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Catherine Snow

Biographic Data

ID3843236
NAMECatherine Snow
GIVEN NAMESCatherine
FAMILY NAMESnow
SIGNATURESNOW C
AFFILIATIONSHarvard Graduate School of Education
VERIFIEDNo
TOTAL WORKS33
TOTAL CITATIONS32
WORKS AS AUTHOR33
WORKS AS EDITOR0
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR1979
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2026
H-INDEX4
  • Improving writing without teaching it

    Open Access•Lisa Hsin, Lisa B Hsin et al.•ARTICLE•Reading and Writing•2026

  • Enhancing Phonological Awareness in First and Second Language by Jyutping Training

    Open Access•Juan Zhang, Catherine Snow et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Child Language•2026

    Although a phonology-based coding system (i.e. Pinyin) is universally taught to beginning readers in mainland China, in Macau no such system is taught to children learning Cantonese. To examine whether providing such a system to Cantonese-speaking children is beneficial for reading development in both first (Cantonese) and second (English) language, the present study first attempted to implement a Cantonese phonology-based coding system (i.e. Jyu…

  • Teacher-student racial-ethnic match and kindergarteners’ academic and cognitive and executive function gains

    Open Access•Emily Yerington, Christina Weiland et al.•ARTICLE•Early Childhood Research Quarterly•2026•References: 6

  • When time is relative

    Open Access•Paola Guerrero Rosada, Christina Weiland et al.•ARTICLE•Early Childhood Research Quarterly•2026

  • Moving Beyond Point in Time Estimates

    Open Access•Meghan P Mccormick, Emily Hanno et al.•ARTICLE•Child Development•2025•References: 48

    This study examines associations between enrollment in high-quality PreK and growth in children's (N = 422; Mage = 5.63 years; 47% female; 15% Asian, 19% Black, 30% White, 31% Hispanic; 5% other or mixed race) academic, executive functioning, and social–emotional skills across kindergarten (2017–2018) and first grade (2018–2019). Associations between PreK enrollment and language and math skills were sustained through first grade. More convergence…

  • Scaling high quality

    Open Access•Christina Weiland, Paola Guerrero-Rosada et al.•ARTICLE•Early Childhood Research Quarterly•2025•References: 4

  • Off-Task Behavior as a Measure of In-Classroom Executive Function Skills? Evidence for Construct Validity and Contributions to Gains in Prekindergartners’ Academic Achievement

    Lillie Moffett, Christina Weiland et al.•ARTICLE•Early Education and Development•2024

    Research Findings: Prior research has demonstrated the importance of young children’s executive functioning (EF) skills for their success in schooling and beyond. However, the field lacks an understanding of how children’s EF skills manifest in context. In the present study, we relate children’s classroom off-task behavior to their EF skills. Prekindergarten children (N=263) were first assessed on their EF skills via direct assessments and a teac…

  • Enrollment in Pre-K and children's social-emotional and executive functioning skills

    Open Access•Lillie Moffett, Amanda Weissman et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Educational Psychology•2023

  • Instructional alignment is associated with PreK persistence

    Open Access•Meghan P Mccormick, Cullen MacDowell et al.•ARTICLE•Early Childhood Research Quarterly•2023•Cited by: 2•References: 10

  • Learning experiences vary across young children in the same classroom

    Open Access•Christina Weiland, Lillie Moffett et al.•ARTICLE•Early Childhood Research Quarterly•2023•Cited by: 2•References: 9

  • Is Skill Type the Key to the PreK Fadeout Puzzle? Differential Associations Between Enrollment in PreK and Constrained and Unconstrained Skills Across Kindergarten

    Open Access•Meghan Mccormick, Christina Weiland et al.•ARTICLE•Child Development•2021

    This study examines whether associations between enrollment in public and non-public PreK and children’s (N = 508; Mage = 5.60 years in fall of kindergarten) math and language and literacy outcomes were more likely to be sustained through the spring of kindergarten for unconstrained versus constrained skills. Associations between public PreK and language, literacy, and math outcomes were more strongly sustained through the spring of kindergarten …

  • Can Center-Based Care Reduce Summer Slowdown Prior to Kindergarten? Exploring Variation by Family Income, Race/Ethnicity, and Dual Language Learner Status

    Open Access•Meghan P Mccormick, Mirjana Pralica et al.•ARTICLE•American Educational Research…•2021•Cited by: 1•References: 69

    This study examines growth in language and math skills during the summer before kindergarten; considers variation by family income, race/ethnicity, and dual language learner status; and tests whether summer center-based care sustains preschool gains. Growth in skills slowed during summer for all children, but the patterns varied by domain and group. Non-White and dual language learner students showed the largest drop-off in language skills during…

  • Null relations between CLASS scores and gains in children’s language, math, and executive function skills

    Open Access•Paola Guerrero-Rosada, Christina Weiland et al.•ARTICLE•Early Childhood Research Quarterly•2020•Cited by: 6•References: 15

  • Promoting content-enriched alignment across the early grades

    Open Access•Meghan P Mccormick, Christina Weiland et al.•ARTICLE•Early Childhood Research Quarterly•2019•Cited by: 5•References: 4

  • Vocabulary and Reading Performances of Redesignated Fluent English Proficient Students

    Open Access•Jin Kyoung Hwang, Joshua Fahey Lawrence et al.•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•2017•References: 34

    In this article, the researchers examined general vocabulary, academic vocabulary, and reading comprehension growth trajectories of adolescent redesignated fluent English proficient ( RFEP ) students using individual growth modeling analysis. The sample included 1,226 sixth‐ to eighth‐grade RFEP students from six middle schools in an urban school district in California. Students completed up to four waves of reading‐related measures during a 2‐ye…

  • Implementation Challenges for Tier One and Tier Two School-Based Programs for Early Adolescents

    Open Access•Maria D LaRusso, Suzanne Donovan et al.•ARTICLE•New Directions for Child and…•2016

    This mixed-method study examined the implementation and the challenges to implementation for participants in randomized controlled trials of two school-based programs for early adolescents: the Tier One Word Generation (WG) program, and the Tier Two Strategic Adolescent Reading Intervention (STARI). Levels of implementation for WG and STARI varied substantially across teachers and classrooms, with mean levels of 40% for fourth- and fifth-grade WG…

  • Common Themes in Teaching Reading for Understanding

    Open Access•Susan R Goldman, Catherine E Snow et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Adolescent & Adult…•2016

    This article reflects a metaview of the work of the three research projects funded through the Institute for Education Sciences under the Reading for Understanding competition that addressed middle‐grade through high school readers (grades 4–12). All three projects shared the assumption that instruction is necessary for successful reading to learn just as it is for learning to read. Through multiple studies conducted independently, the three proj…

  • Teacher–Child Interactions in Chile and Their Associations With Prekindergarten Outcomes

    Open Access•Diana Leyva, Christina Weiland et al.•ARTICLE•Child Development•2015

    Quality of teacher–child interactions is central to prekindergarten children's learning. In the United States, the quality of teacher–child interactions is commonly assessed using the teaching through interactions conceptual framework and an associ/ated observational tool, the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS). This study examined: (a) whether there was evidence supporting three distinctive domains of teacher–child interactions in Chile…

  • The role of home literacy and language environment on bilinguals' English and Spanish vocabulary development

    Open Access•Elisabeth Duursma, Silvia Romero Contrera et al.•ARTICLE•Applied Psycholinguistics•2007

    For the monolingual population, research has shown that vocabulary knowledge is closely related to reading achievement. However, the role of vocabulary has not been studied as extensively in the bilingual population. It is important to look at vocabulary to better understand reading achievement in the bilingual population in the United States. This study investigated the predictors of Spanish and English vocabulary for 96 fifth-grade Latino Engli…

  • The intriguing role of spanish language vocabulary knowledge in predicting English reading comprehension.

    Chris Proctor, C Patrick Proctor et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Educational Psychology•2006

    This study explored a holistic model of English reading comprehension among a sample of 135 Spanish-English bilingual Latina and Latino 4th-grade students This model took into account Spanish language reading skills and language of initial literacy instruction. Controlling for language of instruction, English decoding skill, and English oral language proficiency, the authors explored the effects of Spanish language alphabetic knowledge, fluency, …

  • Native Spanish-Speaking Children Reading in English

    Chris Proctor, C Patrick Proctor et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Educational Psychology•2005

    A structural equation model of second language (L2; English) reading comprehension was tested on a sample of 135 Spanish-speaking 4th-grade English-language learners (ELLs). The model included 2 levels: decoding and oral language. English decoding measures included alphabetic knowledge and fluency. English oral language measures included vocabulary knowledge and listening comprehension. The model had reasonable goodness of fit. Decoding skills pl…

  • The Critical Role of Vocabulary Development for English Language Learners

    Open Access•Diane August, Maria Carlo et al.•ARTICLE•Learning Disabilities Research &…•2005

    English language learners (ELLs) who experience slow vocabulary development are less able to comprehend text at grade level than their English-only peers. Such students are likely to perform poorly on assessments in these areas and are at risk of being diagnosed as learning disabled. In this article, we review the research on methods to develop the vocabulary knowledge of ELLs and present lessons learned from the research concerning effective ins…

  • Learning to Read in an L2

    Catherine E Snow, Catherine Snow•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•2001

  • Pragmatic Development

    Michael R Perkins, Anat Ninio et al.•ARTICLE•Language•1998

  • The wheat and the chaff

    Open Access•Brian Macwhinney, Catherine E Snow et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Child Language•1992

    Edwards (1992) presents a set of examples from the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) as prototypes of bad transcription practice. Her discussion is based upon four basic confusions. First, Edwards confuses old and discarded versions of CHAT with current CHAT. Second, she confuses the relation between CHAT standards with the implementation of these standards during the process of reformatting older corpora. Third, she confuses transcri…

Next
  • The Prosodic and Paralinguistic Features of Reading and Telling Stories

    Open Access•Harry Levin, Carole A Schaffer et al.•ARTICLE•Language and Speech•1982•Cited by: 7•References: 11

    Four teachers read and told preschool children well-known stories which were recorded. Two composite tapes were prepared from the recordings. Ten-second sections of tape were spliced together to form 112 randomly intermixed examples of each teacher reading and telling stories to two groups of children. Fifty-six items were treated by a low-pass filter which removed all content information but preserved prosodic and paralinguistic information. Two…

  • Null relations between CLASS scores and gains in children’s language, math, and executive function skills

    Open Access•Paola Guerrero-Rosada, Christina Weiland et al.•ARTICLE•Early Childhood Research Quarterly•2020•Cited by: 6•References: 15

  • Promoting content-enriched alignment across the early grades

    Open Access•Meghan P Mccormick, Christina Weiland et al.•ARTICLE•Early Childhood Research Quarterly•2019•Cited by: 5•References: 4

  • No negative evidence revisited

    John Neil Bohannon, Brian Macwhinney et al.•ARTICLE•Developmental Psychology•1990•Cited by: 5•References: 4

    Gordon (1990), in his commentary on Bohannon and Stanowicz (1988), argued that (a) the originalGold (1967) learnability proof bears little relevance for innateness of language, (b) the Bohannonand Stanowicz results do not justify abandoning innate restraints on language learning, and (c) theremay be cases in which such feedback is unavailable. In this reply, the relevant and irrelevant aspectsof both the original Gold proof and more modern attemp…

  • The conversational skills of school‐aged children

    Open Access•Sara Sehley, Catherine E Snow et al.•ARTICLE•Social Development•1992•Cited by: 3•References: 3

    Differences associated with age and with language background were assessed in performance on a task thin taps conversational skill, a ‘TV talk show’ interview task administered to 98 second through fifth graders, including many nonnative speakers of English. Surprisingly, holistic ratings of the childrenapos;s skills as conversationalists were not related at all to gender, and only moderately to age or status as a native speaker of English. A set…

  • Instructional alignment is associated with PreK persistence

    Open Access•Meghan P Mccormick, Cullen MacDowell et al.•ARTICLE•Early Childhood Research Quarterly•2023•Cited by: 2•References: 10

  • Learning experiences vary across young children in the same classroom

    Open Access•Christina Weiland, Lillie Moffett et al.•ARTICLE•Early Childhood Research Quarterly•2023•Cited by: 2•References: 9

  • Can Center-Based Care Reduce Summer Slowdown Prior to Kindergarten? Exploring Variation by Family Income, Race/Ethnicity, and Dual Language Learner Status

    Open Access•Meghan P Mccormick, Mirjana Pralica et al.•ARTICLE•American Educational Research…•2021•Cited by: 1•References: 69

    This study examines growth in language and math skills during the summer before kindergarten; considers variation by family income, race/ethnicity, and dual language learner status; and tests whether summer center-based care sustains preschool gains. Growth in skills slowed during summer for all children, but the patterns varied by domain and group. Non-White and dual language learner students showed the largest drop-off in language skills during…

  • Nurturant Talk to Children

    Open Access•Harry Levin, Catherine E Snow et al.•ARTICLE•Language and Speech•1984•Cited by: 1•References: 5

    The speech addressed to children, usually called Baby Talk, is not homogeneous. As Brown suggested, one dimension, "Communicative Clarity," controls the variables that contribute to simplifying the task of communicating to the child. The second dimension, "Affection/Nurturance," controls the variables that express a particular kind of social relationship between adult and child. The speech of mothers (and sometimes fathers) to 21 children aged fo…

  • Oral language development

    Open Access•Catherine E Snow, Catherine Snow•ARTICLE•Community Mental Health Journal•1979

  • The Prosodic and Paralinguistic Features of Reading and Telling Stories

    Open Access•Harry Levin, Carole A Schaffer et al.•ARTICLE•Language and Speech•1982•Cited by: 7•References: 11

    Four teachers read and told preschool children well-known stories which were recorded. Two composite tapes were prepared from the recordings. Ten-second sections of tape were spliced together to form 112 randomly intermixed examples of each teacher reading and telling stories to two groups of children. Fifty-six items were treated by a low-pass filter which removed all content information but preserved prosodic and paralinguistic information. Two…

  • Literacy and Language

    Catherine E Snow, Catherine Snow•ARTICLE•Harvard Educational Review•1983

    Drawing upon recent research findings and upon a case study of a child learning to talk and to read, Catherine Snow outlines the important similarities in the development of both language and literacy. The characteristics of parent-child interaction which support language acquisition—semantic contingency, scaffolding, accountability procedures,and the use of routines—also facilitate early reading and writing development. The author dismisses the …

  • Nurturant Talk to Children

    Open Access•Harry Levin, Catherine E Snow et al.•ARTICLE•Language and Speech•1984•Cited by: 1•References: 5

    The speech addressed to children, usually called Baby Talk, is not homogeneous. As Brown suggested, one dimension, "Communicative Clarity," controls the variables that contribute to simplifying the task of communicating to the child. The second dimension, "Affection/Nurturance," controls the variables that express a particular kind of social relationship between adult and child. The speech of mothers (and sometimes fathers) to 21 children aged fo…

  • The child language data exchange system

    Open Access•Brian Macwhinney, Catherine E Snow et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Child Language•1985

    The study of language acquisition underwent a major revolution in the late 1950s as a result of the dissemination of technology permitting high-quality tape-recording of children in the family setting. This new technology led to major breakthroughs in the quality of both data and theory. The field is now at the threshold of a possible second major breakthrough stimulated by the dissemination of personal computing. Researchers are now able to tran…

  • The Child Language Data Exchange System

    Open Access•Brian Macwhinney, Catherine E Snow et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Child Language•1990

    In a previous issue of this Journal , MacWhinney & Snow (1985) laid out the basic sketch for an international system for exchanging and analysing child language transcript data. This system – the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) – has developed three major tools for child language research: (1) the CHILDES database of transcripts, (2) the CHAT system for transcribing and coding data, and (3) the CLAN programs for analysing CHAT files…

  • No negative evidence revisited

    John Neil Bohannon, Brian Macwhinney et al.•ARTICLE•Developmental Psychology•1990•Cited by: 5•References: 4

    Gordon (1990), in his commentary on Bohannon and Stanowicz (1988), argued that (a) the originalGold (1967) learnability proof bears little relevance for innateness of language, (b) the Bohannonand Stanowicz results do not justify abandoning innate restraints on language learning, and (c) theremay be cases in which such feedback is unavailable. In this reply, the relevant and irrelevant aspectsof both the original Gold proof and more modern attemp…

  • The wheat and the chaff

    Open Access•Brian Macwhinney, Catherine E Snow et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Child Language•1992

    Edwards (1992) presents a set of examples from the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) as prototypes of bad transcription practice. Her discussion is based upon four basic confusions. First, Edwards confuses old and discarded versions of CHAT with current CHAT. Second, she confuses the relation between CHAT standards with the implementation of these standards during the process of reformatting older corpora. Third, she confuses transcri…

  • The conversational skills of school‐aged children

    Open Access•Sara Sehley, Catherine E Snow et al.•ARTICLE•Social Development•1992•Cited by: 3•References: 3

    Differences associated with age and with language background were assessed in performance on a task thin taps conversational skill, a ‘TV talk show’ interview task administered to 98 second through fifth graders, including many nonnative speakers of English. Surprisingly, holistic ratings of the childrenapos;s skills as conversationalists were not related at all to gender, and only moderately to age or status as a native speaker of English. A set…

  • Pragmatic Development

    Michael R Perkins, Anat Ninio et al.•ARTICLE•Language•1998

  • Learning to Read in an L2

    Catherine E Snow, Catherine Snow•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•2001

  • Native Spanish-Speaking Children Reading in English

    Chris Proctor, C Patrick Proctor et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Educational Psychology•2005

    A structural equation model of second language (L2; English) reading comprehension was tested on a sample of 135 Spanish-speaking 4th-grade English-language learners (ELLs). The model included 2 levels: decoding and oral language. English decoding measures included alphabetic knowledge and fluency. English oral language measures included vocabulary knowledge and listening comprehension. The model had reasonable goodness of fit. Decoding skills pl…

  • The Critical Role of Vocabulary Development for English Language Learners

    Open Access•Diane August, Maria Carlo et al.•ARTICLE•Learning Disabilities Research &…•2005

    English language learners (ELLs) who experience slow vocabulary development are less able to comprehend text at grade level than their English-only peers. Such students are likely to perform poorly on assessments in these areas and are at risk of being diagnosed as learning disabled. In this article, we review the research on methods to develop the vocabulary knowledge of ELLs and present lessons learned from the research concerning effective ins…

  • The intriguing role of spanish language vocabulary knowledge in predicting English reading comprehension.

    Chris Proctor, C Patrick Proctor et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Educational Psychology•2006

    This study explored a holistic model of English reading comprehension among a sample of 135 Spanish-English bilingual Latina and Latino 4th-grade students This model took into account Spanish language reading skills and language of initial literacy instruction. Controlling for language of instruction, English decoding skill, and English oral language proficiency, the authors explored the effects of Spanish language alphabetic knowledge, fluency, …

  • The role of home literacy and language environment on bilinguals' English and Spanish vocabulary development

    Open Access•Elisabeth Duursma, Silvia Romero Contrera et al.•ARTICLE•Applied Psycholinguistics•2007

    For the monolingual population, research has shown that vocabulary knowledge is closely related to reading achievement. However, the role of vocabulary has not been studied as extensively in the bilingual population. It is important to look at vocabulary to better understand reading achievement in the bilingual population in the United States. This study investigated the predictors of Spanish and English vocabulary for 96 fifth-grade Latino Engli…

  • Teacher–Child Interactions in Chile and Their Associations With Prekindergarten Outcomes

    Open Access•Diana Leyva, Christina Weiland et al.•ARTICLE•Child Development•2015

    Quality of teacher–child interactions is central to prekindergarten children's learning. In the United States, the quality of teacher–child interactions is commonly assessed using the teaching through interactions conceptual framework and an associ/ated observational tool, the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS). This study examined: (a) whether there was evidence supporting three distinctive domains of teacher–child interactions in Chile…

  • Implementation Challenges for Tier One and Tier Two School-Based Programs for Early Adolescents

    Open Access•Maria D LaRusso, Suzanne Donovan et al.•ARTICLE•New Directions for Child and…•2016

    This mixed-method study examined the implementation and the challenges to implementation for participants in randomized controlled trials of two school-based programs for early adolescents: the Tier One Word Generation (WG) program, and the Tier Two Strategic Adolescent Reading Intervention (STARI). Levels of implementation for WG and STARI varied substantially across teachers and classrooms, with mean levels of 40% for fourth- and fifth-grade WG…

  • Common Themes in Teaching Reading for Understanding

    Open Access•Susan R Goldman, Catherine E Snow et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Adolescent & Adult…•2016

    This article reflects a metaview of the work of the three research projects funded through the Institute for Education Sciences under the Reading for Understanding competition that addressed middle‐grade through high school readers (grades 4–12). All three projects shared the assumption that instruction is necessary for successful reading to learn just as it is for learning to read. Through multiple studies conducted independently, the three proj…

  • Vocabulary and Reading Performances of Redesignated Fluent English Proficient Students

    Open Access•Jin Kyoung Hwang, Joshua Fahey Lawrence et al.•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•2017•References: 34

    In this article, the researchers examined general vocabulary, academic vocabulary, and reading comprehension growth trajectories of adolescent redesignated fluent English proficient ( RFEP ) students using individual growth modeling analysis. The sample included 1,226 sixth‐ to eighth‐grade RFEP students from six middle schools in an urban school district in California. Students completed up to four waves of reading‐related measures during a 2‐ye…

  • Promoting content-enriched alignment across the early grades

    Open Access•Meghan P Mccormick, Christina Weiland et al.•ARTICLE•Early Childhood Research Quarterly•2019•Cited by: 5•References: 4

  • Null relations between CLASS scores and gains in children’s language, math, and executive function skills

    Open Access•Paola Guerrero-Rosada, Christina Weiland et al.•ARTICLE•Early Childhood Research Quarterly•2020•Cited by: 6•References: 15

  • Is Skill Type the Key to the PreK Fadeout Puzzle? Differential Associations Between Enrollment in PreK and Constrained and Unconstrained Skills Across Kindergarten

    Open Access•Meghan Mccormick, Christina Weiland et al.•ARTICLE•Child Development•2021

    This study examines whether associations between enrollment in public and non-public PreK and children’s (N = 508; Mage = 5.60 years in fall of kindergarten) math and language and literacy outcomes were more likely to be sustained through the spring of kindergarten for unconstrained versus constrained skills. Associations between public PreK and language, literacy, and math outcomes were more strongly sustained through the spring of kindergarten …

  • Can Center-Based Care Reduce Summer Slowdown Prior to Kindergarten? Exploring Variation by Family Income, Race/Ethnicity, and Dual Language Learner Status

    Open Access•Meghan P Mccormick, Mirjana Pralica et al.•ARTICLE•American Educational Research…•2021•Cited by: 1•References: 69

    This study examines growth in language and math skills during the summer before kindergarten; considers variation by family income, race/ethnicity, and dual language learner status; and tests whether summer center-based care sustains preschool gains. Growth in skills slowed during summer for all children, but the patterns varied by domain and group. Non-White and dual language learner students showed the largest drop-off in language skills during…

  • Enrollment in Pre-K and children's social-emotional and executive functioning skills

    Open Access•Lillie Moffett, Amanda Weissman et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Educational Psychology•2023

  • Instructional alignment is associated with PreK persistence

    Open Access•Meghan P Mccormick, Cullen MacDowell et al.•ARTICLE•Early Childhood Research Quarterly•2023•Cited by: 2•References: 10

Psychology (27 works) · Mathematics education (16 works) · Developmental psychology (14 works) · Reading and Literacy Development (14 works) · Early Childhood Education and Development (13 works) · Linguistics (13 works) · Computer Science (12 works) · Literacy (9 works) · Pedagogy (9 works) · Language Development and Disorders (8 works)

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