Robert Cowan
Biographic Data
| ID | 3874002 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert Cowan |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert |
| FAMILY NAME | Cowan |
| SIGNATURE | COWAN R |
| AFFILIATIONS | The University of Sydney |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5089-5231 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 50 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 24 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 49 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1980 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
Ennius Beyond Epic
Personal Religion and Old Comedy
Old Comedy was performed at polis festivals by a citizen chorus but depicted non-elite individuals pursuing their personal goals by personal means, including their personal interactions with the divine. Since its characters are individual community members, comedy is uniquely suited to reflecting and exploring the relationship between polis and personal religion. Although many of the personal religious practices in comedy can be interpreted as co…
Moral Responsibility While Dreaming
Are subjects ever morally responsible for their dreams? In this paper I argue that if, as some theories of dreams entail, dreaming subjects sometimes express agency while they dream, then they are sometimes morally responsible for what they do and are potentially worthy of praise and blame while they dream and after they have awoken. I end by noting the practical and theoretical implications of my argument
Tracking Listening Skill Development in Infants and Children with Hearing Loss: A Normative Dataset for the Functional Listening Index—Paediatric (FLI-P®)
A normative dataset of FLI-P scores from typically hearing children has been established, allowing for comparisons with the scores and developmental trajectories of individual children with hearing loss. The study demonstrates how FLI-P can guide early intervention decisions and effectively monitor progress
Safety and dream scepticism in Sosa’s epistemology
A common objection to Sosa’s epistemology is that it countenances, in an objectionable way, unsafe knowledge . This objection, under closer inspection, turns out to be in far worse shape than Sosa’s critics have realised. Sosa and his defenders have offered two central response types to the idea that allowing unsafe knowledge is problematic: one response type adverts to the animal/reflective knowledge distinction that is characteristic of bi-leve…
Getting lucid about lucid dreaming
Lucid dreams are a distinctive and intriguing phenomenon where subjects apparently possess, inter alia, conscious knowledge that they are dreaming while they are dreaming. I here develop and defend a new model of lucid dreaming, what I call the ‘Dyadic Model’, according to which lucid dreams involve the tokening of both dreaming and non-dreaming states. The model is developed to successfully defend the Imagination Theory of dreams, according to w…
Silius Italicus, Tiberius Catius Asconius
Silius Italicus was a successful politician under many Roman emperors but is best known as the author of the Punica , a seventeen‐book epic poem on the Second Punic War, against Hannibal. Although it is a historical epic, the gods are major characters and take part in the action. The poem marks Rome's ascent to world domination but also its shift from Republican freedom to the rule of emperors, and its tone is accordingly ambivalent.
A cruel and pointless trick? False non-closure in Horace’s Odes
Some scholars argue that only a change of metre signals the beginning of a new poem in Horace’s Odes. Woodman has objected that, if this were the case, the juxtaposition of poems in the third and second asclepiadic metres, which begin with the same two metrical lines, would mislead the reader into thinking that a poem was continuing, only to realize belatedly at the third line that a new poem had begun, ‘a cruel and pointless trick’. This article…
Dreams, Morality and the Waking World
Is it ever wrong to cheat in a dream? It has been argued that the conjunction of reasonable claims about dreams with Evaluational Internalism (the view that moral evaluation is determined by factors ‘internal’ to agency, such as intentions) entails a positive answer. This implausible result seemingly provides reason to favour an alternative theory of moral evaluation. I here argue that a wide range of Evaluational Externalist views (which base mo…
The farmer wants a wife: Ecofeminism, domestic violence, and coercive control in Roman agricultural writing
This article explores the explicit and implicit depiction of domestic violence and coercive control in a range of texts from different genres, all dealing with agriculture: a farmer’s attack on his wife after a rustic festival in a Tibullan elegy, the Elder Cato’s instructions to his overseer on how to control his wife coercively in De agricultura, and the portrayal—and suppression—of anthropomorphized domestic violence against nature in Virgil’s…
The Phantom Senex: The Non-Existence of the Old Man in Seneca’s Troades
The character designated by the manuscripts as Senex, who accompanies Andromache and Astyanax in act three of Seneca’s Troades , is problematic in many ways. He is not identified or acknowledged by any other character; his entrance and exit are unannounced; his presence onstage in the first half of the act requires that Astyanax’s two words of dialogue be delivered by a fourth actor or through ventriloquism; his very existence conflicts with the …
Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus)
Lucan was an epic poet who flourished under Nero but committed suicide after conspiring against him. His Bellum civile is an epic narrative of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey. It rejects and distorts epic conventions and ideology through its unheroic heroes, absent gods, grotesque battles, and pessimistic tone.
Valerius Flaccus Setinus Balbus, Gaius
Valerius Flaccus was a Flavian poet who wrote the Argonautica , an unfinished epic about Jason and the Golden Fleece. Almost nothing is known about his life, but his poem offers a Roman take on the myth, which is most famously narrated in Apollonius of Rhodes’ Hellenistic epic. It establishes the Argonauts as ushering in an Iron Age that will simultaneously bring technological progress and moral decline.
Knowing Me, Knowing You: Epic Anagnorisis and the Recognition of Tragedy
Moral motivation and the affective appeal
Proponents of “the affective appeal” (e.g. Dancy in Ethics 124(4):787–812, 2014; Zagzebski in Philos Phenomenol Res 66(1):104–124, 2003) argue that we can make progress in the longstanding debate about the nature of moral motivation by appealing to the affective dimension of affective episodes such as emotions, which allegedly play either a causal or constitutive role in moral judgements. Specifically, they claim that appealing to affect vindicat…
Statius, Publius Papinius
Statius was a Flavian poet from Naples who wrote primarily under Domitian. His two epic poems are the Thebaid , about the Seven Against Thebes, and the unfinished Achilleid , about young Achilles hiding on Skyros. Five books of Silvae contain diverse “occasional” poems addressed to various patrons that describe buildings and works of art, celebrate special occasions, and console the bereaved
Since Orpheus Was in Short Pants: Reassessing Oeagrus at Aristophanes, Wasps 579–80
In Aristophanes’ Wasps , Philocleon says that he and his fellow jurors do not acquit Oeagrus until he has recited a speech from the Niobe . Scholars have almost universally assumed that this was the name of a contemporary tragic actor, despite its extreme rarity. This article argues that the reference is rather to the father of Orpheus. As a figure from the generation before the archetypal bard, ‘an Oeagrus’ represents the old-fashioned poetry to…
Not the Consular Year: Perverting Annalistic Time in Sallust
The consular dating formula situates a work of historiography in the annalistic tradition (or alludes to it from outside) and evokes a complex of Republican norms. Time becomes Republican time and is organised according to the reassuring rhythms of the regular elections, tenures, and relinquishments of magistracies. Scholars have shown how Livy and Tacitus manipulate the formula’s associations to dramatise the disruption or obsolescence of these …
Glossing the Georgics: Valerius Flaccus on labor improbus
An Ugly Cow With Big Feet: Sex, Metre and Genre in Georgics 3
Virgil's list of the qualities that are desirable in a brood cow corresponds closely to those in Varro's De re rustica and in the texts which, though later, can be plausibly taken as evidence of an existing tradition. Yet, there is one exception, and it is an exception to which the poet carefully draws attention. Varro's, Columella's and Palladius’ ideal cows all share with Virgil's and with each other hairy ears, very long dewlaps and tail, and …
Don’t Panic at this Hispanic: Politics and Palindromes in Georgics 3
A Stranger in a Strange Land: Medea in Roman Republican Tragedy 1
The first performance of a Roman version of a Greek tragedy in 240 BC was a momentous event. When a tragedy by Livius Andronicus was performed to celebrate victory over Carthage in the First Punic War, a central cultural practice of an alien culture was adopted, adapted, appropriated and transformed to serve as a central cultural practice of Rome. Euripides' Medea addresses her new friends simply as 'Corinthian women' but Ennius's stresses their …
Ovid, Virgil and the Echoing Rocks of the Two Scyllas
Ovid, Metamorphoses 8.18, in which Scylla throws a tiny pebble against Megara's famous sounding tower, contains an exact, unique but unnoticed verbal echo of Helenus' description of the sea-monster Scylla's lair at Aeneid 3.432: resonantia saxa . The allusion tropes its own intertextual status as an ‘echo’ and contributes to the ludic confusion of the two Scyllas in this episode and elsewhere. The collision of the ‘tiny pebble’ with the Virgilian…
Bce and All That: The Romanness of Republican Tragedy
How's Your Father? A Recurrent Bilingual Wordplay in Martial
The primary obscenity futuo (‘the male part in sexual intercourse with a woman’) is unsurprisingly rare in literary Latin. Apart from a single occurrence in Horace's Satires (1.2.127, in a passage evoking the adultery mime), its usage is limited to the even lower genre of scoptic epigram, as represented by Catullus, Octavian, Martial and the Priapeia , though it frequently occurs in graffiti. Adams has shown how it tends to be a neutral and even …
Perceptual Intuitionism
In the recent metaethical literature there has been significant interest in the prospects for what I am denoting ‘Perceptual Intuitionism’: the view that normal ethical agents can and do have non‐inferential justification for first‐order ethical beliefs by having ethical perceptual experiences, e.g., Cullison 2010, McBrayer 2010, Vayrynen 2008. If true, it promises to constitute an independent a posteriori intuitionist epistemology, providing an …
How's Your Father? A Recurrent Bilingual Wordplay in Martial
The primary obscenity futuo (‘the male part in sexual intercourse with a woman’) is unsurprisingly rare in literary Latin. Apart from a single occurrence in Horace's Satires (1.2.127, in a passage evoking the adultery mime), its usage is limited to the even lower genre of scoptic epigram, as represented by Catullus, Octavian, Martial and the Priapeia , though it frequently occurs in graffiti. Adams has shown how it tends to be a neutral and even …
Alas, Poor Io! Bilingual Wordplay in Horace Epode 11
Changing Views on Town Planning in Great Britain
This article takes a critical look at the British planning system and the way it operates today. It has the reputation of being the best in the world, but it is widely misunderstood and misused. The present British government is trying to make planning less effective and far-reaching in the name of the need for national economic revival. Some of the planners on the defensive argue that the need and potential for planning is as great as ever. But …
An Ugly Cow With Big Feet: Sex, Metre and Genre in Georgics 3
Virgil's list of the qualities that are desirable in a brood cow corresponds closely to those in Varro's De re rustica and in the texts which, though later, can be plausibly taken as evidence of an existing tradition. Yet, there is one exception, and it is an exception to which the poet carefully draws attention. Varro's, Columella's and Palladius’ ideal cows all share with Virgil's and with each other hairy ears, very long dewlaps and tail, and …
Ovid, Virgil and the Echoing Rocks of the Two Scyllas
Ovid, Metamorphoses 8.18, in which Scylla throws a tiny pebble against Megara's famous sounding tower, contains an exact, unique but unnoticed verbal echo of Helenus' description of the sea-monster Scylla's lair at Aeneid 3.432: resonantia saxa . The allusion tropes its own intertextual status as an ‘echo’ and contributes to the ludic confusion of the two Scyllas in this episode and elsewhere. The collision of the ‘tiny pebble’ with the Virgilian…
Purchasing Priam: Bilingual Wordplay at Plautus Bacchides 976–7
The conclusion of Chrysalus' famous canticum comparing the successful duping of his master Nicobulus to the sack of Troy has often been suspected by critics (Plaut. Bacch. 976–7): nunc Priamo nostro si est quis emptor, comptionalem senem uendam ego, uenalem quem habeo, extemplo ubi oppidum expugnauero. Now, if there's any buyer for our Priam, I'll sell as a job lot the old man, whom I have for sale as soon as I've stormed the city. The lines are …
The Smell of Sophokles' Salmoneus: Technology, Scatology, Metatheatre
Virtually nothing is known for certain about Sophokles' satyr play Salmoneus . However, a number of extremely probable deductions may be made on the basis of the few surviving fragments and the mythographic testimony about its eponymous villain (the iconographical record is totally unhelpful, or almost so). This article adds some further suggestions about the implications of the three most substantial fragments, which, if they do not quite share …
Of Gods, Men and Stout Fellows: Cicero on Sallustius' Empedoclea ( Q. Fr. 2.10[9].3)
Cicero's letter to his brother Quintus from February 54 is best known for containing the sole explicit contemporary reference to Lucretius’ De rerum natura , but it is also notable as the source of the only extant reference of any kind to another (presumably) philosophical didactic poem, Sallustius’ Empedoclea ( Q. fr. 2.10(9).3= SB 14): Lucretii poemata, ut scribis, ita sunt: multis luminibus ingenii, multae tamen artis. sed, cum ueneris. uirum …
Virgil's Cucumber Again: Columella 10.378–92
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Starring Nero as Nero: Poetry, Role-Playing and Identity in Juvenal 8.215-21
Juvenal's synkrisis between Orestes and Nero climaxes with the statement that the former never played Orestes; the implied antithesis, that Nero did play Nero, gains point from the princeps' practice of wearing masks resembling his own face. This blurring of the distinction between 'playing Nero' and 'playing Orestes' problematizes the princeps' identity. This problematization is furthered by the peculiarities of Orestes, who in various tragic pl…
Changing Views on Town Planning in Great Britain
This article takes a critical look at the British planning system and the way it operates today. It has the reputation of being the best in the world, but it is widely misunderstood and misused. The present British government is trying to make planning less effective and far-reaching in the name of the need for national economic revival. Some of the planners on the defensive argue that the need and potential for planning is as great as ever. But …
The Land of King Mane. A Pun at Horace, Odes 1.22.15
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Absurdly Scythian Spaniards: Silius, Horace and the Concani
Nothing to Do With Phaedra? Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 497–501
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Starring Nero as Nero: Poetry, Role-Playing and Identity in Juvenal 8.215-21
Juvenal's synkrisis between Orestes and Nero climaxes with the statement that the former never played Orestes; the implied antithesis, that Nero did play Nero, gains point from the princeps' practice of wearing masks resembling his own face. This blurring of the distinction between 'playing Nero' and 'playing Orestes' problematizes the princeps' identity. This problematization is furthered by the peculiarities of Orestes, who in various tragic pl…
Thrasymennus' Wanton Wedding: Etymology, Genre, and Virtus in Silius Italicus, Punica
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Virgil's Cucumber Again: Columella 10.378–92
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Virtual Epic: Counterfactuals, Sideshadowing, and the Poetics of Contingency in the Pvnica
On the eve of the battle of Zama, Silius reports a widespread belief about the opposing generals, Hannibal and Scipio. Counterfactuals in the Punica , and elsewhere in classical epic as well as other genres ancient and modern, produce a variety of effects which this chapter explores: they emphasize and simultaneously problematize the importance of great individuals, blur the distinction between apparently divergent scenarios, and above all produc…
Oxford World's Classics: Horace: Satires and Epistles
Exuberantly mocking the vices and pretensions of his Roman contemporaries, Horace's Satires are stuffed full of comic vignettes, moral insights, and his pervasive humanity. these poems influenced not only contemporaries such as Juvenal, but also English satirists from Ben Jonson to W.H. Auden. In the Epistles, Horace used the form of letters to explore questions of philosophy and how to live a good life. --from publisher description.
Passing Over Cephisos' Grandson: Literal Praeteritio and the Rhetoric of Obscurity in Ovid Met. 7.350-93
After tricking Pelias' daughters into killing their father, Ovid's metamorphic Medea flies in her (future reflexive) Euripidean dragon chariot from Thessaly to Corinth by a very circuitous route. In so doing, she performs a physical and narrative praeteritio , passing rapidly over both the landscape and its local myths, which remain unnarrated. This article will reflect on some of the metapoetic connotations of the praeteritio and its rhetoric of…
Sinon and the Case of the Hypermetric Oracle
Sinon famously combines truth with fiction to add verisimilitude to his narrative. The false oracle he gives evokes Achilles' demand for the sacrifice of Polyxena. The final, enjambed word Argolica breaks the oracle's rhetorical symmetry and is metrically superfluous to a hexametric response. Virgil thus signals Sinon's manipulation of the "true" oracle about Polyxena to fit the "false" story about his own attempted sacrifice. Sinon joint notoire…
Valerius Flaccus Setinus Balbus, Gaius
Valerius Flaccus was the author of the Argonautica , an unfinished epic in eight books on Jason and the Argonauts’ quest for the golden fleece, written during the Flavian era.
Silius Italicus, Tiberius Catius Asconius
Silius Italicus (ca. 25–103 CE ) was a long‐lived and adaptable politician and poet, whose principal achievement was the composition of the Punica , an epic poem in seventeen books about the Second Punic War .
Lucan (Annaeus Lucanus, Marcus)
Lucan (39–65 CE ), epic poet of the Bellum civile ( Civil War , also known as the Pharsalia ), was born in Corduba, grandson of Seneca The Elder (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) and nephew of Seneca The Younger (Lucius Annaeus Seneca); he was educated at Rome, but recalled from philosophical studies in Athens by Nero. He became an intimate of the princeps , being appointed quaestor and winning a prize at the Neronia festival in 60 for a panegyrical poem. …
Statius, Publius Papinius
Statius was a Flavian poet, author of the epic Thebaid and Achilleid , and the occasional poems known as the Silvae , as well as a lost pantomime libretto, Agave , and an epic on Domitian's German wars.
Alas, Poor Io! Bilingual Wordplay in Horace Epode 11
Back Out of Hell
Silius depicts Fabius Maximus’ rescue of his Master of Horse, Minucius, from a skirmish with Hannibal near Gerunium as a virtual katabasis or descent to the Underworld, but one which self–consciously draws attention to, rather than occluding, its own symbolic nature. This emphasis on the virtual quality of the katabasis serves as a commentary on other poets’ exploitation of katabatic imagery. More significantly it contributes to the depiction of …
Haven’t I Seen You before Somewhere? Optical Allusions in Republican Tragedy
To discuss the visual dimension of Republican tragedy, we must inevitably climb to our seat in the cauea and enter a world of speculation. This chapter surveys some of the theoretical and practical issues surrounding the very notion of optical and specifically theatrical allusion in general and particularly with regard to ancient drama, before considering its implications for Republican tragedy. Considering the limited evidence for all aspects of…
Fear and Loathing in Lucretius: Latent Tragedy and Anti-Allusion in DRN 3
Perceptual Intuitionism
In the recent metaethical literature there has been significant interest in the prospects for what I am denoting ‘Perceptual Intuitionism’: the view that normal ethical agents can and do have non‐inferential justification for first‐order ethical beliefs by having ethical perceptual experiences, e.g., Cullison 2010, McBrayer 2010, Vayrynen 2008. If true, it promises to constitute an independent a posteriori intuitionist epistemology, providing an …
Of Gods, Men and Stout Fellows: Cicero on Sallustius' Empedoclea ( Q. Fr. 2.10[9].3)
Cicero's letter to his brother Quintus from February 54 is best known for containing the sole explicit contemporary reference to Lucretius’ De rerum natura , but it is also notable as the source of the only extant reference of any kind to another (presumably) philosophical didactic poem, Sallustius’ Empedoclea ( Q. fr. 2.10(9).3= SB 14): Lucretii poemata, ut scribis, ita sunt: multis luminibus ingenii, multae tamen artis. sed, cum ueneris. uirum …
Fingering Cestos: Martial’s Catullus’ Callimachus
The power of Callimachus' Molorcus and his mousetrap to symbolize smallscale poetry vis-a-vis the epic magnitude of Heracles and the Nemean lion might suggest that Siluae could be just such a text. However, cui non dictus Molorcus? In the spirit of Callimacheanism, this chapter attempts an untrodden path and proposes a window allusion to Callimachus through Catullus in an epigram of Martial where it has not previously been suspected. It examines …
Shadow of a Doubt: A Phantom Caesura in Horace Odes 4.14
In his Odes, Horace routinely places a caesura after the fifth syllable of his Alcaic hendecasyllables. Four of the exceptions to this rule have been shown to be expressive, but the fifth, at 4.14.17, has never been adequately accounted for. The expectation of such a caesura encourages the reader or listener to (mis)hear the word incerta in the phrase in certamine Martio. The shadow of this word may generate a feeling of doubt about the surroundi…
Purchasing Priam: Bilingual Wordplay at Plautus Bacchides 976–7
The conclusion of Chrysalus' famous canticum comparing the successful duping of his master Nicobulus to the sack of Troy has often been suspected by critics (Plaut. Bacch. 976–7): nunc Priamo nostro si est quis emptor, comptionalem senem uendam ego, uenalem quem habeo, extemplo ubi oppidum expugnauero. Now, if there's any buyer for our Priam, I'll sell as a job lot the old man, whom I have for sale as soon as I've stormed the city. The lines are …
The Smell of Sophokles' Salmoneus: Technology, Scatology, Metatheatre
Virtually nothing is known for certain about Sophokles' satyr play Salmoneus . However, a number of extremely probable deductions may be made on the basis of the few surviving fragments and the mythographic testimony about its eponymous villain (the iconographical record is totally unhelpful, or almost so). This article adds some further suggestions about the implications of the three most substantial fragments, which, if they do not quite share …
Art (38 works) · Classical Antiquity Studies (36 works) · Literature (33 works) · Philosophy (26 works) · History (21 works) · Organic Chemistry Synthesis Methods (18 works) · Historical, Religious, and Philosophical Studies (16 works) · Philosophy (15 works) · Poetry (13 works) · EPIC (12 works)