M L West
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3874544 |
|---|---|
| NOME | M L West |
| PRENOMES | M L |
| SOBRENOME | West |
| ASSINATURA | WEST M L |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Bedford College |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 116 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 488 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 111 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 5 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1961 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2018 |
| ÍNDICE H | 14 |
Unmetrical Verses in Homer
King and Demos in Aeschylus
The Greek Epic Cycle and its Ancient Reception
The poems of the Epic Cycle are assumed to be the reworking of myths and narratives which had their roots in an oral tradition predating that of many of the myths and narratives which took their present form in the Iliad and the Odyssey. The remains of these texts allow us to investigate diachronic aspects of epic diction as well as the extent of variation within it on the part of individual authors - two of the most important questions in modern…
Conclusions
The book begins by orienting the reader with an outline of the views to be argued concerning the background and origins of the Odyssey, the qualities of the poet (who was not the poet of the Iliad), and his procedures in elaborating the poem. He is seen as an orally trained bard, living in the late seventh century bce, perhaps in Attica or Euboea, who set out to create and stabilize in writing a mammoth epic to stand beside the Iliad.
Resourceful Odysseus
This chapter examines the figure of Odysseus and argues that he came from ancient tradition but was at first a trickster, celebrated for ingenuity and guile. As the saga of the Trojan War developed, taking in heroes from other legendary contexts, Odysseus became attached to it as the man who devised the Wooden Horse and so brought about the final victory. He was also made the hero of two folk-tale narratives that came to Greece from abroad: the s…
The Poem in the Making
The poet’s treatment of his material is here analysed. He filled out the picture of Odysseus’ family and environment; invented the journey of Telemachos as a means of sketching in the returns of other heroes from Troy as a background to Odysseus’; inflated the number of Penelope’s suitors and the duration of Odysseus’ wanderings, which he augmented from the Argonaut saga. The visit to Hades, Calypso, the Phaeacian episode, Odysseus’ homecoming an…
The Making of the Odyssey
The book is a close study of the background, composition, and artistry of the Homeric Odyssey. Following a preliminary investigation of the traditions that lie behind the poem (the origins of the figure of Odysseus as a trickster figure, and his association with folk-tales such as those of the One-eyed Ogre and the Returning Husband), it is placed in its late seventh-century context in relation to the Iliad, other poetry of the time, and the cont…
Little Iliad
This chapter presents a commentary on the poem Little Iliad. It first discusses the poem's title; sources of information about the poem; the scope; the economy of the poem; its relation to the Odyssey; characterization of the poem; and dating of the poem. It then reviews individual fragments and testimonia.
Aethiopis
This chapter presents a commentary on the poem Aethiopis. It first discusses the poem's title; sources of information about the poem; the scope; the economy of the poem; characterization of the poem; and dating of the poem. It then reviews individual fragments and testimonia.
Iliou Persis
This chapter presents a commentary on the poem Iliou Persis. It first discusses the poem's title; sources of information about the poem; the scope; the economy of the poem; characterization of the poem; and dating of the poem. It then reviews individual fragments and testimonia.
Telegony
This chapter presents a commentary on the poem Telegony. It first discusses the poem's title; sources of information about the poem; the poet; the scope; the economy of the poem; and characterization of the poem. It then reviews individual fragments and testimonia.
Nostoi
This chapter presents a commentary on the poem Nostoi. It first discusses the poem's title; sources of information about the poem; the scope; the economy of the poem; its relation to the Odyssey; characterization of the poem; and dating of the poem. It then reviews individual fragments and testimonia.
The Epic Cycle
The Iliad and Odyssey do not cover the main story of the Trojan War. The whole saga, which includes Zeus' plan to reduce the world's population, the Judgment of Paris and seduction of Helen, the start of the campaign, the Wooden Horse, the fall of Achilles, the homecoming of Agamemnon, and the eventual death of Odysseus, was related in six other epics, dating from 630–560 bce, that were influential for lyric poets, tragedians, and artists of the …
The First Homeric Hymn to Dionysus
This chapter examines carefully the fragmentary remains of the first Homeric Hymn to Dionysus and provides a reconstruction of the poem's narrative, which, it is argued, told the story of Hera's binding and Dionysus' successful arrival on Olympus. Detailed attention is given to the possible interaction of this narrative with the narratives found in other early hexameter poetry, particularly the Iliad and Odyssey. It is suggested that the Hymn's n…
Towards a chronology of early Greek epic
The occasion of the 2006 Oslo conference prompted me to do something I had long had in mind: to make a synthesis of the views I have formed in the course of over forty years on the datings of various early Greek hexameter poems. The dating of the Iliad alone, or the Odyssey , or the Cyclic epics, or the Hymns , or the poems of Hesiod, would of course have afforded material enough for a conference paper. But there is much to be said, especially pe…
Troy and Achilles
The Poet
This chapter first summarizes the arguments concerning that date of Homer’s epics. It suggests that the Iliad must have been composed over an extended period during the seventh century BC, possibly between 680 and 640 BC. Homer would have been born around 700 BC, give or take a decade. The discussion then turns to speculations concerning Homer’s home territory. The prevailing assumption, which continues to apply today, was that he came from east …
Aims and Assumptions
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of Homeric criticism and how it has been dominated by the Parry–Lord concept of the oral poet for whom writing is an alien technique. It addresses the question of how adequately the label of oral poet serves to characterize Homer; and considers Oralists’ view that Homeric epics are ‘oral dictated texts’, rather than written texts. The chapter then sets out five propositions: that the Iliad is (almost en…
Songs Known and Heard
This chapter reviews the wide range of epic and other poetry that was in circulation during Homer’s time. These works framed his vision of the heroic world; set the background against which his Iliad would stand; and supplied the motifs, structures, and sometimes verses that he could adapt to his own use. Among these are epic tales set in Greek lands, legends about Heracles, myths relating to Troy and Dardania, poems about the Trojan War, and non…
Old Avestan Syntax and Stylistics
This is the first modern comprehensive account of the syntax of Old Avestan, the earliest known form of Iranian language, attested in the Gathas of Zarathushtra and the Liturgy in Seven Chapters. It is based on the most up-to-date understanding of the texts, while following traditional principles of grammatical analysis. There are also substantial sections on word order, stylistics, and figures of speech. Translations are provided for almost all …
Homer’s Meter
The Homeric poems are composed in a single meter throughout. The same metrical pattern governs every line, and the pattern recurs, line after line, for many thousands of verses. Before the scheme of the Homeric verse is considered, it is necessary to explain the principles of prosody. The meter of Homer, like that of all classical Greek verse, is 'quantitative', based on the opposition of long and short syllables, not (like English verse) on the …
Relative Chronology in Early Greek Epic Poetry
This book sets out to disentangle the complex chronology of early Greek epic poetry, which includes Homer, Hesiod, hymns and catalogues. The preserved corpus of these texts is characterized by a rather uniform language and many recurring themes, thus making the establishment of chronological priorities a difficult task. The editors have brought together scholars working on these texts from both a linguistic and a literary perspective to address t…
The Making of the Iliad
This book assumes some knowledge of Greek and of Homer. After introductory chapters on the poet of the Iliad’s date and homeland, the poetic traditions known to him, the way in which his work developed, and its early reception, the book provides a running commentary on the epic, distinguishing the different stages of the poet’s workings, illuminating his aims and methods, and identifying techniques and motifs derived from ancestral Indo-European …
The Hymns of Zoroaster
A new translation of the foundation texts of the Zoroastrian religion, the Gathas (songs) composed by Zoraster himself, together with the Liturgy in seven chapters composed shortly after his death some 2600 years ago. After a substantial introduction to Zoroaster's religious thought, West presents the translations with facing page explanations of the meaning of each verse.
The Hymns of Zoroaster
A new translation of the foundation texts of the Zoroastrian religion, the Gathas (songs) composed by Zoraster himself, together with the Liturgy in seven chapters composed shortly after his death some 2600 years ago. After a substantial introduction to Zoroaster's religious thought, West presents the translations with facing page explanations of the meaning of each verse
Ancient Greek Music
Ancient Greece was permeated by music, and the literature teems with musical allusions. For most readers the subject has remained a closed book. Here at last is a clear, comprehensive, and authoritative account that presupposes no special knowledge of music. Topics covered include the place of music in Greek life; instruments; rhythm; tempo; modes and scales; melodic construction; form; ancient theory and notation; and historical development. Thi…
The Epic Cycle
The Iliad and Odyssey do not cover the main story of the Trojan War. The whole saga, which includes Zeus' plan to reduce the world's population, the Judgment of Paris and seduction of Helen, the start of the campaign, the Wooden Horse, the fall of Achilles, the homecoming of Agamemnon, and the eventual death of Odysseus, was related in six other epics, dating from 630–560 bce, that were influential for lyric poets, tragedians, and artists of the …
The invention of Homer
I shall argue for two complementary theses: firstly that ‘Homer’ was not the name of a historical poet, but a fictitious or constructed name, and secondly that for a century or more after the composition of the Iliad and Odyssey there was little interest in the identity or the person of their author or authors. This interest only arose in the last decades of the sixth century; but once it did, ‘Homer’ very quickly became an object of admiration, …
Iliad and Aethiopis
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Cynaethus' Hymn To Apollo
It is generally accepted that the Homeric Hymn to Apollo was not conceived as a single poem but is a combination of two: a Delian hymn, D, performed at Delos and concerned with the god's birth there, and a Pythian hymn, P, concerned with his arrival and establishment at Delphi. What above all compels us to make a dichotomy is not the change of scene in itself, but the way D ends. The poet returns from the past to the present, and takes leave of h…
Odyssey and Argonautica
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Hesiodi Theogonia, Opera et Dies, Scutum
The Contest of Homer and Hesiod
The work of many scholars in the last hundred years has helped us to understand the nature and origins of the treatise which we know for short as the Contest of Homer and Hesiod . The present state of knowledge may be summed up as follows. The work in its extant form dates from the Antonine period, but much of it was taken over bodily from an earlier source, thought to be the Movaelov of Alcidamas. Some of the verses exchanged in the contest were…
The Making of the Iliad
This book assumes some knowledge of Greek and of Homer. After introductory chapters on the poet of the Iliad’s date and homeland, the poetic traditions known to him, the way in which his work developed, and its early reception, the book provides a running commentary on the epic, distinguishing the different stages of the poet’s workings, illuminating his aims and methods, and identifying techniques and motifs derived from ancestral Indo-European …
The Making of the Odyssey
The book is a close study of the background, composition, and artistry of the Homeric Odyssey. Following a preliminary investigation of the traditions that lie behind the poem (the origins of the figure of Odysseus as a trickster figure, and his association with folk-tales such as those of the One-eyed Ogre and the Returning Husband), it is placed in its late seventh-century context in relation to the Iliad, other poetry of the time, and the cont…
Hesiodea
This important and extensive fragment of the Catalogues is preserved on a papyrus of the third century A.D., no. 10560 in the Berlin collection. First published in 1907 by Schubart and Wilamowitz, Berliner Klassikertexte , v. 1. 31 ff. (with photograph of col. i, 1–25), it was also collated by Crönert, who published his readings (often differing from Schubart-Wilamowitz) in Hermes xlii (1907), 610 ff. The most recent edition is that of Merkelbach…
The Early Chronology of Attic Tragedy
City archives, mined by Aristotle for his Didaskaliai , preserved a reasonably complete record of dramatic productions in the fifth century. But how far back did these archives go? The so-called Fasti, an inscription set up c. 346 and listing dithyrambic, comic and tragic victors year by year, must have been based on the same archives, but went back, it is thought, only as far as 502/1. Its heading πρ⋯]τον κ⋯μοι ἦσαν τ[⋯ι διονὑσ]ωι τραγωιδο⋯ δ[, …
Stesichorus
Histories of literature tend to treat Stesichorus as just one of the lyric poets, like Alcman or Anacreon. But the vast scale of his compositions puts him in a category of his own. It has always been known that his Oresteia was divided into more than one book; P. Oxy , 2360 gave us fragments of a narrative about Telemachus of a nearly Homeric amplitude; and from P. Oxy . 2617 it was learned that the Geryoneis contained at least 1,300 verses, the …
Melica
The context shows that the intention of the lines was to bring out the surpassing beauty of a certain girl and its value to the chorus as a whole. When the Pleiades rise up the sky, they are followed by a star that far outshines them all: Sirius. In Alcman's image, then, the Pleiades should correspond to the chorus and Sirius to the girl. The point of opdpiai is that the comparison is not chosen at random, but suggested by something to be seen du…
Lyric Texts and Lyric Consciousness
Greek Poetry 2000–700 B.C
They used to believe that mankind began in 4004 B.C. and the Greeks in 776. We now know that these last five thousand years during which man has left written record of himself are but a minute fraction of the time he has spent developing his culture. We now understand that the evolution of human society, its laws and customs, its economics, its religious practices, its games, its languages, is a very slow process, to be measured in millennia. In …
Alcmanica
‘Alcman lived sometime in the seventh century.’ ‘At some period in the seventh century Sparta was occupied with the Second Messenian War, but we do not know its date or whether Alcman lived before or during or after it.’ Between these two utterances, part of a papyrus commentary on Alcman was published,3 from which it appeared that the poet mentioned names known to us from the Spartan king-lists. It might have been expected that this discovery wo…
Three Presocratic Cosmologies
A Papyrus commentary on Alcman published in 19571 brings us news of a poem in which Alcman “physiologized”. The lemmata and commentary together witness to a semi-philosophical cosmogony unlike any other hitherto known from Greece. The evidence is meagre, but it seems worth while to see what can be made of it; for it is perhaps possible to go a little farther than has so far been done
Greek Lyric, Tragedy, and Textual Criticism
W. S. Barrett (1914-2001) was one of the finest Hellenists of the second half of the 20th century, known above all for his celebrated edition of Euripides' Hippolytus. This volume of his collected scholarly papers includes five articles published between 1954 and 1978, together with a much larger number of others that remained unpublished in his lifetime and are presented here for the first time. They deal mainly with Greek lyric poetry (Stesicho…
Iliad and Aethiopis on the Stage
Aeschylus, according to a famous report, described his tragedies as ‘cuts from Homer's great banquets’. The anecdote has the ring of truth, particularly as ‘Homer’ here must include the Epic Cycle, which would hardly have been possible after the fifth century; and there is an obvious source from which Athenaeus might have taken the story, the ’Eπιδημαι of Ion of Chios, which he cites in three other places. This work had the character of a persona…
The Parodos of the Agamemnon
In the long section of anapaests with which they make their entry, the old men of Argos methodically deliver three essential messages to the audience: 40–71. It is the tenth year of the Trojan War. 72–82. We are men who were too old to go and fight in it. 83–103. Some new situation seems to be indicated by the fact that Clytemnestra is organizing sacrifices throughout the town
From Pass Courts to Deportation
Journal Article FROM PASS COURTS TO DEPORTATION: CHANGING PATTERNS OF INFLUX CONTROL IN CAPE TOWN Get access MARTIN WEST MARTIN WEST Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 81, Issue 325, October 1982, Pages 463–477, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097450 Published: 01 October 1982
Two passages of Aristophanes
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Cosmology of ‘Hippocrates’, De Hebdomadibus
Several of the treatises and lectures that make up the Hippocratic corpus begin with more or less extended statements about the physical composition and operation of the world at large, and approach the study of human physiology from this angle. We see this, for example, in De Natwra Hominis , De Flatibus, De Carnibus, De Victu ; it was the approach of Alcmaeon of Croton, Diogenes of Apollonia, and according to Plato ( Phaedr . 270 c) of Hippocra…
Alcman and Pythagoras
By the colours and decoration of a vase fragment one determines the period and style to which the original belonged; while its physical contours show from what part of the original it comes. The material may be insufficient for a reconstruction of the whole design. But it is often legitimate to go beyond what is actually contained in the preserved pieces
Lucretius, iii. 916–18
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Hesiodea
This important and extensive fragment of the Catalogues is preserved on a papyrus of the third century A.D., no. 10560 in the Berlin collection. First published in 1907 by Schubart and Wilamowitz, Berliner Klassikertexte , v. 1. 31 ff. (with photograph of col. i, 1–25), it was also collated by Crönert, who published his readings (often differing from Schubart-Wilamowitz) in Hermes xlii (1907), 610 ff. The most recent edition is that of Merkelbach…
More Notes on the Text of Hesiod
These notes are a supplement to those which formed the second part of my ‘Hesiodea’. In part they result from re-examination of manuscripts and papyri undertaken for a projected commentary on the Theogony . In discussing the text of Hesiod a prime necessity is a new system of sigla. Rzach's system has the grave disadvantage that in the three extant poems the same manuscript is denoted by different letters, and conversely the same letter denotes d…
Nonniana
Professor Rudolf Keydell has recently given us a greatly improved text of Nonnus' Dionysiaca . But much remains to be done. Many problems are still unsolved: many a corruption may still lie unsuspected, since the manuscript on which we rely is one in which obvious corruption tends to be concealed by conjecture (see below on 25. 424–6)
Three Presocratic Cosmologies
A Papyrus commentary on Alcman published in 19571 brings us news of a poem in which Alcman “physiologized”. The lemmata and commentary together witness to a semi-philosophical cosmogony unlike any other hitherto known from Greece. The evidence is meagre, but it seems worth while to see what can be made of it; for it is perhaps possible to go a little farther than has so far been done
On Nicander, Oppian, and Quintus of Smyrna
Otto Schneider, the first editor to use II, wrote , and he has been followed by Gow-Scholfield. The form is used by Antimachus, though not elsewhere by Nicander. Nicander uses tetrasyllabic forms from the stem ; he also uses
The Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts of Hesiod's Theogony
The manuscript tradition of the Theogony is not as good as that of the Erga , a poem which has always been more popular. The earliest complete manuscripts of the Theogony date only from the end of the thirteenth century, while those upon which the recensio must chiefly be based are of the fourteenth and fifteenth. The number of extant manuscripts, however, especially of the fifteenth century, is not inconsiderable, and knowledge of them has hithe…
Origin and Religious Meaning of Greek Tragedy and Comedy, According to the "Erigone" of Eratosthenes
Alcmanica
‘Alcman lived sometime in the seventh century.’ ‘At some period in the seventh century Sparta was occupied with the Second Messenian War, but we do not know its date or whether Alcman lived before or during or after it.’ Between these two utterances, part of a papyrus commentary on Alcman was published,3 from which it appeared that the poet mentioned names known to us from the Spartan king-lists. It might have been expected that this discovery wo…
Ζωρός in Empedocles
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Hesiod, Theogony. With Prolegomena and Commentary
A Note on Theocritus' Aeolic Poems
Theocritus' four known Aeolic poems, 28–31, are all in metres used by Sappho and Alcaeus. 28, 30, and apparently 31, are in greater Asclepiads, and 29 is in Sapphic fourteen-syllable lines. Neither of these metres was in common use, and Theocritus is likely to have based his metrical practice, like his dialect, on the Lesbian models
Alcman and Pythagoras
By the colours and decoration of a vase fragment one determines the period and style to which the original belonged; while its physical contours show from what part of the original it comes. The material may be insufficient for a reconstruction of the whole design. But it is often legitimate to go beyond what is actually contained in the preserved pieces
The Contest of Homer and Hesiod
The work of many scholars in the last hundred years has helped us to understand the nature and origins of the treatise which we know for short as the Contest of Homer and Hesiod . The present state of knowledge may be summed up as follows. The work in its extant form dates from the Antonine period, but much of it was taken over bodily from an earlier source, thought to be the Movaelov of Alcidamas. Some of the verses exchanged in the contest were…
Akkadian poetry
Despite scholarly efforts that now extend over more than a century, the governing principles of Akkadian verse remain elusive. It is obviously not based, like Greek or Latin verse, on the counting and measuring of syllables. The idea that it is based on the counting of accentual peaks has a much greater immediate appeal. There are long stretches of poetic texts that seem amenable to analysis on these lines. Most scholars would be willing to recog…
Fragmenta Hesiodea
Notes on the Orphic Hymns
Each of the Orphic Hymns is headed in the manuscripts by the name of the deity to which it is addressed, and in most cases a specification of the kind of incense to be used: thus 2 Only the first hymn lacks a heading. It is preceded in the manuscripts by a poem in which Orpheus addresses Musaeus and teaches him a prayer to a multitude of gods
Two passages of Aristophanes
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Hesiod
Fragmenta Hesiodea
The Eighth Homeric Hymn and Proclus
It is universally recognized that the Hymn to Ares stands apart from all the other poems in the Homeric collection, and that it was composed centuries later than any of those that can be assigned to a particular period with any degree of confidence. Many older scholars classed it or even printed it with the Orphic Hymns, which are transmitted together with the Homeric Hymns as well as with the hymns of Callimachus and Proclus. But the similarity …
Corinna
In the controversy over the date of Corinna, the following points may be taken as agreed: 1. An edition was made in Boeotia about the end of the third or beginning of the second century B.C. 2. The texts of Corinna current in the late Hellenistic and Roman periods were all descended from that Boeotian edition. 3. Before its dissemination, Corinna was unknown in Greece at large. If she wrote at an earlier period, she must have been remembered only…
Melica
The context shows that the intention of the lines was to bring out the surpassing beauty of a certain girl and its value to the chorus as a whole. When the Pleiades rise up the sky, they are followed by a star that far outshines them all: Sirius. In Alcman's image, then, the Pleiades should correspond to the chorus and Sirius to the girl. The point of opdpiai is that the comparison is not chosen at random, but suggested by something to be seen du…
Aristophanes, Acharnians 1178–86
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Cosmology of ‘Hippocrates’, De Hebdomadibus
Several of the treatises and lectures that make up the Hippocratic corpus begin with more or less extended statements about the physical composition and operation of the world at large, and approach the study of human physiology from this angle. We see this, for example, in De Natwra Hominis , De Flatibus, De Carnibus, De Victu ; it was the approach of Alcmaeon of Croton, Diogenes of Apollonia, and according to Plato ( Phaedr . 270 c) of Hippocra…
Art (80 obras) · Classical Antiquity Studies (80 obras) · History (79 obras) · Literature (64 obras) · Philosophy (57 obras) · History (47 obras) · Philosophy (41 obras) · Poetry (40 obras) · Historical, Religious, and Philosophical Studies (38 obras) · Classics (29 obras)