Leslie Marshall
Biographic Data
| ID | 3869757 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Leslie Marshall |
| GIVEN NAMES | Leslie |
| FAMILY NAME | Marshall |
| SIGNATURE | MARSHALL L |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Iowa |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5108-8944 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 28 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 20 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 28 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1976 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2020 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Class, Ethnicity, and Cooperation Among Women
While recent evidence suggests that women exhibit a high capacity to cooperate in all-women groups, existing research focuses on how women cooperate among themselves versus in mixed-gender situations. We still know little, however, about how social differences among women affect their collective action capacity. We examine this by implementing a public goods experiment in Lebanon in which 713 women and men were randomly assigned to play in same-g…
How Cross-Cutting Discussion Shapes Support for Ethnic Politics
It is widely believed that ethnic politics and conflict are less pronounced in countries with cross-cutting rather than reinforcing social cleavages. We argue that one possible explanation is that cross-cutting cleavages facilitate cross-cutting social interaction among individuals from different ethnic and/or class groups. This article examines whether such cross-cutting interaction, relative to homogeneous interaction, can reduce support for et…
The Social Costs of Public Political Participation
While it is widely appreciated that public political action can be socially costly, there is little evidence of the effects of social pressure on petition signing despite its importance as a mode of political participation. We examine the social costs of petition signing in the context of mass mobilization to reform the sectarian political system in Lebanon. We invited a representative sample of 2,496 adults to sign a petition calling for an end …
Public Health in Papua New Guinea
Fieldwork and Families
Ethnographic fieldwork is prolonged, intensive, participatory and of necessity highly personal. Its organization and execution are influenced by the researcher's gender, age, ethnicity, personality and other individual factors. In this text, a group of experienced authors examine the interplay between their family situation and their fieldwork
The health campaigns
Although most of the personnel were new, and conscious of making a new beginning in public health, in one respect at least they persisted in old habits. Most of the activity of the department was correctly described as a series of assaults on specific diseases. The purpose of Gunther's survey of before he assumed the Directorship, was to identify the ‘killer-diseases’ which posed the most serious threats to health, and which were most amenable to…
A national health system
By the 1960s, health services were fragmented: each piece the product of historical conditions which were passing away. Each of the major mission societies operated an autonomous health care service, focused on the area where that mission predominated. Within the Public Health Department, the Division of Maternal and Child Health (with its own Deputy Director) ran programmes catering to quite distinct public needs; and the units (waging the campa…
Maps of Papua New Guinea
The past and the future
Past performance is our only guide in suggesting how people might extract the greatest benefit from the resources at their disposal. The historical records of medical services are irritatingly incomplete: they tantalise but do not satisfy. The distinction between ‘well-being’ and ‘ill-being’ is itself arbitrary. Then medical officers record the information which happens to interest them, and historians compound the problem by selecting such infor…
The political economy of health in Papua between the wars
The search for the mainspring of medical policies and programmes must begin with the colonial state, which employed most of the doctors who declared the policies and launched the programmes, and which influenced the behaviour of mission doctors and nurses. It is necessary, therefore, to describe the general purpose of the colonial state and its financial basis. This approach assumes that the colonial state directs its resources (including medical…
The administration of public health
Public health institutions and practices were initiated in Papua New Guinea late in the nineteenth century. They were an integral element of the colonial state, and the administrators were instruments of German and British empires which had developed fairly clear ideas about the proper regulation of public health. By the turn of the century these imperial ideas included a distinct body of theory about the administration of health services in the …
Women and children last
Much of the history of medical administration in Papua New Guinea may be read as the local application of universally agreed prescriptions. In one major area of therapy, however, there was variation within the country. At the risk of over-stating the contrast, it is convenient to present the work of the post-war medical missions as complementary to the department's work. The department was, of course, responsible for the whole country, and the ca…
The Pacific War
The military imagery which coloured medical discussions in New Guinea between the wars reflected Australia's traumatic tradition as supplier of shock-troops for the British Empire. Yet the Pacific War caught the Australian government unprepared. Military planners certainly expected a world war – but a re-run of the Great War. The troops were equipped to fight on the Western Front, but were actually sent to North Africa and to the Middle East, whi…
The political economy of health in New Guinea between the wars
On the face of it, New Guinea should have developed a more effective medical service than Papua. It was the first theatre of military operations for Australian troops in the Great War, and a substantial garrison remained until the Armistice. The plantation economy had been developed by German entrepreneurs into a genuinely profitable industry, which was then expropriated and distributed among Australian ex-servicemen, who also enjoyed preferentia…
Miracle drugs, new perceptions and the post-war Public Health Department
The Pacific War was slow to wind up in New Guinea. Japanese forces – cut off but still able to defend themselves – were harassed by Australian and Papua New Guinean soldiers, while MacArthur drove on to Manila. It was late in 1945 before all surrenders were accepted, all conscript labourers returned home, and most military detachments demobilised. During six years of war (including almost four of direct combat) many features of the 1930s had been…
Medical education
The early medical authorities in colonial Papua – whose own life expectancy was a matter of nervous doubt – had no opportunity to teach each other nor to instruct Papuans. Breinl's visit from the Institute of Tropical Medicine encouraged Strong's interest in the bowel parasites of plantation workers, but the official record makes no reference to formal teaching. Informally, though, doctors encouraged settlers to take their bitter quinine regularl…
Early colonial medical administration
Before colonial administration was attempted, it was already clear that Europeans and their servants would suffer acutely from malaria, and in some circumstances from dysentery. The first resident European, the Russian scientist (and disciple of Tolstoy), Nikolai Nikolayevich Miklouho-Maclay, was conveyed to the north coast in 1871, with two man-servants. The Polynesian soon died, and the surviving Swede fell chronically ill. Maclay's health was …
Pre-colonial health and disease
The context of this enquiry is the health of the people of Papua New Guinea, and its transformation over time. Regrettably, health is largely a subjective condition – ‘well-being’ is how we actually experience it: a contented condition which includes the absence of infection but is also a positive state. A study of health therefore cannot proceed directly: instead it relies upon inference. One source of evidence is the behaviour and observations …
Primary health care
The ideas and techniques of medical care between the wars could be grouped together under the rubric of ‘tropical medicine’, an organising principle which gave those ideas a general coherence. The massive expansion of medical knowledge and drugs during the 1940s burst the limits of that organising principle: so many infections could be prevented or cured, that medical administrators need no longer rely on quarantine and segregation to defend the …
Health education
The public health programme was centralised, technically sophisticated, highly professional, imbued with a sense of urgency, and armed with the most modern drugs. The mood and the approach of its officers precluded the health education of the population at large, since this process would be difficult, might be unnecessary and could yield uncertain benefits. When Robert Black pointed to the increasing salience of health education for the whole soc…
Public Health in Papua New Guinea
This book concerns the development of institutional medicine, medical practice and health care during the initial colonisation and later colonial rule of Papua New Guinea. It discusses the relationship between public health and the medical profession and colonial bureaucracy, and also analyses the profession's social and technical ideas which determined the kinds of health policies and programmes attempted. The first part describes the era of tro…
Breastfeeding and its alternatives among Papua New Guinea career women ‐ An issue in economic development
One of the contributions women make to household and national economies is production of breastmilk; yet exclusive breastfeeding may compete with women's other productive activities — especially rigidly scheduled activities away from home. Interviews with 97 public health nurses, 40 public school teachers and 21 university students — all indigenous Papua New Guinea mothers resident in the national capital — were completed. The interviews focused …
Influences on the antenatal clinic attendance of central province women in Port Moresby, PNG
Symposium
Ninety‐seven nurses and aides who were mothers and full‐time staff at public health care facilities in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, were interviewed about their infant feeding practices, opinions on bottle‐feeding and arrangements for childcare. Only 29% of their 260 children were bottlefed even partially. No statistically significant changes in their feeding practices occurred in 1977, when legislation was passed to make feeding bottles more …
Infant feeding and infant illness in a Micronesian village
How Cross-Cutting Discussion Shapes Support for Ethnic Politics
It is widely believed that ethnic politics and conflict are less pronounced in countries with cross-cutting rather than reinforcing social cleavages. We argue that one possible explanation is that cross-cutting cleavages facilitate cross-cutting social interaction among individuals from different ethnic and/or class groups. This article examines whether such cross-cutting interaction, relative to homogeneous interaction, can reduce support for et…
The Social Costs of Public Political Participation
While it is widely appreciated that public political action can be socially costly, there is little evidence of the effects of social pressure on petition signing despite its importance as a mode of political participation. We examine the social costs of petition signing in the context of mass mobilization to reform the sectarian political system in Lebanon. We invited a representative sample of 2,496 adults to sign a petition calling for an end …
Holy and unholy spirits
Class, Ethnicity, and Cooperation Among Women
While recent evidence suggests that women exhibit a high capacity to cooperate in all-women groups, existing research focuses on how women cooperate among themselves versus in mixed-gender situations. We still know little, however, about how social differences among women affect their collective action capacity. We examine this by implementing a public goods experiment in Lebanon in which 713 women and men were randomly assigned to play in same-g…
Holy and unholy spirits
Breasts, bottles and babies
The mothers of 375 children born in a Micronesian village during the past 50 years were interviewed about their infant feeding practices. It was found that in the period 1945–1975, use of commercial formula increased steadily, breastfeeding declined, age at weaning from breast decreased, and consumption of milk by one to two year olds increased. These trends accelerated in the 1970s. The use of powdered or evaporated milk for infant feeding was i…
Infant feeding and infant illness in a Micronesian village
Some sober reflections on Miller's temperate note on ‘holy and unholy spirits’
Symposium
Ninety‐seven nurses and aides who were mothers and full‐time staff at public health care facilities in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, were interviewed about their infant feeding practices, opinions on bottle‐feeding and arrangements for childcare. Only 29% of their 260 children were bottlefed even partially. No statistically significant changes in their feeding practices occurred in 1977, when legislation was passed to make feeding bottles more …
Influences on the antenatal clinic attendance of central province women in Port Moresby, PNG
Breastfeeding and its alternatives among Papua New Guinea career women ‐ An issue in economic development
One of the contributions women make to household and national economies is production of breastmilk; yet exclusive breastfeeding may compete with women's other productive activities — especially rigidly scheduled activities away from home. Interviews with 97 public health nurses, 40 public school teachers and 21 university students — all indigenous Papua New Guinea mothers resident in the national capital — were completed. The interviews focused …
The health campaigns
Although most of the personnel were new, and conscious of making a new beginning in public health, in one respect at least they persisted in old habits. Most of the activity of the department was correctly described as a series of assaults on specific diseases. The purpose of Gunther's survey of before he assumed the Directorship, was to identify the ‘killer-diseases’ which posed the most serious threats to health, and which were most amenable to…
A national health system
By the 1960s, health services were fragmented: each piece the product of historical conditions which were passing away. Each of the major mission societies operated an autonomous health care service, focused on the area where that mission predominated. Within the Public Health Department, the Division of Maternal and Child Health (with its own Deputy Director) ran programmes catering to quite distinct public needs; and the units (waging the campa…
Maps of Papua New Guinea
The past and the future
Past performance is our only guide in suggesting how people might extract the greatest benefit from the resources at their disposal. The historical records of medical services are irritatingly incomplete: they tantalise but do not satisfy. The distinction between ‘well-being’ and ‘ill-being’ is itself arbitrary. Then medical officers record the information which happens to interest them, and historians compound the problem by selecting such infor…
The political economy of health in Papua between the wars
The search for the mainspring of medical policies and programmes must begin with the colonial state, which employed most of the doctors who declared the policies and launched the programmes, and which influenced the behaviour of mission doctors and nurses. It is necessary, therefore, to describe the general purpose of the colonial state and its financial basis. This approach assumes that the colonial state directs its resources (including medical…
The administration of public health
Public health institutions and practices were initiated in Papua New Guinea late in the nineteenth century. They were an integral element of the colonial state, and the administrators were instruments of German and British empires which had developed fairly clear ideas about the proper regulation of public health. By the turn of the century these imperial ideas included a distinct body of theory about the administration of health services in the …
Women and children last
Much of the history of medical administration in Papua New Guinea may be read as the local application of universally agreed prescriptions. In one major area of therapy, however, there was variation within the country. At the risk of over-stating the contrast, it is convenient to present the work of the post-war medical missions as complementary to the department's work. The department was, of course, responsible for the whole country, and the ca…
The Pacific War
The military imagery which coloured medical discussions in New Guinea between the wars reflected Australia's traumatic tradition as supplier of shock-troops for the British Empire. Yet the Pacific War caught the Australian government unprepared. Military planners certainly expected a world war – but a re-run of the Great War. The troops were equipped to fight on the Western Front, but were actually sent to North Africa and to the Middle East, whi…
The political economy of health in New Guinea between the wars
On the face of it, New Guinea should have developed a more effective medical service than Papua. It was the first theatre of military operations for Australian troops in the Great War, and a substantial garrison remained until the Armistice. The plantation economy had been developed by German entrepreneurs into a genuinely profitable industry, which was then expropriated and distributed among Australian ex-servicemen, who also enjoyed preferentia…
Miracle drugs, new perceptions and the post-war Public Health Department
The Pacific War was slow to wind up in New Guinea. Japanese forces – cut off but still able to defend themselves – were harassed by Australian and Papua New Guinean soldiers, while MacArthur drove on to Manila. It was late in 1945 before all surrenders were accepted, all conscript labourers returned home, and most military detachments demobilised. During six years of war (including almost four of direct combat) many features of the 1930s had been…
Medical education
The early medical authorities in colonial Papua – whose own life expectancy was a matter of nervous doubt – had no opportunity to teach each other nor to instruct Papuans. Breinl's visit from the Institute of Tropical Medicine encouraged Strong's interest in the bowel parasites of plantation workers, but the official record makes no reference to formal teaching. Informally, though, doctors encouraged settlers to take their bitter quinine regularl…
Early colonial medical administration
Before colonial administration was attempted, it was already clear that Europeans and their servants would suffer acutely from malaria, and in some circumstances from dysentery. The first resident European, the Russian scientist (and disciple of Tolstoy), Nikolai Nikolayevich Miklouho-Maclay, was conveyed to the north coast in 1871, with two man-servants. The Polynesian soon died, and the surviving Swede fell chronically ill. Maclay's health was …
Pre-colonial health and disease
The context of this enquiry is the health of the people of Papua New Guinea, and its transformation over time. Regrettably, health is largely a subjective condition – ‘well-being’ is how we actually experience it: a contented condition which includes the absence of infection but is also a positive state. A study of health therefore cannot proceed directly: instead it relies upon inference. One source of evidence is the behaviour and observations …
Primary health care
The ideas and techniques of medical care between the wars could be grouped together under the rubric of ‘tropical medicine’, an organising principle which gave those ideas a general coherence. The massive expansion of medical knowledge and drugs during the 1940s burst the limits of that organising principle: so many infections could be prevented or cured, that medical administrators need no longer rely on quarantine and segregation to defend the …
Health education
The public health programme was centralised, technically sophisticated, highly professional, imbued with a sense of urgency, and armed with the most modern drugs. The mood and the approach of its officers precluded the health education of the population at large, since this process would be difficult, might be unnecessary and could yield uncertain benefits. When Robert Black pointed to the increasing salience of health education for the whole soc…
Public Health in Papua New Guinea
This book concerns the development of institutional medicine, medical practice and health care during the initial colonisation and later colonial rule of Papua New Guinea. It discusses the relationship between public health and the medical profession and colonial bureaucracy, and also analyses the profession's social and technical ideas which determined the kinds of health policies and programmes attempted. The first part describes the era of tro…
Fieldwork and Families
Ethnographic fieldwork is prolonged, intensive, participatory and of necessity highly personal. Its organization and execution are influenced by the researcher's gender, age, ethnicity, personality and other individual factors. In this text, a group of experienced authors examine the interplay between their family situation and their fieldwork
Public Health in Papua New Guinea
Medicine (13 works) · History (12 works) · Political science (11 works) · Law (9 works) · Economics (6 works) · Politics (6 works) · Psychology (6 works) · Sociology (6 works) · Geography (5 works) · Nursing (5 works)