Michelle S Phelps
Biographic Data
| ID | 3846340 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Michelle S Phelps |
| GIVEN NAMES | Michelle S |
| FAMILY NAME | Phelps |
| SIGNATURE | PHELPS M S |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Minnesota |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4798-1542 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 28 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 409 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 28 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2011 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Forty-some years I’ve been on paper”: Navigating probation in later adulthood
Older adults are a rapidly growing population within the criminal legal system, prompting new scholarship about the consequences of a “graying” prison population. Less studied, however, has been the impact of an aging population for the larger share of adults under community supervision. Drawing on interviews conducted in 2019 with 44 adults aged 50 years or older on probation in Minnesota, we explore how aging shapes the experiences and meaning …
Imperial Policing: Weaponized Data in Carceral Chicago
Making racial demands: Tracing the struggle over public safety in Minneapolis
In May 2020, the world erupted in protest after officers with the Minneapolis Police Department murdered George Floyd. In response, abolitionist activists pushed forward a ballot initiative that would "end" the police department by creating a new Department of Public Safety. This proposal sparked fierce debate. While both sides staked their claims on what would make Black residents feel safe, their understandings of safety diverged, with charter …
Probation and the shadow carceral state: Legal envisioning from Minnesota
The transformation of US punishment in the late 20th century was defined not just by mass imprisonment, but the growth of a shadow carceral state of administrative and civil sanctions, including technical violations of probation and parole that smooth the pathway to prison. We consider the role of technical violations in the shadow carceral state through the lens of lived experience, analyzing interviews with adults on probation in Hennepin Count…
Are Supervision Violations Filling Prisons? The Role of Probation, Parole, and New Offenses in Driving Mass Incarceration
Advocates for reform have highlighted violations of probation and parole conditions as a key driver of mass incarceration. As a 2019 Council of State Governments report declared, supervision violations are “filling prisons and burdening budgets.” Yet few scholarly accounts estimate the precise role of technical violations in fueling prison populations during the prison boom. Using national surveys of state prison populations from 1979 to 2016, th…
Punishing Places: The Geography of Mass Imprisonment
Beyond “pains” and “gains”: Untangling the health consequences of probation
Strong-arm Sobriety: Addressing Precarity through Probation
Over the past half-century, the US welfare and penal systems have become increasingly fused modes of poverty governance. At the center of the welfare-penal continuum sits probation, a form of community supervision that operates as a central hub, directing people to both services and incarceration. Drawing on interviews with 166 adults on probation in Hennepin County, Minnesota, in 2019, we argue that the coercive care of probation is structured b…
Visualizing Injustice or Reifying Racism? Images in the Digital Media Coverage of the Killing of Michael Brown
The explosion of Black Lives Matter protests in the mid-2010s rendered visible state violence against Black Americans, producing a barrage of images and videos of lethal police violence and the protests that followed. These images served as a powerful site of contestation about the meaning of race and racism in the United States for both movement supporters and critics. We examine these dynamics through the lens of media coverage of the pivotal 2…
Governing Marginality: Coercion and Care in Probation
While the scale and consequences of mass incarceration in the United States have been well-documented over the past two decades, sociologists have focused less attention on mass probation and the expansion of community supervision. Originally designed as a rehabilitative alternative to imprisonment, probation represents the largest form of penal control and a critical intersection between criminal justice and welfare-two systems that govern citiz…
From Police Reform to Police Abolition? How Minneapolis Activists Fought to Make Black Lives Matter
The murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) officers in 2020 was a watershed moment, triggering protests across the country and unprecedented promises by city leaders to “end” the MPD. We use interviews and archival materials to understand the roots of this decision, tracing the emergent split between activists fighting for police reform and police abolition in the wake of the initial Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests in Min…
Gendered racial vulnerability: How women confront crime and criminalization
Prior research illustrates how race-class subjugated communities are over-policed and under-protected, producing high rates of victimization by other community members and the police. Yet few studies explore how gender and race structure dual frustration, despite a long line of Black feminist scholarship on the interpersonal, gender-based, and state violence Black and other women of color face. Drawing on interviews with 53 women in Minneapolis f…
We're Still Dying Quicker Than We Can Effect Change: BlackLivesMatter and the Limits of 21st-Century Policing Reform
Black Lives Matter protests in the mid-2010s thrust police violence into the public spotlight, highlighting the stark racial divide in experiences with law enforcement and prompting a wave of police reform. We examine how residents in low-income neighborhoods on the Northside of Minneapolis, Minnesota, made sense of this focus on police violence and reform across racial lines. Drawing on interviews with a diverse sample of 112 adults, we show tha…
Mass Probation from Micro to Macro: Tracing the Expansion and Consequences of Community Supervision
Between 1980 and 2007, probation rates in the United States skyrocketed alongside imprisonment rates; since 2007, both forms of criminal justice control have declined in use. Although a large literature in criminology and related fields has explored the causes and consequences of mass incarceration, very little research has explored the parallel rise of mass probation. This review takes stock of our knowledge of probation in the United States. In…
Consensus in the Penal Field? Revisiting Breaking the Pendulum
This Essay responds to thoughtful analyses from Ashley Rubin, Johann Koehler, Geoff Ward, and Fergus McNeill on our book Breaking the Pendulum: The Long Struggle Over Criminal Justice (2017). In particular, we revisit our claim that consensus within the penal field is illusory. Drawing inspiration from our interlocutors, we argue that while recognized actors constantly struggle over the character and scope of criminal justice, they agree (at leas…
Discourses of Mass Probation: From Managing Risk to Ending Human Warehousing in Michigan
Over the past decade, some Western countries have begun to shift away from punitive criminal justice rhetoric, re-embracing the language of rehabilitation and the goal of penal moderation. Risk logics—which undergirded the rise of mass incarceration in the United States—are now being repurposed to call for decarceration. Yet while risk played a key role in the transformation from modern to post-modern punishment, its development and contemporary …
The Pain of Penitence in the Early Republic
The authors analyze the development of the “penitentiary ideal” and the battles over imprisonment in the North and the South during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the context of widespread social anxiety about dramatic societal transformations, elite reformers overcame opposition from less powerful competitors who viewed the prison as antirepublican, antilabor, and antireligion. The chapter highlights the role of struggle, local cult…
Breaking the Pendulum: The Long Struggle Over Criminal Justice
Fracturing the penal state: State actors and the role of conflict in penal change
The concept of a penal or carceral state has quickly become a staple in punishment and criminal justice literature. However, the concept, which suffers from a proliferation of meanings and is frequently undefined, gives readers the impression that there is a single, unified, and actor-less state responsible for punishment. This contradicts the thrust of recent punishment literature, which emphasizes fragmentation, variegation, and constant confli…
Possibilities and Contestation in Twenty-First-Century US Criminal Justice Downsizing
After four decades of an expanding carceral state, political leaders are increasingly championing proposals framed as smart—rather than simply tough—on crime. Yet as states increasingly adopt progressive reforms like scaling back the drug war, punishment in other respects continues to grow harsher. This article applies the agonistic perspective to explain these contradictory trends. I argue that the struggles of agonists in the penal field, in th…
Mass probation: Toward a more robust theory of state variation in punishment
Scholarship on the expansion of the U.S. carceral state has primarily focused on imprisonment rates. Yet the majority of adults under formal criminal justice control are on probation, an "alternative" form of supervision. This article develops the concept of mass probation and builds a typology of state control regimes that theorizes both the scale and type of punishment states employ. Drawing on Bureau of Justice Statistics data from 1980 and 20…
Inequality and Punishment: A Turning Point for Mass Incarceration
After decades of steady expansion, state prison populations declined in recent years for the first time since 1972. Though the size of the decrease was small, it masks substantial state heterogeneity. This article investigates variation in state-level incarceration rates from 1980 through 2013, examining the factors associated with the rise and decline in prison populations. We find evidence for four key stories in explaining the prison decline: …
Kitty Calavita and Valerie Jenness, Appealing to Justice: Prisoner Grievances, Rights, and Carceral Logic
The long struggle: An agonistic perspective on penal development
Bringing together insights from macro-level theory about “mass imprisonment” and micro-level case studies of contemporary punishment, this article presents a mid-level agonistic perspective on penal change in the USA. Using the case of the “rise and fall” of the rehabilitative ideal in California, we spotlight struggle as a central mechanism that intensifies the variegated (and sometimes contradictory) nature of punishment and drives penal develo…
Lisa L Miller, The Perils of Federalism: Race, Poverty, and the Politics of Crime Control
The Paradox of Probation: Community Supervision in the Age of Mass Incarceration
After four decades of steady growth,U.S. states' prison populations finally appear to be declining, driven by a range of sentencing and policy reforms. One of the most popular reform suggestions is to expand probation supervision in lieu of incarceration. However, the classic socio‐legal literature suggests that expansions of probation instead widen the net of penal control and lead to higher incarceration rates. This article reconsiders probatio…
Mass probation: Toward a more robust theory of state variation in punishment
Scholarship on the expansion of the U.S. carceral state has primarily focused on imprisonment rates. Yet the majority of adults under formal criminal justice control are on probation, an "alternative" form of supervision. This article develops the concept of mass probation and builds a typology of state control regimes that theorizes both the scale and type of punishment states employ. Drawing on Bureau of Justice Statistics data from 1980 and 20…
Rehabilitation in the Punitive Era: The Gap Between Rhetoric and Reality in U.S. Prison Programs
Scholars of mass incarceration point to the 1970s as a pivotal turning point in U.S. penal history, marked by a shift toward more punitive policies and a consensus that “nothing works” in rehabilitating inmates. However, while there has been extensive research on changes in policy makers' rhetoric, sentencing policy, and incarceration rates, scholars know very little about changes in the actual practices of punishment and prisoner rehabilitation.…
The long struggle: An agonistic perspective on penal development
Bringing together insights from macro-level theory about “mass imprisonment” and micro-level case studies of contemporary punishment, this article presents a mid-level agonistic perspective on penal change in the USA. Using the case of the “rise and fall” of the rehabilitative ideal in California, we spotlight struggle as a central mechanism that intensifies the variegated (and sometimes contradictory) nature of punishment and drives penal develo…
Fracturing the penal state: State actors and the role of conflict in penal change
The concept of a penal or carceral state has quickly become a staple in punishment and criminal justice literature. However, the concept, which suffers from a proliferation of meanings and is frequently undefined, gives readers the impression that there is a single, unified, and actor-less state responsible for punishment. This contradicts the thrust of recent punishment literature, which emphasizes fragmentation, variegation, and constant confli…
Governing Marginality: Coercion and Care in Probation
While the scale and consequences of mass incarceration in the United States have been well-documented over the past two decades, sociologists have focused less attention on mass probation and the expansion of community supervision. Originally designed as a rehabilitative alternative to imprisonment, probation represents the largest form of penal control and a critical intersection between criminal justice and welfare-two systems that govern citiz…
Inequality and Punishment: A Turning Point for Mass Incarceration
After decades of steady expansion, state prison populations declined in recent years for the first time since 1972. Though the size of the decrease was small, it masks substantial state heterogeneity. This article investigates variation in state-level incarceration rates from 1980 through 2013, examining the factors associated with the rise and decline in prison populations. We find evidence for four key stories in explaining the prison decline: …
Gendered racial vulnerability: How women confront crime and criminalization
Prior research illustrates how race-class subjugated communities are over-policed and under-protected, producing high rates of victimization by other community members and the police. Yet few studies explore how gender and race structure dual frustration, despite a long line of Black feminist scholarship on the interpersonal, gender-based, and state violence Black and other women of color face. Drawing on interviews with 53 women in Minneapolis f…
From Police Reform to Police Abolition? How Minneapolis Activists Fought to Make Black Lives Matter
The murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) officers in 2020 was a watershed moment, triggering protests across the country and unprecedented promises by city leaders to “end” the MPD. We use interviews and archival materials to understand the roots of this decision, tracing the emergent split between activists fighting for police reform and police abolition in the wake of the initial Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests in Min…
Mass Probation from Micro to Macro: Tracing the Expansion and Consequences of Community Supervision
Between 1980 and 2007, probation rates in the United States skyrocketed alongside imprisonment rates; since 2007, both forms of criminal justice control have declined in use. Although a large literature in criminology and related fields has explored the causes and consequences of mass incarceration, very little research has explored the parallel rise of mass probation. This review takes stock of our knowledge of probation in the United States. In…
We're Still Dying Quicker Than We Can Effect Change: BlackLivesMatter and the Limits of 21st-Century Policing Reform
Black Lives Matter protests in the mid-2010s thrust police violence into the public spotlight, highlighting the stark racial divide in experiences with law enforcement and prompting a wave of police reform. We examine how residents in low-income neighborhoods on the Northside of Minneapolis, Minnesota, made sense of this focus on police violence and reform across racial lines. Drawing on interviews with a diverse sample of 112 adults, we show tha…
Discourses of Mass Probation: From Managing Risk to Ending Human Warehousing in Michigan
Over the past decade, some Western countries have begun to shift away from punitive criminal justice rhetoric, re-embracing the language of rehabilitation and the goal of penal moderation. Risk logics—which undergirded the rise of mass incarceration in the United States—are now being repurposed to call for decarceration. Yet while risk played a key role in the transformation from modern to post-modern punishment, its development and contemporary …
Possibilities and Contestation in Twenty-First-Century US Criminal Justice Downsizing
After four decades of an expanding carceral state, political leaders are increasingly championing proposals framed as smart—rather than simply tough—on crime. Yet as states increasingly adopt progressive reforms like scaling back the drug war, punishment in other respects continues to grow harsher. This article applies the agonistic perspective to explain these contradictory trends. I argue that the struggles of agonists in the penal field, in th…
Strong-arm Sobriety: Addressing Precarity through Probation
Over the past half-century, the US welfare and penal systems have become increasingly fused modes of poverty governance. At the center of the welfare-penal continuum sits probation, a form of community supervision that operates as a central hub, directing people to both services and incarceration. Drawing on interviews with 166 adults on probation in Hennepin County, Minnesota, in 2019, we argue that the coercive care of probation is structured b…
Consensus in the Penal Field? Revisiting Breaking the Pendulum
This Essay responds to thoughtful analyses from Ashley Rubin, Johann Koehler, Geoff Ward, and Fergus McNeill on our book Breaking the Pendulum: The Long Struggle Over Criminal Justice (2017). In particular, we revisit our claim that consensus within the penal field is illusory. Drawing inspiration from our interlocutors, we argue that while recognized actors constantly struggle over the character and scope of criminal justice, they agree (at leas…
The place of punishment: Variation in the provision of inmate services staff across the punitive turn
Despite the growing literature on the punitive turn, knowledge of how the experience of American imprisonment varied across time and place remains limited. This article begins to fill that gap, providing a nuanced portrayal of variation in the practices of rehabilitation. To examine how one aspect of the rehabilitative ideal in practice—the provision of staff dedicated to inmate services—varied across time and place over the past 30 years. The ar…
Probation and the shadow carceral state: Legal envisioning from Minnesota
The transformation of US punishment in the late 20th century was defined not just by mass imprisonment, but the growth of a shadow carceral state of administrative and civil sanctions, including technical violations of probation and parole that smooth the pathway to prison. We consider the role of technical violations in the shadow carceral state through the lens of lived experience, analyzing interviews with adults on probation in Hennepin Count…
Are Supervision Violations Filling Prisons? The Role of Probation, Parole, and New Offenses in Driving Mass Incarceration
Advocates for reform have highlighted violations of probation and parole conditions as a key driver of mass incarceration. As a 2019 Council of State Governments report declared, supervision violations are “filling prisons and burdening budgets.” Yet few scholarly accounts estimate the precise role of technical violations in fueling prison populations during the prison boom. Using national surveys of state prison populations from 1979 to 2016, th…
Making racial demands: Tracing the struggle over public safety in Minneapolis
In May 2020, the world erupted in protest after officers with the Minneapolis Police Department murdered George Floyd. In response, abolitionist activists pushed forward a ballot initiative that would "end" the police department by creating a new Department of Public Safety. This proposal sparked fierce debate. While both sides staked their claims on what would make Black residents feel safe, their understandings of safety diverged, with charter …
Visualizing Injustice or Reifying Racism? Images in the Digital Media Coverage of the Killing of Michael Brown
The explosion of Black Lives Matter protests in the mid-2010s rendered visible state violence against Black Americans, producing a barrage of images and videos of lethal police violence and the protests that followed. These images served as a powerful site of contestation about the meaning of race and racism in the United States for both movement supporters and critics. We examine these dynamics through the lens of media coverage of the pivotal 2…
Rehabilitation in the Punitive Era: The Gap Between Rhetoric and Reality in U.S. Prison Programs
Scholars of mass incarceration point to the 1970s as a pivotal turning point in U.S. penal history, marked by a shift toward more punitive policies and a consensus that “nothing works” in rehabilitating inmates. However, while there has been extensive research on changes in policy makers' rhetoric, sentencing policy, and incarceration rates, scholars know very little about changes in the actual practices of punishment and prisoner rehabilitation.…
The place of punishment: Variation in the provision of inmate services staff across the punitive turn
Despite the growing literature on the punitive turn, knowledge of how the experience of American imprisonment varied across time and place remains limited. This article begins to fill that gap, providing a nuanced portrayal of variation in the practices of rehabilitation. To examine how one aspect of the rehabilitative ideal in practice—the provision of staff dedicated to inmate services—varied across time and place over the past 30 years. The ar…
Lisa L Miller, The Perils of Federalism: Race, Poverty, and the Politics of Crime Control
The Paradox of Probation: Community Supervision in the Age of Mass Incarceration
After four decades of steady growth,U.S. states' prison populations finally appear to be declining, driven by a range of sentencing and policy reforms. One of the most popular reform suggestions is to expand probation supervision in lieu of incarceration. However, the classic socio‐legal literature suggests that expansions of probation instead widen the net of penal control and lead to higher incarceration rates. This article reconsiders probatio…
The long struggle: An agonistic perspective on penal development
Bringing together insights from macro-level theory about “mass imprisonment” and micro-level case studies of contemporary punishment, this article presents a mid-level agonistic perspective on penal change in the USA. Using the case of the “rise and fall” of the rehabilitative ideal in California, we spotlight struggle as a central mechanism that intensifies the variegated (and sometimes contradictory) nature of punishment and drives penal develo…
Kitty Calavita and Valerie Jenness, Appealing to Justice: Prisoner Grievances, Rights, and Carceral Logic
Possibilities and Contestation in Twenty-First-Century US Criminal Justice Downsizing
After four decades of an expanding carceral state, political leaders are increasingly championing proposals framed as smart—rather than simply tough—on crime. Yet as states increasingly adopt progressive reforms like scaling back the drug war, punishment in other respects continues to grow harsher. This article applies the agonistic perspective to explain these contradictory trends. I argue that the struggles of agonists in the penal field, in th…
Mass probation: Toward a more robust theory of state variation in punishment
Scholarship on the expansion of the U.S. carceral state has primarily focused on imprisonment rates. Yet the majority of adults under formal criminal justice control are on probation, an "alternative" form of supervision. This article develops the concept of mass probation and builds a typology of state control regimes that theorizes both the scale and type of punishment states employ. Drawing on Bureau of Justice Statistics data from 1980 and 20…
Inequality and Punishment: A Turning Point for Mass Incarceration
After decades of steady expansion, state prison populations declined in recent years for the first time since 1972. Though the size of the decrease was small, it masks substantial state heterogeneity. This article investigates variation in state-level incarceration rates from 1980 through 2013, examining the factors associated with the rise and decline in prison populations. We find evidence for four key stories in explaining the prison decline: …
The Pain of Penitence in the Early Republic
The authors analyze the development of the “penitentiary ideal” and the battles over imprisonment in the North and the South during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the context of widespread social anxiety about dramatic societal transformations, elite reformers overcame opposition from less powerful competitors who viewed the prison as antirepublican, antilabor, and antireligion. The chapter highlights the role of struggle, local cult…
Breaking the Pendulum: The Long Struggle Over Criminal Justice
Fracturing the penal state: State actors and the role of conflict in penal change
The concept of a penal or carceral state has quickly become a staple in punishment and criminal justice literature. However, the concept, which suffers from a proliferation of meanings and is frequently undefined, gives readers the impression that there is a single, unified, and actor-less state responsible for punishment. This contradicts the thrust of recent punishment literature, which emphasizes fragmentation, variegation, and constant confli…
Discourses of Mass Probation: From Managing Risk to Ending Human Warehousing in Michigan
Over the past decade, some Western countries have begun to shift away from punitive criminal justice rhetoric, re-embracing the language of rehabilitation and the goal of penal moderation. Risk logics—which undergirded the rise of mass incarceration in the United States—are now being repurposed to call for decarceration. Yet while risk played a key role in the transformation from modern to post-modern punishment, its development and contemporary …
Mass Probation from Micro to Macro: Tracing the Expansion and Consequences of Community Supervision
Between 1980 and 2007, probation rates in the United States skyrocketed alongside imprisonment rates; since 2007, both forms of criminal justice control have declined in use. Although a large literature in criminology and related fields has explored the causes and consequences of mass incarceration, very little research has explored the parallel rise of mass probation. This review takes stock of our knowledge of probation in the United States. In…
Consensus in the Penal Field? Revisiting Breaking the Pendulum
This Essay responds to thoughtful analyses from Ashley Rubin, Johann Koehler, Geoff Ward, and Fergus McNeill on our book Breaking the Pendulum: The Long Struggle Over Criminal Justice (2017). In particular, we revisit our claim that consensus within the penal field is illusory. Drawing inspiration from our interlocutors, we argue that while recognized actors constantly struggle over the character and scope of criminal justice, they agree (at leas…
From Police Reform to Police Abolition? How Minneapolis Activists Fought to Make Black Lives Matter
The murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) officers in 2020 was a watershed moment, triggering protests across the country and unprecedented promises by city leaders to “end” the MPD. We use interviews and archival materials to understand the roots of this decision, tracing the emergent split between activists fighting for police reform and police abolition in the wake of the initial Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests in Min…
Gendered racial vulnerability: How women confront crime and criminalization
Prior research illustrates how race-class subjugated communities are over-policed and under-protected, producing high rates of victimization by other community members and the police. Yet few studies explore how gender and race structure dual frustration, despite a long line of Black feminist scholarship on the interpersonal, gender-based, and state violence Black and other women of color face. Drawing on interviews with 53 women in Minneapolis f…
We're Still Dying Quicker Than We Can Effect Change: BlackLivesMatter and the Limits of 21st-Century Policing Reform
Black Lives Matter protests in the mid-2010s thrust police violence into the public spotlight, highlighting the stark racial divide in experiences with law enforcement and prompting a wave of police reform. We examine how residents in low-income neighborhoods on the Northside of Minneapolis, Minnesota, made sense of this focus on police violence and reform across racial lines. Drawing on interviews with a diverse sample of 112 adults, we show tha…
Beyond “pains” and “gains”: Untangling the health consequences of probation
Strong-arm Sobriety: Addressing Precarity through Probation
Over the past half-century, the US welfare and penal systems have become increasingly fused modes of poverty governance. At the center of the welfare-penal continuum sits probation, a form of community supervision that operates as a central hub, directing people to both services and incarceration. Drawing on interviews with 166 adults on probation in Hennepin County, Minnesota, in 2019, we argue that the coercive care of probation is structured b…
Visualizing Injustice or Reifying Racism? Images in the Digital Media Coverage of the Killing of Michael Brown
The explosion of Black Lives Matter protests in the mid-2010s rendered visible state violence against Black Americans, producing a barrage of images and videos of lethal police violence and the protests that followed. These images served as a powerful site of contestation about the meaning of race and racism in the United States for both movement supporters and critics. We examine these dynamics through the lens of media coverage of the pivotal 2…
Governing Marginality: Coercion and Care in Probation
While the scale and consequences of mass incarceration in the United States have been well-documented over the past two decades, sociologists have focused less attention on mass probation and the expansion of community supervision. Originally designed as a rehabilitative alternative to imprisonment, probation represents the largest form of penal control and a critical intersection between criminal justice and welfare-two systems that govern citiz…
Are Supervision Violations Filling Prisons? The Role of Probation, Parole, and New Offenses in Driving Mass Incarceration
Advocates for reform have highlighted violations of probation and parole conditions as a key driver of mass incarceration. As a 2019 Council of State Governments report declared, supervision violations are “filling prisons and burdening budgets.” Yet few scholarly accounts estimate the precise role of technical violations in fueling prison populations during the prison boom. Using national surveys of state prison populations from 1979 to 2016, th…
Punishing Places: The Geography of Mass Imprisonment
Probation and the shadow carceral state: Legal envisioning from Minnesota
The transformation of US punishment in the late 20th century was defined not just by mass imprisonment, but the growth of a shadow carceral state of administrative and civil sanctions, including technical violations of probation and parole that smooth the pathway to prison. We consider the role of technical violations in the shadow carceral state through the lens of lived experience, analyzing interviews with adults on probation in Hennepin Count…
Criminology (24 works) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (22 works) · Political science (22 works) · Sociology (21 works) · Law (20 works) · Psychology (16 works) · Law (14 works) · Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending (12 works) · Homelessness and Social Issues (11 works) · Social Psychology (11 works)