Graham Farrell
Biographic Data
| ID | 3857118 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Graham Farrell |
| GIVEN NAMES | Graham |
| FAMILY NAME | Farrell |
| SIGNATURE | FARRELL G |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Leeds |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3987-8457 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 37 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 135 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 34 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 3 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1992 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Elegant security
Some security devices can be ugly, inconvenient or an infringement on civil liberties. This means that security is a quality of life issue as well as one of crime prevention. Here we propose that, in addition to preventing crime and being cost effective, security should preferably be ethical and unobtrusive, aesthetically neutral or pleasing, and the easy-to-use or default option. We describe security with such characteristics as ‘elegant’. We us…
Small area variation in crime effects of Covid-19 policies in England and Wales
Crime and coronavirus
Governments around the world restricted movement of people, using social distancing and lockdowns, to help stem the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. We examine crime effects for one UK police force area in comparison to 5-year averages. There is variation in the onset of change by crime type, some declining from the WHO ‘global pandemic’ announcement of 11 March, others later. By 1 week after the 23 March lockdown, all recorded crime had d…
What caused the decline in child arrests in England and Wales
Realist Evaluation for Crime Science
This collection of essays, published to mark the 20th anniversary of Realistic Evaluation, celebrates the work of Professor Nick Tilley and his significant influence on the fields of policing, crime reduction and evaluation. With contributions from colleagues, co-authors and former students, many of whom are leading scholars in their own right, the thirteen essays which make up this volume contain both personal reflections and analysis of the pro…
The decline and locational shift of automotive theft
Investigate the changes in the spatial patterns of auto theft in Vancouver, British Columbia during a time of a significant crime drop. Geo-referenced auto theft data, 2003 and 2013, is analyzed considering crime concentrations at the street segment level, kernel density estimation, and a nonparametric spatial point pattern test that identifies the similarity in spatial point patterns. Auto theft in Vancouver has dropped significantly, but does n…
Signature dish
This article describes realist evaluation research combining data signatures and theories of causal mechanism as a means of shedding light on why crime has declined in recent years. A data signature is an empirical indicator of how or why something has occurred. The use of multiple signatures - a 'dish' - from different angles and contexts can, if they point in the same direction, result in a form of triangulation that reduces the chance of inter…
Student Academic Dishonesty
Approximately one-half to three-quarters of university students commit some form of cheating, plagiarism, or collusion. Typical university responses are policy statements containing definitions plus punishment procedures. This paper collates a portfolio of strategies and tactics that seek to design-out, deter, and discourage academic misconduct. It finds many routine tactics exist, from silence and the use of large halls for major exams, to restr…
Counterblast
Crime concentration theory
Do burglar alarms increase burglary risk? A counter-intuitive finding and possible explanations
Burglar alarms are widely used as a means to try to reduce the risk of domestic burglary. Previous research has suggested that some burglars are deterred by alarms and that they are therefore effective. Using multiple sweeps of the Crime Survey for England and Wales, the research reported here sought to corroborate these findings. It finds that alarms have become associated with increased rather than decreased risk of burglary with entry. This co…
Why the Crime Drop
The “crime drop” is the most important criminological phenomenon of modern times. In North America, Europe, and Australasia, many common crimes have fallen by half or more since the early 1990s, albeit with variation in the specifics. Seventeen explanations are examined here including demographics, policing, imprisonment, drug markets, and lead poisoning. Pioneering research relevant only to the United States now appears, with the benefit of hind…
The Reasoning Criminologist
Introduction: Ronald V. Clarke - the Quiet Revolutionary, Graham Farrell and Nick Tilley 1. Situational Crime Prevention: The Home Office Origins, Pat Mayhew and Mike Hough 2. On Being Crime Specific: Observations on the Career of R.V.G. Clarke, Derek Cornish and Martha Smith 3. Ferruginous Ducks, Low Hanging Fruit, and Ronald V. Clarke's World of Crime Science, Nick Ross 4. Happy returns: ideas brought back from situational crime prevention's ex…
The Crime Drop and the General Social Survey
Most indicators including Uniform Crime Reports and the International Crime Victims Survey suggest that Canada has experienced a dramatic “crime drop” similar to other advanced countries. Yet Canada’s General Social Survey (GSS), which ought to be the most methodologically sophisticated measure, suggests crime in this country has been stable or increasing. This study reviews the evidence. It concludes with the hypothesis that the GSS trends are m…
Once Bitten, Twice Shy
This article introduces the concept of repeat victimization, which is defined as the repeated criminal victimization of a person, business, place, vehicle, household, etc. Four decades worth of research determine that most crimes are repeats of some kind, and that crime is not randomly distributed. It states that the evidence strongly suggests that avoiding repeat victimization can be an effective crime-prevention strategy. It then considers the …
The International Crime Drop
Drawing on new studies from major European countries and Australia, this exciting collection extends the ongoing debate on falling crime rates from the perspective of criminal opportunity or routine a
The Crime Drop and the Security Hypothesis
Major crime drops were experienced in the United States and most other industrialized countries for a decade from the early to mid-1990s. Yet there is little agreement over explanation or lessons for policy. Here it is proposed that change in the quantity and quality of security was a key driver of the crime drop. From evidence relating to vehicle theft in two countries, it is concluded that electronic immobilizers and central locking were partic…
The effectiveness of vehicle security devices and their role in the crime drop
Car theft in the UK fell two-thirds from the mid-1990s as part of more widespread crime drops, and has been attributed to improved vehicle security. This study develops a Security Impact Assessment Tool (SIAT) to gauge the contribution of individual security devices and their combination. The metric of impact derived is termed the Security Protection Factor (SPF). Cars with central locking plus an electronic immobilizer, and often an alarm, are f…
Income Disparities of Burglary Risk
In the past 15 years, volume crimes dropped substantially in most countries with reliable crime-trend estimates. In England and Wales, domestic burglary fell by 58 per cent between 1995 and 2008/09, the trend levelling off after 2005/06. Wider use of more and better security arguably contributed to these drops. The availability of enhanced and especially basic security increased between 1997 and 2005/06, while burglary risk fell for all populatio…
Exploring the international decline in crime rates
This paper examines aggregate crime trends and variation around them from 1988 to 2004 for 26 countries and five main crime types using data from the International Crime Victims Survey. Multilevel statistical analysis is used to identify the main trends. Major drops in crime were experienced in many countries from the early to mid-1990s onwards. The current analysis estimates that between 1995 and 2004, the mean international crime incidence redu…
Counterblast
Explaining and sustaining the crime drop
Situational Crime Prevention and Its Discontents
In this journal, in 2007, Keith Hayward criticized situational crime prevention (SCP) and rational choice. The main thesis was that SCP cannot tackle expressive crimes of anger, hostility and excitement. The secondary thesis was that this was because the rational choice perspective cannot account for intangible aspects of offender decision‐making. Hayward's cultural criminology was offered as better explaining expressive and other crimes. The pre…
Mobile Phone Reprogramming
Where have all the flowers gone
Why the Crime Drop
The “crime drop” is the most important criminological phenomenon of modern times. In North America, Europe, and Australasia, many common crimes have fallen by half or more since the early 1990s, albeit with variation in the specifics. Seventeen explanations are examined here including demographics, policing, imprisonment, drug markets, and lead poisoning. Pioneering research relevant only to the United States now appears, with the benefit of hind…
Like Taking Candy
GRAHAM FARRELL, CORETTA PHILLIPS, KEN PEASE; LIKE TAKING CANDY: Why does Repeat Victimization Occur?, The British Journal of Criminology, Volume 35, Issue
Multiple Victimisation
The extent and significance of multiple and repeat victimisation have gone largely unrecognised. The literature is explored with respect to demonstrating that multiple victimisation is robust across crime types and method of study. Nine different research methods suggest a similar pattern of the distribution of victimisation; a small proportion of the population experience a large proportion of all crime. In the British Crime Survey, 70% of all i…
Explaining and sustaining the crime drop
The effectiveness of vehicle security devices and their role in the crime drop
Car theft in the UK fell two-thirds from the mid-1990s as part of more widespread crime drops, and has been attributed to improved vehicle security. This study develops a Security Impact Assessment Tool (SIAT) to gauge the contribution of individual security devices and their combination. The metric of impact derived is termed the Security Protection Factor (SPF). Cars with central locking plus an electronic immobilizer, and often an alarm, are f…
The decline and locational shift of automotive theft
Investigate the changes in the spatial patterns of auto theft in Vancouver, British Columbia during a time of a significant crime drop. Geo-referenced auto theft data, 2003 and 2013, is analyzed considering crime concentrations at the street segment level, kernel density estimation, and a nonparametric spatial point pattern test that identifies the similarity in spatial point patterns. Auto theft in Vancouver has dropped significantly, but does n…
Cocaine and Heroin in Europe 1983-93
Drug law enforcement aims to reduce the consumption of illicit drugs through reducing supply and increasing prices. Data on cocaine and heroin seizures, prices, and methods of trafficking are presented for 1983–93. Seizures, giving some indirect indicator of trafficking, rose sharply for both drugs in the second half of the the 1980s. Prices of both drugs showed a decline across the decade, and the prices of both drugs seemed to track each other.…
Preventing Repeat Victimization
Revictimization or repeat victimization of people and places represent a large proportion of all victimization. Preventing revictimization may prevent a large proportion of all offenses. Repeat crimes are disproportionately likely in high-crime areas and in the period shortly after a crime-suggesting that efficient crime prevention might be achieved through rapid, transitory responses to victimization. The extent of revictimization is typically u…
Crim Seasonality
Simple exploratory analysis based on calls to police in Merseyside for a three-year period shows distinct seasonal patterns in calls to domestic disputes and residential burglary. Calls to domestic disputes show a predictable seasonal variation of 25–30 per cent, and calls to burglary 35–40 per cent. It is suggested that large and predictable seasonal variations might provide insight into the problems in question, as well as direction for crime p…
The Crime Drop and the General Social Survey
Most indicators including Uniform Crime Reports and the International Crime Victims Survey suggest that Canada has experienced a dramatic “crime drop” similar to other advanced countries. Yet Canada’s General Social Survey (GSS), which ought to be the most methodologically sophisticated measure, suggests crime in this country has been stable or increasing. This study reviews the evidence. It concludes with the hypothesis that the GSS trends are m…
Income Disparities of Burglary Risk
In the past 15 years, volume crimes dropped substantially in most countries with reliable crime-trend estimates. In England and Wales, domestic burglary fell by 58 per cent between 1995 and 2008/09, the trend levelling off after 2005/06. Wider use of more and better security arguably contributed to these drops. The availability of enhanced and especially basic security increased between 1997 and 2005/06, while burglary risk fell for all populatio…
A Victim Is a Victim Is a Victim
Journal Article A VICTIM IS A VICTIM IS A VICTIM? Chronic Victimization in Four Sweeps of the British Crime Survey Get access DAN ELLINGWORTH, DAN ELLINGWORTH Dan Ellingworth, Quantitative Criminology Group, Faculty of Economic and Social Studies, The University, Manchester M13 9PL. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar GRAHAM FARRELL, GRAHAM FARRELL Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Goog…
Small area variation in crime effects of Covid-19 policies in England and Wales
Crime concentration theory
Do burglar alarms increase burglary risk? A counter-intuitive finding and possible explanations
Burglar alarms are widely used as a means to try to reduce the risk of domestic burglary. Previous research has suggested that some burglars are deterred by alarms and that they are therefore effective. Using multiple sweeps of the Crime Survey for England and Wales, the research reported here sought to corroborate these findings. It finds that alarms have become associated with increased rather than decreased risk of burglary with entry. This co…
Situational Crime Prevention and Its Discontents
In this journal, in 2007, Keith Hayward criticized situational crime prevention (SCP) and rational choice. The main thesis was that SCP cannot tackle expressive crimes of anger, hostility and excitement. The secondary thesis was that this was because the rational choice perspective cannot account for intangible aspects of offender decision‐making. Hayward's cultural criminology was offered as better explaining expressive and other crimes. The pre…
Repeat Victimization in the ICVS and the NCVS
Signature dish
This article describes realist evaluation research combining data signatures and theories of causal mechanism as a means of shedding light on why crime has declined in recent years. A data signature is an empirical indicator of how or why something has occurred. The use of multiple signatures - a 'dish' - from different angles and contexts can, if they point in the same direction, result in a form of triangulation that reduces the chance of inter…
The Role of Crime Victims in American Policing
The role of victims in enhancing community policing has received little scholarly attention. This paper adds to the current state of knowledge about the role of victims in policing and the relationship between victim organizations and police departments as part of community policing. Relying upon a national survey of police departments and victim organizations carried out by the Police Foundation and the National Center for Victims of Crime, we p…
Multiple Victimisation
The extent and significance of multiple and repeat victimisation have gone largely unrecognised. The literature is explored with respect to demonstrating that multiple victimisation is robust across crime types and method of study. Nine different research methods suggest a similar pattern of the distribution of victimisation; a small proportion of the population experience a large proportion of all crime. In the British Crime Survey, 70% of all i…
Crim Seasonality
Simple exploratory analysis based on calls to police in Merseyside for a three-year period shows distinct seasonal patterns in calls to domestic disputes and residential burglary. Calls to domestic disputes show a predictable seasonal variation of 25–30 per cent, and calls to burglary 35–40 per cent. It is suggested that large and predictable seasonal variations might provide insight into the problems in question, as well as direction for crime p…
Preventing Repeat Victimization
Revictimization or repeat victimization of people and places represent a large proportion of all victimization. Preventing revictimization may prevent a large proportion of all offenses. Repeat crimes are disproportionately likely in high-crime areas and in the period shortly after a crime-suggesting that efficient crime prevention might be achieved through rapid, transitory responses to victimization. The extent of revictimization is typically u…
A Victim Is a Victim Is a Victim
Journal Article A VICTIM IS A VICTIM IS A VICTIM? Chronic Victimization in Four Sweeps of the British Crime Survey Get access DAN ELLINGWORTH, DAN ELLINGWORTH Dan Ellingworth, Quantitative Criminology Group, Faculty of Economic and Social Studies, The University, Manchester M13 9PL. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar GRAHAM FARRELL, GRAHAM FARRELL Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Goog…
Like Taking Candy
GRAHAM FARRELL, CORETTA PHILLIPS, KEN PEASE; LIKE TAKING CANDY: Why does Repeat Victimization Occur?, The British Journal of Criminology, Volume 35, Issue
Cocaine and Heroin in Europe 1983-93
Drug law enforcement aims to reduce the consumption of illicit drugs through reducing supply and increasing prices. Data on cocaine and heroin seizures, prices, and methods of trafficking are presented for 1983–93. Seizures, giving some indirect indicator of trafficking, rose sharply for both drugs in the second half of the the 1980s. Prices of both drugs showed a decline across the decade, and the prices of both drugs seemed to track each other.…
Repeat victim support
The occurrence of a crime may be regarded as a good predictor of where and when a further crime will occur. In consequence, a practical form of support for victims may well be the prevention of repeat victimization. To a variable and largely unknown extent, this approach is already being implemented by Victim Support volunteers. Making such practice routine might provide a worthwhile supplement to the services which Victim Support already offers.…
Routine activities and drug trafficking
Evaluation of a UK Police Domestic Violence Unit Using Repeat Victimisation as a Performance Indicator
Since overall changes in crime rates are largely independent of the work of the police, the level of crime per se is not a measure of police performance. Where policing is a response to victimisation, a more appropriate measure would be the level of repeat victimisation. The empirical study is an evaluation of the first year of a police divisional Domestic Violence Unit (DVU) which operated in response to calls to ‘domestic’incidents. In the firs…
What Does the World Spend on Policing
Social indicators vary in their breadth and coverage. One popular indicator of the priority that society gives to specific areas of life is a measure of monetary expenditure. Do we spend more or less on X or on Y? Is the balance correct? A necessary precursor to such comparisons is measurement. This paper presents a method for estimating annual global expenditure on policing. Data from the fifth sweep of the United Nations Survey of Crime Trends …
The Role of Crime Victims in American Policing
The role of victims in enhancing community policing has received little scholarly attention. This paper adds to the current state of knowledge about the role of victims in policing and the relationship between victim organizations and police departments as part of community policing. Relying upon a national survey of police departments and victim organizations carried out by the Police Foundation and the National Center for Victims of Crime, we p…
Where have all the flowers gone
Repeat Victimization in the ICVS and the NCVS
Mobile Phone Reprogramming
Exploring the international decline in crime rates
This paper examines aggregate crime trends and variation around them from 1988 to 2004 for 26 countries and five main crime types using data from the International Crime Victims Survey. Multilevel statistical analysis is used to identify the main trends. Major drops in crime were experienced in many countries from the early to mid-1990s onwards. The current analysis estimates that between 1995 and 2004, the mean international crime incidence redu…
Counterblast
Explaining and sustaining the crime drop
Situational Crime Prevention and Its Discontents
In this journal, in 2007, Keith Hayward criticized situational crime prevention (SCP) and rational choice. The main thesis was that SCP cannot tackle expressive crimes of anger, hostility and excitement. The secondary thesis was that this was because the rational choice perspective cannot account for intangible aspects of offender decision‐making. Hayward's cultural criminology was offered as better explaining expressive and other crimes. The pre…
The Crime Drop and the Security Hypothesis
Major crime drops were experienced in the United States and most other industrialized countries for a decade from the early to mid-1990s. Yet there is little agreement over explanation or lessons for policy. Here it is proposed that change in the quantity and quality of security was a key driver of the crime drop. From evidence relating to vehicle theft in two countries, it is concluded that electronic immobilizers and central locking were partic…
The effectiveness of vehicle security devices and their role in the crime drop
Car theft in the UK fell two-thirds from the mid-1990s as part of more widespread crime drops, and has been attributed to improved vehicle security. This study develops a Security Impact Assessment Tool (SIAT) to gauge the contribution of individual security devices and their combination. The metric of impact derived is termed the Security Protection Factor (SPF). Cars with central locking plus an electronic immobilizer, and often an alarm, are f…
Income Disparities of Burglary Risk
In the past 15 years, volume crimes dropped substantially in most countries with reliable crime-trend estimates. In England and Wales, domestic burglary fell by 58 per cent between 1995 and 2008/09, the trend levelling off after 2005/06. Wider use of more and better security arguably contributed to these drops. The availability of enhanced and especially basic security increased between 1997 and 2005/06, while burglary risk fell for all populatio…
Once Bitten, Twice Shy
This article introduces the concept of repeat victimization, which is defined as the repeated criminal victimization of a person, business, place, vehicle, household, etc. Four decades worth of research determine that most crimes are repeats of some kind, and that crime is not randomly distributed. It states that the evidence strongly suggests that avoiding repeat victimization can be an effective crime-prevention strategy. It then considers the …
The International Crime Drop
Drawing on new studies from major European countries and Australia, this exciting collection extends the ongoing debate on falling crime rates from the perspective of criminal opportunity or routine a
The Reasoning Criminologist
Introduction: Ronald V. Clarke - the Quiet Revolutionary, Graham Farrell and Nick Tilley 1. Situational Crime Prevention: The Home Office Origins, Pat Mayhew and Mike Hough 2. On Being Crime Specific: Observations on the Career of R.V.G. Clarke, Derek Cornish and Martha Smith 3. Ferruginous Ducks, Low Hanging Fruit, and Ronald V. Clarke's World of Crime Science, Nick Ross 4. Happy returns: ideas brought back from situational crime prevention's ex…
The Crime Drop and the General Social Survey
Most indicators including Uniform Crime Reports and the International Crime Victims Survey suggest that Canada has experienced a dramatic “crime drop” similar to other advanced countries. Yet Canada’s General Social Survey (GSS), which ought to be the most methodologically sophisticated measure, suggests crime in this country has been stable or increasing. This study reviews the evidence. It concludes with the hypothesis that the GSS trends are m…
Crime Patterns and Interventions (33 works) · Criminology (33 works) · Psychology (25 works) · Sociology (22 works) · Political science (17 works) · Computer Science (16 works) · Crime prevention (16 works) · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance (14 works) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (12 works) · Computer security (11 works)