J Jennings
Biographic Data
| ID | 3875 |
|---|---|
| NAME | J Jennings |
| GIVEN NAMES | J |
| FAMILY NAME | Jennings |
| SIGNATURE | JENNINGS J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Royal Ontario Museum |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1323-153X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 49 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 312 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 48 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2001 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Antimpampa: A Late Formative Monumental Center in Pampacolca, Peru
The site of Antimpampa is a large Late Formative (800–200 BCE) ceremonial center in the highlands of Arequipa in southern Peru. This paper discusses our recent mapping and surface survey of the site, placing Antimpampa within changing interpretations of long-distance interaction and culture change in the Late Formative central and southern Andes. Our preliminary results suggest that Antimpampa was a large Late Formative center organized around th…
Afterglow: Vilca Beer, Pro-Social Feelings, and Wari Geopolitics in the Ancient Andes
Although archaeologists increasingly consider the roles of psychedelics in past societies, there is little attention paid to their longer-term psychological impacts. One of these impacts is a neuroplasticity that may elicit enduring pro-social feelings. A beer laced with the psychedelic Anadenanthera colubrina (also known as vilca) was regularly consumed at feasts during the Wari Empire of Middle Horizon Peru (600-1000 CE). We suggest that vilca’…
Geographic insularity and intra-lifetime mobility in Late Intermediate Period (ca. 1000 – 1450 CE) Arequipa, Peru determined from 87Sr/86Sr isobiographies
Who Founded Quilcapampa
During the Middle Horizon (600–1000 CE), the Wari state’s influence expanded across a broad swath of the central Andes. To better understand the organization of this state and its relationship to outlying regions, we conducted a social network analysis with a database of human images—cataloged as “agents”—as depicted on Wari-associated art. Agent analyses depended on trained, visual acuity for interpreting ancient artistic expressions that distin…
Wari: Imperialism, Low Power, and Globalization in the Middle Horizon Central Andes
Imágenes Aéreas Sistemáticas Y Documentación Del Sitio Arqueológico De Huari: Una Actualización Y Perspectivas Para El Futuro
El sitio de Huari, centro una vasta formacin poltica expansionista, se cuenta entre las ciudades ms grandes de Sudamrica precolombina.La ciudad existi durante aproximadamente cuatrocientos aos durante el Horizonte Medio (600-1000 EC)
Social Stratification, Genealogical Distance, and State Formation in Early Hawaii and the Central Andes: Steps, Slopes, and Off-Ramps in Social Evolution
Henri J. M. Claessen proposed that the early state came into being by a process of social stratification that led to the creation of genealogical distance between a ruler and the ruled. This article evaluates Claessen's proposition by comparing the development of early large-scale polities in Hawaii and the central Andes. The process of state formation in Hawaii largely followed Claessen's proposed ‘slope’ of political development – by the end of…
Reconstructing Middle Horizon Camelid Diets and Foddering Practices: Microbotanical and Isotope Analyses of Dental Remains from Quilcapampa, Peru
This study uses isotope and microbotanical data from the analysis of teeth and dental calculus to investigate camelid diet and foddering practices at Quilcapampa (AD 835–900). By providing taxonomically specific evidence of foods consumed, botanical data from dental calculus complement the more general impressions of photosynthetic pathways obtained through isotopic analysis. Results suggest that the camelid diet incorporated maize ( Zea mays ), …
Ayllus, Ancestors and the (Un)Making of the Wari State
At the time of the Spanish invasion, central Andean society was organized around ayllus. These extensive social units, bound together by kinship, reciprocity, land claims, honoured ancestors and other criteria, are an example of the kin-based sodalities that have long been seen in political science as impediments to state development. Class should replace kin when large and complex polities like the Inca Empire form, and groups like the ayllu sho…
Flexible agropastoral strategies during the 1st millennium CE in southern Peru: Examining yunga Arequipa camelid husbandry practices during Wari expansion through stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15…
Complicating an early state: A social network analysis of agents in Wari art (c.AD 700-850)
Processual models of the early state envisioned hierarchical societies with stable social and political structures. More recent research, however, has questioned this vision. Here, the authors explore Middle Horizon (AD 700-1000) Wari state iconography to provide an example of early state social and political organisation from the Central Andes. Social network analysis (SNA) of human figures ('agents') depicted in Wari art identifies links betwee…
Hallucinogens, alcohol and shifting leadership strategies in the ancient Peruvian Andes
In the pre-Columbian Andes, the use of hallucinogens during the Formative period (900-300 BC) often supported exclusionary political strategies, whereas, during the Late Horizon (AD 1450-1532), Inca leaders emphasised corporate strategies via the mass consumption of alcohol. Using data from Quilcapampa, the authors argue that a shift occurred during the Middle Horizon (AD 600-1000), when beer made fromSchinus mollewas combined with the hallucinog…
The day the music died: Making and playing bone wind instruments at La Real in Middle Horizon, Peru (600-1000 CE)
Assembling the early expansionary state: Wari and the southern Peruvian coast
Quilcapampa’s Stone Tools and Placas Pintadas
Cities, Surplus, and the State: A Re-evaluation
Since at least the Enlightenment, the first cities have been commonly seen as products of a state or other kind of regionally organized polity that enabled the reliable production of a food surplus. In this paper, we re-evaluate the relationship between cities, regionally organized polities, and surplus based on data from the very early urban settlements of Jenne-jeno, San Lorenzo, and Liangzhu. These data clearly show that regionally organized p…
Late Intermediate Period Funerary Traditions, Population Aggregation, and the Ayllu in the Sihuas Valley, Peru
The Late Intermediate period in the south-central Andes is known for the widespread use of open sepulchres called chullpas by descent-based ayllus to claim rights to resources and express idealized notions of how society should be organized. Chullpas, however, were rarer on the coast, with the dead often buried individually in closed tombs. This article documents conditions under which these closed tombs were used at the site of Quilcapampa on th…
Comparing ritual foods and everyday diet from the Middle Horizon site of Tenahaha, Cotahuasi, Peru using stable isotope and macrobotanical analyses
The Cambridge History of French Thought
French thinkers have revolutionized European thought about knowledge, religion, politics, and society. Delivering a comprehensive history of thought in France from the Middle Ages to the present, this book follows themes and developments of thought across the centuries. It provides readers with studies of both systematic thinkers and those who operate less systematically, through essays or fragments, and places them all in their many contexts. In…
Illomas: The three thousand year history of a rock art site in Southern Peru
In 1936, Leonidas Bernedo Málaga reported the discovery of a large collection of petroglyphs near the village of Illomas. We present the results of a recent study of the site, describing both the rock art and the organization of its surrounding ceremonial complex in light of our broader understanding of the prehistory of what is now the Department of Arequipa. Used for almost three thousand years, Illomas changed in function as population signifi…
Ingredients Matter: Maize versus Molle Brewing in Ancient Andean Feasting
A new aerial photogrammetric survey method for recording inaccessible rock art
Ancient pathways and geoglyphs in the Sihuas Valley of southern Peru
Anthropogenic pathways and geoglyphs comprise two of the most recognisable pre-Colombian features of the Peruvian Andes. Although often found in close proximity, there has been no quantitative investigation of the relationships between these types of landscape features. To investigate, the authors performed spatial analysis and simulation modelling on a combination of unmanned aerial vehicle and surface reconnaissance data from the Sihuas River V…
Coming Together to Toast and Feed the Dead in the Cotahuasi Valley of Peru
There has been little discussion on the macrobotanical remains from Andean Middle Horizon sites. In this article, we present macrobotanical data from archaeological excavations at Tenahaha, a small mortuary center in the Cotahuasi Valley of Peru. While the people who attended Tenahaha may not have definitively been Wari, evidence suggests that they were likely influenced by the Wari. Our analysis revealed new insights into site use and the distri…
A new methodology for geoglyph research: Preliminary survey results and practical workflow from the Quilcapampa Geoglyph Survey (Sihuas Valley, Peru)
Drinking Beer in a Blissful Mood: Alcohol Production, Operational Chains, and Feasting in the Ancient World
Feasts were important arenas of political action throughout much of the ancient world. Since alcoholic beverages were liberally consumed at many of these events, a sponsor often faced the daunting problem of assembling prodigious amounts of alcohol in the days preceding a feast. This paper considers traditional methods for making alcoholic beverages in certain regions and demonstrates how the details of each drinks manufacture, such as shelf life…
Urbanization, State Formation, and Cooperation: A Reappraisal
Since at least the Enlightenment, scholars have linked urbanization to state formation in the evolution of complex societies. We challenge this assertion, suggesting that the cooperative units that came together in the earliest cities were premised on limiting outside domination and thus usually acted to impede efforts to create more centralized structures of control. Although cities often became the capitals of states, state formation was quicke…
Description and Method of Exploitation of the Alca Obsidian Source, Peru
Despite three decades of obsidian studies in the Andes, the extraction zones for this raw material remain poorly understood. The extent and geology of the sources, their intra-source chemical compositional variation, and the means by which the sources were exploited prehistorically, have largely escaped study. This report describes the results of a geoarchaeological survey of the Alca obsidian source in the Cotahuasi Valley, Peru. The survey docu…
Understanding Middle Horizon Peru: Hermeneutic Spirals, Interpretative Traditions, and Wari Administrative Centers
During the Middle Horizon (A.D. 600-1000), the Wari state extended its influence over much of Peru. One popular view of the Wari expansion is that the state constructed a system of administrative centers that ruled through an idiom of generalized reciprocity and extracted, stored, and redistributed goods from local groups. This paper considers how this model of the Wari periphery was constructed over the last 100 years, and argues that interpreta…
Shifting Local, Regional, and Interregional Relations in Middle Horizon Peru: Evidence from La Real
The Middle Horizon (ca. A.D. 600-1100) was a period of great change in the Andes, with much of Perú connected through long-distance exchange and widely shared Wari styles and practices. Recent research has begun to detail the transformations that occurred within the period, leading to questions about the development of the Wari state and its shifting relationships with outlying areas over time. This article expands this research by exploring the …
Inca Imperialism, Ritual Change, and Cosmological Continuity in the Cotahuasi Valley of Peru
As in other ancient states, Inca religious reform was largely successful because it drew upon preexisting cosmological principles of the south-central Andes. In this case study involving the Cotahuasi Valley of southern Peru, I argue that during the Inca occupation of the valley, an offering tradition ended, an important ritual center was abandoned, and another ritual center was completely remodeled. At the same time, other local ritual practices…
Welfare Reform and Neighborhoods: Race and Civic Participation
Welfare reform is weakening the social and institutional fabric of neighborhoods with relatively high levels of poverty and is, therefore, antiurban and antineighborhood policy. This article is based on an in-depth study of three Massachusetts communities that finds that welfare reform is increasing regulatory and service demand pressures in inner-city neighborhoods, thereby altering the mission, organizational capacities, and planning activities…
La Chichera y El Patrón: Chicha and the Energetics of Feasting in the Prehistoric Andes
Although archaeologists have recognized the importance of feasting in past societies, there has been little systematic work examining the high preparation costs of these events. I suggest that elites faced substantial hurdles in accumulating sufficient land and labor to underwrite feasts. By analyzing the production sequence for the food and drink consumed at these occasions, we can better understand some of the hurdles and how they were overcome…
A new aerial photogrammetric survey method for recording inaccessible rock art
Wari imperialism, bronze production, and the formation of the Middle Horizon: Complicating the picture
Architecture, Local Elites, and Imperial Entanglements: The Wari Empire and the Cotahuasi Valley of Peru
Justin Jennings, , Architecture, Local Elites, and Imperial Entanglements: The Wari Empire and the Cotahuasi Valley of Peru, Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 28, No. 1/2 (Spring - Summer, 2001), pp. 143-159
Reconstructing Middle Horizon Camelid Diets and Foddering Practices: Microbotanical and Isotope Analyses of Dental Remains from Quilcapampa, Peru
This study uses isotope and microbotanical data from the analysis of teeth and dental calculus to investigate camelid diet and foddering practices at Quilcapampa (AD 835–900). By providing taxonomically specific evidence of foods consumed, botanical data from dental calculus complement the more general impressions of photosynthetic pathways obtained through isotopic analysis. Results suggest that the camelid diet incorporated maize ( Zea mays ), …
Remodelando la economía política del Imperio Wari
Extendiendo el modelo del mosaico de Schreiber, se construye un modelo económico para la manera de como el Imperio wari pudo haber funcionado en base a la evidencia obtenida. Sostenemos que los administradores wari procuraban crear un amplio sistema de integración interregional sin el beneficio de mercados, a través de la creación de una movilización de producción agrícola, queestuviera basada en productos de primera necesidad para poder apoyar l…
Assembling the early expansionary state: Wari and the southern Peruvian coast
Hallucinogens, alcohol and shifting leadership strategies in the ancient Peruvian Andes
In the pre-Columbian Andes, the use of hallucinogens during the Formative period (900-300 BC) often supported exclusionary political strategies, whereas, during the Late Horizon (AD 1450-1532), Inca leaders emphasised corporate strategies via the mass consumption of alcohol. Using data from Quilcapampa, the authors argue that a shift occurred during the Middle Horizon (AD 600-1000), when beer made fromSchinus mollewas combined with the hallucinog…
Late Intermediate Period Funerary Traditions, Population Aggregation, and the Ayllu in the Sihuas Valley, Peru
The Late Intermediate period in the south-central Andes is known for the widespread use of open sepulchres called chullpas by descent-based ayllus to claim rights to resources and express idealized notions of how society should be organized. Chullpas, however, were rarer on the coast, with the dead often buried individually in closed tombs. This article documents conditions under which these closed tombs were used at the site of Quilcapampa on th…
Ancient pathways and geoglyphs in the Sihuas Valley of southern Peru
Anthropogenic pathways and geoglyphs comprise two of the most recognisable pre-Colombian features of the Peruvian Andes. Although often found in close proximity, there has been no quantitative investigation of the relationships between these types of landscape features. To investigate, the authors performed spatial analysis and simulation modelling on a combination of unmanned aerial vehicle and surface reconnaissance data from the Sihuas River V…
Wari: Imperialism, Low Power, and Globalization in the Middle Horizon Central Andes
The Fragility of Imperialist Ideology and the End of Local Traditions, an Inca Example
Imperial expansions tend to be legitimated by myths of empire that support the position of a particular group of ruling élite. In order to maintain their power, these élites must take this ideology seriously or risk losing their positions to those that will. In the Inca Empire of the Andes, expansion was justified in large part as a divine mandate to spread a true religion to the people. Although the Inca generally strove to maintain local religi…
Ayllus, Ancestors and the (Un)Making of the Wari State
At the time of the Spanish invasion, central Andean society was organized around ayllus. These extensive social units, bound together by kinship, reciprocity, land claims, honoured ancestors and other criteria, are an example of the kin-based sodalities that have long been seen in political science as impediments to state development. Class should replace kin when large and complex polities like the Inca Empire form, and groups like the ayllu sho…
Comparing ritual foods and everyday diet from the Middle Horizon site of Tenahaha, Cotahuasi, Peru using stable isotope and macrobotanical analyses
Coming Together to Toast and Feed the Dead in the Cotahuasi Valley of Peru
There has been little discussion on the macrobotanical remains from Andean Middle Horizon sites. In this article, we present macrobotanical data from archaeological excavations at Tenahaha, a small mortuary center in the Cotahuasi Valley of Peru. While the people who attended Tenahaha may not have definitively been Wari, evidence suggests that they were likely influenced by the Wari. Our analysis revealed new insights into site use and the distri…
A new methodology for geoglyph research: Preliminary survey results and practical workflow from the Quilcapampa Geoglyph Survey (Sihuas Valley, Peru)
The day the music died: Making and playing bone wind instruments at La Real in Middle Horizon, Peru (600-1000 CE)
Los rostros de Wari: Perspectivas interregionales sobre el horizonte medio
no disponible
Politywide Analysis and Imperial Political Economy: The Relationship between Valley Political Complexity and Administrative Centers in the Wari Empire of the Central Andes
Collota, Netahaha y el desarrollo del poder wari en el valle de Cotahuasi, Arequipa, Perú
Uno de los problemas más difíciles en el estudio de los estados e imperios antiguos es la identificación de formas diferentes de consolidación regional con los datos arqueológicos. La construcción de un centro administrativo es un indicador muy claro de la presencia de un estado y áreas con este tipo de centro han sido descritas como islas de control directo dentro del mosaico imperial. Durante el Horizonte Medio (600-1000 a.C.) ocurrieron cambio…
Architecture, Local Elites, and Imperial Entanglements: The Wari Empire and the Cotahuasi Valley of Peru
One of the enduring problems in the archaeology of ancient states and empires is the recognition of different forms of regional consolidation in the archaeological record. Among the clearer markers of direct control over an area is thought to be the construction of an administrative facility. Our recent research on the impact of the Wari Empire (A.C. 750–1000) in the Cotahuasi Valley of Peru, however, suggests that facilities built by and for loc…
Welfare Reform and Neighborhoods: Race and Civic Participation
Welfare reform is weakening the social and institutional fabric of neighborhoods with relatively high levels of poverty and is, therefore, antiurban and antineighborhood policy. This article is based on an in-depth study of three Massachusetts communities that finds that welfare reform is increasing regulatory and service demand pressures in inner-city neighborhoods, thereby altering the mission, organizational capacities, and planning activities…
Architecture, Local Elites, and Imperial Entanglements: The Wari Empire and the Cotahuasi Valley of Peru
Justin Jennings, , Architecture, Local Elites, and Imperial Entanglements: The Wari Empire and the Cotahuasi Valley of Peru, Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 28, No. 1/2 (Spring - Summer, 2001), pp. 143-159
Description and Method of Exploitation of the Alca Obsidian Source, Peru
Despite three decades of obsidian studies in the Andes, the extraction zones for this raw material remain poorly understood. The extent and geology of the sources, their intra-source chemical compositional variation, and the means by which the sources were exploited prehistorically, have largely escaped study. This report describes the results of a geoarchaeological survey of the Alca obsidian source in the Cotahuasi Valley, Peru. The survey docu…
The Fragility of Imperialist Ideology and the End of Local Traditions, an Inca Example
Imperial expansions tend to be legitimated by myths of empire that support the position of a particular group of ruling élite. In order to maintain their power, these élites must take this ideology seriously or risk losing their positions to those that will. In the Inca Empire of the Andes, expansion was justified in large part as a divine mandate to spread a true religion to the people. Although the Inca generally strove to maintain local religi…
Inca Imperialism, Ritual Change, and Cosmological Continuity in the Cotahuasi Valley of Peru
As in other ancient states, Inca religious reform was largely successful because it drew upon preexisting cosmological principles of the south-central Andes. In this case study involving the Cotahuasi Valley of southern Peru, I argue that during the Inca occupation of the valley, an offering tradition ended, an important ritual center was abandoned, and another ritual center was completely remodeled. At the same time, other local ritual practices…
Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records. Gary Urton
La Chichera y El Patrón: Chicha and the Energetics of Feasting in the Prehistoric Andes
Although archaeologists have recognized the importance of feasting in past societies, there has been little systematic work examining the high preparation costs of these events. I suggest that elites faced substantial hurdles in accumulating sufficient land and labor to underwrite feasts. By analyzing the production sequence for the food and drink consumed at these occasions, we can better understand some of the hurdles and how they were overcome…
Drinking Beer in a Blissful Mood: Alcohol Production, Operational Chains, and Feasting in the Ancient World
Feasts were important arenas of political action throughout much of the ancient world. Since alcoholic beverages were liberally consumed at many of these events, a sponsor often faced the daunting problem of assembling prodigious amounts of alcohol in the days preceding a feast. This paper considers traditional methods for making alcoholic beverages in certain regions and demonstrates how the details of each drinks manufacture, such as shelf life…
Core, peripheries, and regional realities in Middle Horizon Peru
Understanding Middle Horizon Peru: Hermeneutic Spirals, Interpretative Traditions, and Wari Administrative Centers
During the Middle Horizon (A.D. 600-1000), the Wari state extended its influence over much of Peru. One popular view of the Wari expansion is that the state constructed a system of administrative centers that ruled through an idiom of generalized reciprocity and extracted, stored, and redistributed goods from local groups. This paper considers how this model of the Wari periphery was constructed over the last 100 years, and argues that interpreta…
The Inca Conquest and Consolidation of the Cotahuasi Valley of Southern Peru
This article combines historical records and data from archaeological survey and excavations to describe the Inca occupation of the Cotahuasi Valley of southern Peru. The empire constructed an administrative center, established private estates dedicated to the sun and the Inca, built an Inca road through the valley, and created a ceremonial center from a local ritual site. The high Inca investment in Cotahuasi was likely due to the valley’s natur…
Catastrophe, Revitalization and Religious Change on the Prehispanic North Coast of Peru
Although archaeologists have become increasingly interested in disaster, collapse and regeneration, there has been insufficient attention paid to the social and psychological impact of disasters. Disasters can stimulate far-reaching religious changes. This article is a case study of the fall of the Middle Sicán polity of northern Peru (ad 900–1100) that draws on both archaeology and oral tradition. Middle Sicán cosmology was centred on the Sicán …
Globalizations and the Ancient World
In this book, Justin Jennings argues that globalization is not just a phenomenon limited to modern times. Instead he contends that the globalization of today is just the latest in a series of globalizing movements in human history. Using the Uruk, Mississippian, and Wari civilizations as case studies, Jennings examines how the growth of the world's first great cities radically transformed their respective areas. The cities required unprecedented …
Los rostros de Wari: Perspectivas interregionales sobre el horizonte medio
no disponible
Reevaluando el horizonte medio en Arequipa
El departamento de Arequipa es generalmente conocido como la frontera sur del Imperio wari. Este capítulo cuestiona la evidencia sobre la conquista y el control Wari en la región por falta de evidencia de economía extractiva o centros administrativos del Estado. Sostengo que las reacciones a la urbanización y colonización Huari son mejores explicaciones para los extensos cambios sociales y la influencia del estilo Wari que ocurrió en Arequipa. La…
Remodelando la economía política del Imperio Wari
Extendiendo el modelo del mosaico de Schreiber, se construye un modelo económico para la manera de como el Imperio wari pudo haber funcionado en base a la evidencia obtenida. Sostenemos que los administradores wari procuraban crear un amplio sistema de integración interregional sin el beneficio de mercados, a través de la creación de una movilización de producción agrícola, queestuviera basada en productos de primera necesidad para poder apoyar l…
Duncan Kelly. The Propriety of Liberty: Persons, Passions and Judgement in Modern Political Thought
Duncan Kelly has written a thoughtful and a thought-provoking book. As he makes clear in his introduction, his central claim is that the writers he discusses “typically conceive of liberty as a form of propriety or appropriate agency.” Specifically, he asserts that their arguments about liberty are “inextricably linked to questions about the nature of personhood, the passions and judgement” (p. 1). These writers are, in turn, John Locke, Montesqu…
Shifting Local, Regional, and Interregional Relations in Middle Horizon Peru: Evidence from La Real
The Middle Horizon (ca. A.D. 600-1100) was a period of great change in the Andes, with much of Perú connected through long-distance exchange and widely shared Wari styles and practices. Recent research has begun to detail the transformations that occurred within the period, leading to questions about the development of the Wari state and its shifting relationships with outlying areas over time. This article expands this research by exploring the …
Wari imperialism, bronze production, and the formation of the Middle Horizon: Complicating the picture
A new methodology for geoglyph research: Preliminary survey results and practical workflow from the Quilcapampa Geoglyph Survey (Sihuas Valley, Peru)
Instructional Motivations: What Can We Learn from Homeschooling Families
Some educational theorists have believed that the beneficial aspects of home education will eventually find their way into mainstream educational contexts. The purpose of this paper was to extract the motivations behind homeschooling instructional decisions. This study was built on surveys and interviews from over 1000 homeschooling parents across the United States. Participants were asked about the reason for their instructional routines. Instru…
Urbanization, State Formation, and Cooperation: A Reappraisal
Since at least the Enlightenment, scholars have linked urbanization to state formation in the evolution of complex societies. We challenge this assertion, suggesting that the cooperative units that came together in the earliest cities were premised on limiting outside domination and thus usually acted to impede efforts to create more centralized structures of control. Although cities often became the capitals of states, state formation was quicke…
Geography (32 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (27 works) · History (25 works) · Political science (24 works) · Sociology (23 works) · Archaeology (22 works) · Latin American history and culture (19 works) · Law (17 works) · History (15 works) · Politics (14 works)