Timothy A Salthouse
Biographic Data
| ID | 383580 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Timothy A Salthouse |
| GIVEN NAMES | Timothy A |
| FAMILY NAME | Salthouse |
| SIGNATURE | SALTHOUSE T A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Georgia Institute of Technology |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 52 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 356 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 52 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1978 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2019 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Trajectories of normal cognitive aging.
Although sensitive detection of pathological cognitive aging requires accurate information about the trajectory of normal cognitive aging, prior research has revealed inconsistent patterns of age-cognition relations with cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons. Age trends in four cognitive domains were compared in over 5,000 adults with cross-sectional data, and in almost 1,600 adults with three-occasion longitudinal data. Quasi-longitudinal…
Contributions of the Individual Differences Approach to Cognitive Aging
Although the primary focus of much of the research in cognitive aging has been on mean differences between people of different ages, people differ in many respects besides age. A fundamental assumption of the individual differences perspective is that at least some of those differences may be informative about the nature, and causes, of the relations between age and cognitive functioning
Which Aspects of Social Support Are Associated With Which Cognitive Abilities for Which People
These results suggest that contact with family and friends, emotional and informational support, anticipated support, and negative interactions are related to cognition, whereas satisfaction with and tangible support were not. In addition, these aspects of support were primarily related to g, with the exception of family contact. Social support- cognition relations are comparable across the life span and the sexes
Little relation of adult age with cognition after controlling general influences
Both general (i.e., shared across different cognitive measures) and specific (i.e., unique to particular cognitive measures) influences can be postulated to contribute to the relations between adult age and measures of cognitive functioning. Estimates of general and specific influences on measures of memory, speed, reasoning, and spatial visualization were derived in cross-sectional (N = 5,014) and 3-occasion longitudinal (N = 1,353) data in adul…
Test experience effects in longitudinal comparisons of adult cognitive functioning
It is widely recognized that experience with cognitive tests can influence estimates of cognitive change. Prior research has estimated experience effects at the level of groups by comparing the performance of a group of participants tested for the second time with the performance of a different group of participants at the same age tested for the first time. This twice-minus-once-tested method was adapted in the current study to derive estimates …
Aging Cognition Unconfounded by Prior Test Experience
The current results suggest that retest effects can distort the mean age trends in longitudinal comparisons that are not adjusted for experience. Furthermore, the findings can be considered robust because the patterns were similar across three data sets involving different samples of participants and cognitive tests, and across different methods of controlling experience effects in the new data set
The Relationship Between Social Support and Subjective Well-Being Across Age
Selectivity of Attrition in Longitudinal Studies of Cognitive Functioning
The phenomenon of selective attrition is more complex than often assumed, and it may not necessarily limit the generalizability of longitudinal comparisons
Effects of first occasion test experience on longitudinal cognitive change
Effects of additional test experience on longitudinal change in 5 cognitive abilities was examined in a sample of healthy adults ranging from 18 to 80 years of age. Participants receiving experience with parallel versions of the cognitive tests on the first occasion had more positive cognitive change an average of 2.5 years later than participants performing only a single version of the tests on the first occasion. Importantly, these test experie…
Consequences of Age-Related Cognitive Declines
Adult age differences in a variety of cognitive abilities are well documented, and many of those abilities have been found to be related to success in the workplace and in everyday life. However, increased age is seldom associated with lower levels of real-world functioning, and the reasons for this lab-life discrepancy are not well understood. This article briefly reviews research concerned with relations of age to cognition, relations of cognit…
Influence of Social Desirability on Age Differences in Self-Reports of Mood and Personality: Social Desirability, Age, and Self-Reports
Increased age has been found to be associated with differences in affect and personality that have been interpreted in terms of better emotional regulation and increased maturity. However, these findings have largely been based on self-report data, and the primary goal of the current research was to investigate the hypothesis that age-related differences in affect and in certain desirable personality traits might, at least partially, reflect age …
How general are the effects of trait anxiety and depressive symptoms on cognitive functioning
A total of 3,781 healthy adults between 18 and 97 years of age completed trait anxiety and depressive symptoms inventories and also performed a battery of cognitive tests. Consistent with recent research on cognitive abilities, the cognitive variables could be organized into a hierarchical structure, with 5 first-order abilities and a single g-factor representing the variance common to the first-order abilities at the top of the hierarchy. Analys…
Personality–cognition relations across adulthood
Although an increasing number of studies have investigated relations between dimensions of personality and level of cognitive functioning, the research results have been somewhat inconsistent. Furthermore, relatively little is known about whether the personality-cognition relations vary as a function of age in adulthood. The current project examined these issues with data from a sample of 2,317 adults between 18 and 96 years of age who each compl…
All data collection and analysis methods have limitations: Reply to Rabbitt (2011) and Raz and Lindenberger (2011)
The commentaries on my article contain a number of points with which I disagree but also several with which I agree. For example, I continue to believe that the existence of many cases in which between-person variability does not increase with age indicates that greater variance with increased age is not inevitable among healthy individuals up to about 80 years of age. I also do not believe that problems of causal inferences from correlational in…
Neuroanatomical substrates of age-related cognitive decline
There are many reports of relations between age and cognitive variables and of relations between age and variables representing different aspects of brain structure and a few reports of relations between brain structure variables and cognitive variables. These findings have sometimes led to inferences that the age-related brain changes cause the age-related cognitive changes. Although this conclusion may well be true, it is widely recognized that…
Selective review of cognitive aging
Research concerned with relations between adult age and cognitive functioning is briefly reviewed. The coverage is necessarily selective, and is organized in terms of five major questions. These are what abilities are related to age, how many distinct influences are contributing to the relations between age and cognitive functioning, do the differences between people increase with advancing age, what is responsible for the discrepancies between c…
Contents, Vol. 35, 1992
Shifting Levels of Analysis in the Investigation of Cognitive Aging
Questions can be raised regarding the progress that has been achieved in accounting for the well-documented negative relations between chronological age during adulthood and fluid or process aspects of cognition. Advances in knowledge may have been limited in part because many researchers have ignored age-related influences that are common to a number of dependent variables. Two procedures are discussed that appear to have the potential to distin…
Dealing With Short-term Fluctuation in Longitudinal Research
The results revealed that more sensitive assessments of change can be obtained by taking short-term fluctuation into account with measurement-burst designs. In particular, capitalizing on the availability of multiple measures at each occasion to form latent constructs representing the level and change in cognitive performance may provide the most sensitive assessment of cognitive change
When does age-related cognitive decline begin?
Investigating Ceiling Effects in Longitudinal Data Analysis
Score limitation at the top of a scale is commonly termed "ceiling effect." Ceiling effects can lead to serious artifactual parameter estimates in most data analysis. This study examines the consequences of ceiling effects in longitudinal data analysis and investigates several methods of dealing with ceiling effects through Monte Carlo simulations and empirical data analyses. Data were simulated based on a latent growth curve model with T = 5 occ…
Mental Exercise and Mental Aging: Evaluating the Validity of the “Use It or Lose It” Hypothesis
It is widely believed that keeping mentally active will prevent age-related mental decline. The primary prediction of this mental-exercise hypothesis is that the rate of age-related decline in measures of cognitive functioning will be less pronounced for people who are more mentally active, or, equivalently, that the cognitive differences among people who vary in level of mental activity will be greater with increased age. Although many training …
Short-Term Variability in Cognitive Performance and the Calibration of Longitudinal Change
Recent studies have documented that normal adults exhibit considerable variability in cognitive performance from one occasion to another. We investigated this phenomenon in a study in which 143 adults ranging from 18 to 97 years of age performed different versions of 13 cognitive tests in three separate sessions. Substantial within-person variability was apparent across 13 different cognitive variables, and there were also large individual differ…
What and When of Cognitive Aging
Adult age differences have been documented on a wide variety of cognitive variables, but the reasons for these differences are still poorly understood. In this article, I describe several findings that will need to be incorporated into eventual explanations of the phenomenon of cognitive aging. Despite common assumptions to the contrary, age-related declines in measures of cognitive functioning (a) are relatively large, (b) begin in early adultho…
Methodological and Theoretical Implications of Intraindividual Variability in Perceptual-Motor Performance
As an individual differences variable, lability (within-person variability) has often been neglected even though it has been shown to predict key outcomes such as mortality. We examine intraindividual variability in perceptual-motor performance and relate it to chronological age in a sample of adults. The magnitude of between-session variability was found to average between 25 % and 50 % of the between-person variability and was equivalent in mag…
Decomposing adult age differences in working memory
Two studies, involving a total of 460 adults between 18 and 87 years of age, were conducted to determine which of several hypothesized processing components was most responsible for age-related declines in working memory functioning. Significant negative correlations between age and measures of working memory (i.e., from -.39 to -.52) were found in both studies, and these relations were substantially attenuated by partialing measures hypothesized…
The Relationship Between Social Support and Subjective Well-Being Across Age
Meta-analyses of age-cognition relations in adulthood: Estimates of linear and nonlinear age effects and structural models
A meta-analysis was conducted on 91 studies to derive a correlation matrix for adult age, speed of processing, primary-working memory, episodic memory, reasoning, and spatial ability. Structural equation modeling with a single latent common cognitive factor showed that all cognitive measures shared substantial portions of age-related variance. A mediational model revealed that speed of processing and primary-working memory appear to be important …
The nature of the influence of speed on adult age differences in cognition
Two studies were conducted to determine the relations among age, motor speed, perceptual speed, and 3 measures of cognitive performance: study time, decision time, and decision accuracy. Each study involved over 240 adults between I 8 and over 80 years of age who all performed a battery of tests, including computer-administered tests of memory, reasoning, and spatial ability. The results indicated that (a) increased age was associated with lower …
Speed mediation of adult age differences in cognition
Previous research has established that a large proportion of the adult age-related variance in various measures offluid or process cognition is reduced when statistical control procedures such as hierarchical regression are used to eliminate variation in measures ofperceptual speed. This finding was confirmed in the present study and was extended to include paired-associate and free-recall measures of memory in addition to measures of reasoning a…
Personality–cognition relations across adulthood
Although an increasing number of studies have investigated relations between dimensions of personality and level of cognitive functioning, the research results have been somewhat inconsistent. Furthermore, relatively little is known about whether the personality-cognition relations vary as a function of age in adulthood. The current project examined these issues with data from a sample of 2,317 adults between 18 and 96 years of age who each compl…
Estimating Retest Effects in Longitudinal Assessments of Cognitive Functioning in Adults Between 18 and 60 Years of Age
Several analyses were conducted on data from samples of adults between 18 and 58 years of age who completed the same cognitive tests after an interval ranging from less than 1 week to 35 years. Because the retest interval varied across individuals, it was possible to determine the length of time needed before the gains associated with a retest decreased to 0 and to obtain simultaneous estimates of the magnitude of effects associated with increase…
Age and experience effects in spatial visualization
Three studies were conducted to investigate effects related to age and experience on measures of spatial visualization ability. All research participants were college-educated men; those in the experienced group were practicing or recently retired architects. The major results of the studies were (a) that increased age was found to be associated with lower levels of performance on several tests of spatial visualization and (b) that this was true …
Selectivity of Attrition in Longitudinal Studies of Cognitive Functioning
The phenomenon of selective attrition is more complex than often assumed, and it may not necessarily limit the generalizability of longitudinal comparisons
Independence of age-related influences on cognitive abilities across the life span
Age-related increases in childhood and age-related decreases in adulthood have been reported for a wide variety of cognitive variables, but relatively little research has addressed the question of the independence of these influences. In this project, cross-sectional life span data (age 5 to 94 years) from the nationally representative sample used to establish the norms for the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery (R. W. Woodcock & M. B. J…
Aging, Inhibition, Working Memory, and Speed
An implication of the hypothesis that failures of inhibition contribution to adult age differences in working memory (Hasher & Zacks, 1988) is that statistical control of measures of inhibition should reduce the age-related effects on working memory. This implication was tested in a study in which interference measures from three variants of a Stroop task served as the measures of inhibition. Although the age-related variance in measures of worki…
Effects of age and naturally occurring experience on spatial visualization performance
One o[the most popular hypotheses proposed to account for the age-related declines observed with certain measures ofcog-nitive functioning attributes those declines to various forms of disuse or lack of practice. Although seldom articulated as an explicit theory, the following sample of quotations illustrates that this perspective has been implicitly accepted for more than half a century. A decrease in test ability among adults is probably caused…
Why do adult age differences increase with task complexity
A total of 451 adults between 18 and 80 years of age participated in 2 studies conducted to investigate causes of the phenomenon that adult age differences in cognitive performance frequently increase with increased task complexity. All Ss performed 4 cognitive tasks at each of 3 levels of complexity. The strongest predictors of performance on the intermediate and complex versions of the tasks were performance on the simpler versions of the same …
An Experimental Investigation of Factors Affecting University Promotion Decisions: A Brief Report
(1978). An Experimental Investigation of Factors Affecting University Promotion Decisions. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 177-183
Differential Age-Related Influences on Memory for Verbal-Symbolic Information and Visual-Spatial Information
Adults from a wide range of ages were administered parallel versions of three memory tasks designed to involve verbal-symbolic information or visual-spatial information. Several analytical procedures were used to determine whether there were selective age-related effects on measures reflecting spatial information processing compared to those reflecting verbal-symbolic information processing. The results provided little support for this hypothesis…
Interrelations of Age, Visual Acuity, and Cognitive Functioning
It has recently been suggested that a large proportion of the age-related influences on many measures of cognitive functioning is mediated through a single common factor. This hypothesis has been supported by the discovery that much of the age-related variance in different cognitive measures is shared, and is not distinct or independent. These earlier results were replicated in this project, and it was also discovered that measures of corrected v…
Which Aspects of Social Support Are Associated With Which Cognitive Abilities for Which People
These results suggest that contact with family and friends, emotional and informational support, anticipated support, and negative interactions are related to cognition, whereas satisfaction with and tangible support were not. In addition, these aspects of support were primarily related to g, with the exception of family contact. Social support- cognition relations are comparable across the life span and the sexes
All data collection and analysis methods have limitations: Reply to Rabbitt (2011) and Raz and Lindenberger (2011)
The commentaries on my article contain a number of points with which I disagree but also several with which I agree. For example, I continue to believe that the existence of many cases in which between-person variability does not increase with age indicates that greater variance with increased age is not inevitable among healthy individuals up to about 80 years of age. I also do not believe that problems of causal inferences from correlational in…
Controlled and Automatic Forms of Memory and Attention: Process Purity and the Uniqueness of Age-Related Influences
Estimates of controlled and automatic processes hypothesized to underlie performance in a memory task and in an attention task were derived for 115 participants from 18 to 78 years of age using the process-dissociation procedure. Participants also performed speed and neuropsychological tests that were suspected to be negatively related to age. Process estimates showed good reliability (from .76 to .98), and the qualitative distinction between pro…
Interrelations of Age, Health, and Speed
Latent construct structural equation modeling of the relations among age, self-rated health, and speed was conducted with two samples, each containing 372 adults between 18 and 87 years of age. The major results were confirmed in both samples. Self-rated health, sensory-motor speed, perceptual speed, and reaction time speed all decreased as age increased, but health only partially mediated the relationship between age and speed. There were direct…
Influence of working memory on adult age differences in matrix reasoning
The four studies reported in this article, involving a total of 401 adults ranging between 18 and 80 years of age, were designed to investigate how working memory might mediate adult age differences in matrix reasoning tasks such as the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test. Evidence of this mediation is available in the finding that statistical control of an index of working memory reduces the age-related variance in matrix reasoning performance by …
Perceptual, cognitive, and motoric aspects of transcription typing
Recent research findings in the domain of transcription typing are reviewed in the context of a fourcomponent heuristic model. The four components consist of an input phase in which to-be-typed text is grouped into familiar chunks, a parsing phase in which the chunks are decomposed into discrete characters, a translation phase in which characters are converted into movement specifications, and finally an execution phase in which the actual moveme…
Contributions of the Individual Differences Approach to Cognitive Aging
Although the primary focus of much of the research in cognitive aging has been on mean differences between people of different ages, people differ in many respects besides age. A fundamental assumption of the individual differences perspective is that at least some of those differences may be informative about the nature, and causes, of the relations between age and cognitive functioning
Test experience effects in longitudinal comparisons of adult cognitive functioning
It is widely recognized that experience with cognitive tests can influence estimates of cognitive change. Prior research has estimated experience effects at the level of groups by comparing the performance of a group of participants tested for the second time with the performance of a different group of participants at the same age tested for the first time. This twice-minus-once-tested method was adapted in the current study to derive estimates …
Short-Term Variability in Cognitive Performance and the Calibration of Longitudinal Change
Recent studies have documented that normal adults exhibit considerable variability in cognitive performance from one occasion to another. We investigated this phenomenon in a study in which 143 adults ranging from 18 to 97 years of age performed different versions of 13 cognitive tests in three separate sessions. Substantial within-person variability was apparent across 13 different cognitive variables, and there were also large individual differ…
An Experimental Investigation of Factors Affecting University Promotion Decisions: A Brief Report
(1978). An Experimental Investigation of Factors Affecting University Promotion Decisions. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 177-183
An Experimental Investigation of Factors Affecting University Promotion Decision: A Brief Report
Timothy A. Salthouse, Wilbert J. McKeachie, Yi-Guang Lin, An Experimental Investigation of Factors Affecting University Promotion Decision: A Brief Report, The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 49, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 1978), pp. 177-183
Perceptual, cognitive, and motoric aspects of transcription typing
Recent research findings in the domain of transcription typing are reviewed in the context of a fourcomponent heuristic model. The four components consist of an input phase in which to-be-typed text is grouped into familiar chunks, a parsing phase in which the chunks are decomposed into discrete characters, a translation phase in which characters are converted into movement specifications, and finally an execution phase in which the actual moveme…
Resource-reduction interpretations of cognitive aging
Working memory as a processing resource in cognitive aging
Age and experience effects in spatial visualization
Three studies were conducted to investigate effects related to age and experience on measures of spatial visualization ability. All research participants were college-educated men; those in the experienced group were practicing or recently retired architects. The major results of the studies were (a) that increased age was found to be associated with lower levels of performance on several tests of spatial visualization and (b) that this was true …
Effects of age and naturally occurring experience on spatial visualization performance
One o[the most popular hypotheses proposed to account for the age-related declines observed with certain measures ofcog-nitive functioning attributes those declines to various forms of disuse or lack of practice. Although seldom articulated as an explicit theory, the following sample of quotations illustrates that this perspective has been implicitly accepted for more than half a century. A decrease in test ability among adults is probably caused…
Decomposing adult age differences in working memory
Two studies, involving a total of 460 adults between 18 and 87 years of age, were conducted to determine which of several hypothesized processing components was most responsible for age-related declines in working memory functioning. Significant negative correlations between age and measures of working memory (i.e., from -.39 to -.52) were found in both studies, and these relations were substantially attenuated by partialing measures hypothesized…
Why do adult age differences increase with task complexity
A total of 451 adults between 18 and 80 years of age participated in 2 studies conducted to investigate causes of the phenomenon that adult age differences in cognitive performance frequently increase with increased task complexity. All Ss performed 4 cognitive tasks at each of 3 levels of complexity. The strongest predictors of performance on the intermediate and complex versions of the tasks were performance on the simpler versions of the same …
Speed mediation of adult age differences in cognition
Previous research has established that a large proportion of the adult age-related variance in various measures offluid or process cognition is reduced when statistical control procedures such as hierarchical regression are used to eliminate variation in measures ofperceptual speed. This finding was confirmed in the present study and was extended to include paired-associate and free-recall measures of memory in addition to measures of reasoning a…
Influence of working memory on adult age differences in matrix reasoning
The four studies reported in this article, involving a total of 401 adults ranging between 18 and 80 years of age, were designed to investigate how working memory might mediate adult age differences in matrix reasoning tasks such as the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test. Evidence of this mediation is available in the finding that statistical control of an index of working memory reduces the age-related variance in matrix reasoning performance by …
How Many Causes Are There of Aging-Related Decrements in Cognitive Functioning
Reply to Commentary by Collins: Distinguishing Proximal and Distal Levels of Explanation
The nature of the influence of speed on adult age differences in cognition
Two studies were conducted to determine the relations among age, motor speed, perceptual speed, and 3 measures of cognitive performance: study time, decision time, and decision accuracy. Each study involved over 240 adults between I 8 and over 80 years of age who all performed a battery of tests, including computer-administered tests of memory, reasoning, and spatial ability. The results indicated that (a) increased age was associated with lower …
Interrelations of Age, Health, and Speed
Latent construct structural equation modeling of the relations among age, self-rated health, and speed was conducted with two samples, each containing 372 adults between 18 and 87 years of age. The major results were confirmed in both samples. Self-rated health, sensory-motor speed, perceptual speed, and reaction time speed all decreased as age increased, but health only partially mediated the relationship between age and speed. There were direct…
Aging, Inhibition, Working Memory, and Speed
An implication of the hypothesis that failures of inhibition contribution to adult age differences in working memory (Hasher & Zacks, 1988) is that statistical control of measures of inhibition should reduce the age-related effects on working memory. This implication was tested in a study in which interference measures from three variants of a Stroop task served as the measures of inhibition. Although the age-related variance in measures of worki…
Differential Age-Related Influences on Memory for Verbal-Symbolic Information and Visual-Spatial Information
Adults from a wide range of ages were administered parallel versions of three memory tasks designed to involve verbal-symbolic information or visual-spatial information. Several analytical procedures were used to determine whether there were selective age-related effects on measures reflecting spatial information processing compared to those reflecting verbal-symbolic information processing. The results provided little support for this hypothesis…
The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition.
A theory is proposed to account for some of the age-related differences reported in measures of Type A or fluid cognition. The central hypothesis in the theory is that increased age in adulthood is associated with a decrease in the speed with which many processing operations can be executed and that this reduction in speed leads to impairments in cognitive functioning because of what are termed the limited time mechanism and the simultaneity mech…
General and Specific Speed Mediation of Adult Age Differences in Memory
The proposal that age-related differences in some measures of speed of performance may not be independent of the age-related differences in other measures of speed of performance has been associated with considerable controversy. Because converging evidence can often resolve this type of controversy, correlation-based procedures are proposed to distinguish general (or common) and specific (or unique) age-related influences on measures of speeded …
Where in an Ordered Sequence of Variables Do Independent Age-Related Effects Occur
A series of regression analyses was conducted to determine which variables in an ordered sequence had significant age-related effects after control of the immediately preceding variable in the sequence. Independent age-related effects in these types of analyses are particularly interesting because they represent age-related influences that are not mediated through earlier variables. A total of 56 analyses are reported with ordered variables repre…
Interrelations of Age, Visual Acuity, and Cognitive Functioning
It has recently been suggested that a large proportion of the age-related influences on many measures of cognitive functioning is mediated through a single common factor. This hypothesis has been supported by the discovery that much of the age-related variance in different cognitive measures is shared, and is not distinct or independent. These earlier results were replicated in this project, and it was also discovered that measures of corrected v…
Are East Asian versus American differences in arithmetical ability a recent phenomenon
Younger and older American and Chinese adults were administered arithmetic, perceptual speed, and spatial orientation tests. For the perceptual speed and spatial orientation tests, the younger adults showed substantial performance advantages over the older adults in both the United States and China. For the arithmetic tests, the younger Chinese adults outperformed the older Chinese adults, but the groups of younger and older American adults had c…
Controlled and Automatic Forms of Memory and Attention: Process Purity and the Uniqueness of Age-Related Influences
Estimates of controlled and automatic processes hypothesized to underlie performance in a memory task and in an attention task were derived for 115 participants from 18 to 78 years of age using the process-dissociation procedure. Participants also performed speed and neuropsychological tests that were suspected to be negatively related to age. Process estimates showed good reliability (from .76 to .98), and the qualitative distinction between pro…
Meta-analyses of age-cognition relations in adulthood: Estimates of linear and nonlinear age effects and structural models
A meta-analysis was conducted on 91 studies to derive a correlation matrix for adult age, speed of processing, primary-working memory, episodic memory, reasoning, and spatial ability. Structural equation modeling with a single latent common cognitive factor showed that all cognitive measures shared substantial portions of age-related variance. A mediational model revealed that speed of processing and primary-working memory appear to be important …
The Effects of Age and Experience on Memory for Visually Presented Music
Increased age is often associated with lower levels of performance in tests of memory for spatial information. The primary question in the current study was whether this relationship could be moderated as a function of one's relevant experience and/or knowledge. Stimulus materials consisted of short (7-11 note), visually presented musical melodies and structurally equivalent nonmusical stimuli. Participants (N = 128) were recruited from a wide ra…
Psychology (51 works) · Developmental psychology (42 works) · Cognition (39 works) · Cognitive psychology (31 works) · Cognitive Abilities and Testing (24 works) · Neuroscience (18 works) · Computer Science (13 works) · Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies (13 works) · Aging and Gerontology Research (11 works) · Cognitive skill (11 works)