafety in the urban environment
The purpose of this research was to explore adolescents' feeling of unsafety associated with living in the urban context, their perceptions of the quality of social relations (social support from different persons) and sense of community, and the differences according to the size of the city and adolescent gender. A second aim was to analyse the antecedents of feeling of unsafety. In particular, we considered the influence of sense of community, …
Gender differences in burnout, empowerment and somatic symptoms among health professionals
Considers the issue of occupational stress and burn-out which has received increasing attention. Suggests that stress and burn-out are significant factors in the development of various illnesses. Defines burn-out as a reaction to chronic difficulty in controlling stress among helping professionals, a syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and a lack of personal accomplishment. Presents evidence that women report signifi…
Social Dominance Orientation and Prejudice in an Italian Sample
Social dominance orientation has been proposed as an important variable in the explanation of prejudice. For an Italian sample of 355, correlations with measures of blatant and subtle prejudice against migrant people showed social dominance orientation was positively related to blatant prejudice. Persons with less education scored higher on social dominance orientation
Sense of community, civic engagement and social well‐being in Italian adolescents
This study investigates the relationship between sense of community, civic engagement and social well‐being in a sample of Italian adolescents. Participants were 14–19 year‐old high school students ( N = 566) from two demographically distinct cities. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing sense of community, social well‐being (Keyes, 1998 ), involvement in structured group activities (group membership) and civic engagement. Results show…
The impact of residential context on adolescents' Subjective Well being
The study investigates the impact of residential context on stressful events and Subjective Well being (Emotional and Psychological) in young people living in a deprived geographical area, and the mediating role of personal (Self‐Efficacy) and social (Social Support, Sense of Community) variables. A questionnaire was submitted to 297 subjects (48.5% males): 203 adolescents (14–19 years old) and 94 young adults (20–27 years old), from different so…
Conflict Styles and Outcomes in Families with Adolescent Children
The role of conflict in parent–adolescent relationships is a topic of considerable theoretical debate and empirical investigation; however, limited attention has been devoted to the strategies used by family members to deal with disagreements and their outcomes and how they differ from early to late adolescence. This study explored conflict styles and outcomes in a sample of 302 families with adolescent children (total N = 906), of two age groups…
Community psychology in Europe
In this paper, we first contend that community psychology in Europe is facing a particularly challenging situation: On the one hand we witness an increase in complex social problems, which would require a community approach in order to be tackled; on the other hand socio‐economic and cultural changes in the era of globalization diminish the demand and the sources of public funding needed to promote and implement community intervention programs. W…
A Social‐Cognitive Model of Pandemic Influenza H1N1 Risk Perception and Recommended Behaviors in Italy
The outbreak of the pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 (swine flu) between March and April 2009 challenged the health services around the world. Indeed, misconceptions and worries have led the public to refuse to comply with precautionary measures. Moreover, there have been limited efforts to develop models incorporating cognitive, social‐contextual, and affective factors as predictors of compliance with recommended behaviors. The aim of this study was…
Compliance with recommendations for pandemic influenza H1N1 2009
BACKGROUND: To investigate the relationship between risk perception, worry, control, trust, exposure to an educational campaign, media exaggeration with recommendations for pandemic influenza H1N1 2009. METHODS: Cross sectional telephone survey using random digit dialing. A total of 1010 adult Italians were interviewed by telephone between 16 and 19 February 2010. The survey instrument included demographic data, measures on risk perception, worry…
Gender differences in youths’ political engagement and participation. The role of parents and of adolescents’ social and civic participation
Research examining youths’ political development mostly focused on young people as a general group; comparatively less attention has been devoted to the examination of gender pathways toward citizenship. Two studies were conducted addressing (a) the role of parents’ participation and the moderating role of adolescent gender and age group ( n = 1419) and (b) the role of adolescent social and civic participation and the moderating role of adolescen…
Youth civic and political participation through the lens of gender
Italy is one of the European countries with the highest levels of gender inequalities (World Economic Forum 2011). The aims of this paper were to understand to what extent the well-documented gender gap in Italian adult society has an impact on both political and civic actions of younger generations, and whether the process of participation assumes specific features according to gender. 835 Italian participants (49.6% males; 50.4% female, aged fr…
Engaged citizens? Political participation and social engagement among youth, women, minorities, and migrants
FIGURE 20. Zarenkolambrus epibranchialis (Zarenkov, 1990): lectotype, M CL 5.0 mm, (after Zarenkov 1990: fig. 10). A, carapace; B, P1; C, P2; D, P3; E, P4; F, P5; G, abdomen; H, ventral view (no scale bar available)
The Relationship Between Psychological Empowerment and Organizational Identification
The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational identification as well as the impact that these two constructs have on turnover intention and job satisfaction (focal outcomes). Participants were 5,195 employees from 730 teams in 6 Italian local health organizations. Two competing conceptual models were tested for goodness of fit using multilevel path analysis. In the first model, psych…
Political and Civic Engagement
The influence of knowing someone with HIV/Aids on preventive behaviors in Italy
The influence of knowing someone with HIV/AIDS on HIV preventive behaviors has become increasingly relevant in the literature, with controversial findings. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between knowing someone with HIV/AIDS and preventive behaviors in a representative sample of the Italian adult population. Drawing on two sociocognitive models, perceived threat and HIV/AIDS knowledge were proposed as mediators of this …
Psychosocial Predictors and HIV-Related Behaviors of Old Adults Versus Late Middle-Aged and Younger Adults
Old adults should be included in prevention efforts targeting knowledge, perceptions, and intentions toward condom use. Future studies should be cautious when overgeneralizing the results to all individuals aged 50 and older
Sense of Community and Empowerment Among Young People
Civic participation in community life and within community organizations is generally considered as associated with positive outcomes for youth development and well-being. However, supportive empirical evidence on such benefits is still limited, as well as on the processes that may explain such positive outcomes. In this paper, we examined the impact of young people’s participation in different community and youth organizations on Social well-bei…
Meanings of Community in Contexts of Multiculture
Sense of community (SOC) can be an important concept in relation to cultural and social changes affecting Western societies because of immigration. The focus of this article is on community, immigration, and contexts of multiculture as the starting point to analyze changes and their consequences in everyday lives. Interviews were conducted with 15 leaders living in Reggio Emilia's Station Zone (Italy) to explore meanings of SOC in the contexts of…
Discriminatory Contexts, Emotions and Civic/Political Engagement among Native Italians and Migrants
We assume that emotions (anger, shame and hope) mediate the relationship between perceiving a discriminatory context and civic/political engagement. Results of a survey with 1242 participants (mean age 20.7 years; 53% men; 32.8% migrants) showed that such emotions play a different role according to the type of engagement and the population (native Italians versus migrants). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Psychosocial functioning in adults with beta-thalassaemia major
Our aims were to compare the psychosocial functioning of a sample of adults with beta-thalassaemia major to that of a control sample and to examine the protective role of quality of relationship with parents during adolescence and perceived quality of care. A total of 85 Italian beta-thalassaemia major participants and 73 controls completed an ad hoc questionnaire. Compared with controls, beta-thalassaemia major participants did not differ on rel…
Acculturation, social exclusion and resistance
Psychology (22 works) · Social Psychology (17 works) · Sociology (14 works) · Political science (12 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · Politics (8 works) · Community Health and Development (7 works) · Developmental psychology (7 works) · Gender Studies (6 works) · Medicine (6 works)