N Spierings
Biographic Data
| ID | 39169 |
|---|---|
| NAME | N Spierings |
| GIVEN NAMES | N |
| FAMILY NAME | Spierings |
| SIGNATURE | SPIERINGS N |
| AFFILIATIONS | Radboud University Nijmegen |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3116-3262 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 88 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 951 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 88 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2009 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 18 |
Toenemende homo-intolerantie onder jongeren: De rol van religie, onderwijs en technologie
Increasing anti-gay intolerance among young people: the role of religion, education and technology For decades attitudes towards lgbtq+ rights and empowerment grew more progressive across Western Europe, including the Netherlands. However, more recently there are indications of a backlash, with attitudes turning more conservative, also among young people. In this study, we show this is indeed the case among Dutch teenagers: the attitudes towards …
A vicious cycle: Populist radical-right support and conservative attitudes on gender and sexuality in the Dutch case
This article asks whether gender and sexuality attitudes influence vote propensity for the populist radical right (PRR) and whether, reciprocally, PRR gender and sexuality discourse influences their prospective voters on these issues. Using a large data set that includes a panel section spanning two Dutch national elections with topical data on political preference, gender identity and sexuality (attitudes), we find that conservative attitudes on…
Migrants’ political trust: How exposure and exclusion in origin and residence country explain differences
Previous studies often treat migrants as a homogenous group compared to the native majority population or investigate the largest groups of migrants, overlooking diversity among migrants in (political) outcomes. Additionally, it is unclear what role different contexts play in shaping these diverse experiences of political trust. As being a migrant is, by definition, a context-dependent construction, this contribution unpacks how both origin and r…
It’s Haram, but Who Am I to Judge? Exploring and Unpacking Muslims’ Religious Perspectives Toward Homosexuality
Across Europe, Muslims are generally portrayed as opposing homosexuality; however, recent studies have shown that the relationship between Muslims and homosexuality is more complex. In this study, we try to further understand how Islamic religiosity shapes Dutch Muslims' (multilayered) perspectives on sexual orientation (and, connectedly, sexuality and gender identity) in the Netherlands, while taking an intersectional perspective particularly re…
Oratie: Politiek, religie en seks
Inaugural lecture: Politics, religion and sex. On the importance of a sociological perspective on inclusion, and of inclusion for sociology Talking about politics, Islam, sexuality, migration, gender-identity and discrimination, Spierings’ inaugural lecture argues that inclusion goes beyond participation, discrimination and intergroup attitudes. To what extent society is inclusive depend also on the willingness of people to change their habits an…
Mixed methods, mixed feelings: A review of hurdles faced and vaulting poles to apply when wanting to do and publish mixed methods research
Sometimes 'mixed methods designs' are considered a winner for obtaining research grants, but a close-to-certain reject when publishing. Evidently, reality is more complex. At the same time, these considerations are grounded in actual experiences, observations and the structure of our epistemic community. In this contribution, we will reflect on this structure, particularly in ethnic and migration studies, as such reflection is particularly intere…
Finding Space in Politics: Perceptions of Representation Among Dutch Citizens With an Immigration Background
Representative democracy functions optimally when all citizens can participate, are heard, and feel represented. We know, however, that those interested and satisfied in politics rarely reflect a cross-section of the population. What’s more, the influence exercised by certain groups in a democracy is unevenly distributed, and citizens with an immigration background feel on average less represented politically than citizens without one. This artic…
Where Allies Matter Most: How Urbanization, Formal and Informal Support Shape Experienced Acceptance of Different LGBTQ+ Subcommunities
Introduction The acceptance of LGBTQ+ communities remains under pressure. Although research on their experiences has grown, major questions remain on the impact of the broader context in which people live and the diversity within LGBTQ+ communities. Thereby, zooming in on systematic comparative survey research, we currently know more about homosexual men in big cities than other communities and groups, particularly gender minorities, and how they…
Situating Muslims’ trust in parliament from a cross-national perspective: Islamic religiosity's impact in Western Europe
Across Western Europe, politicians and media express concerns about whether Muslims feel part of liberal democracies and trust national parliament. Although often assumed, research is actually inconclusive on whether Islamic religiosity hampers such political trust. The current study dives into this complex association by studying over 5,000 Muslims across 17 Western European countries. It makes two core contributions. First, instead of comparing…
From Islamic religiosity to political participation. The role of social exclusion and origin-country ties
How populist are ethnic minorities? Populist attitudes and voting for populist parties in the Netherlands
With the rise of populist parties, literature has grown exploring who their voters are and suggesting ways to measure the support of (thin-centred) populist ideology among voters. However, it has yet to be fully assessed whether populist attitudes are also informative for understanding the voting behaviour of migrantized ethnic minorities, partly because of the opposition between such voters and the populist radical right (PRR). In this study, us…
How Attitudes on Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Core Populist Radical Right Values Combine in Diverging Ideological Constellations Among Populist Radical Right-Inclined Voters
This article addresses three caveats in populist radical right (PRR) voter studies focusing on gender and sexuality: omission of potential voters, representing gender and sexuality as one undifferentiated category, and issue-specific rather than comparative analysis. We use a theory-grounded latent class analysis, based on the Dutch Parliamentary Election Study (2021), to identify voter profiles in terms of how nativism, populism, and gender iden…
The Role of Networks in Mobilization for Ethnic Minority Interest Parties
Recently, parties that are run by and for ethnic minority citizens with a migration background have become more prominent. They can be considered a manifestation of ethnic political segregation. A key example of such a party is DENK in the Netherlands. So far, the explanatory literature has focused on how programmatic considerations drives voting for these parties. Other factors, such as the role of social networks in mobilization, have received …
Two peas in a pod? How to mix methods in ethnic and migration studies
This introduction to the Special Issue on ‘Two peas in a pod? How to mix methods in ethnic and migration studies’ highlights scholars’ experiences and reflections on doing mixed methods research within ethnic and migration studies. Doing so, this Special issue presents two core contributions: (1) providing personal insights into how to do mixed methods research and (2) understanding and reducing the barriers to mixing methods while creating oppor…
How the educational level of confidants impacts our political attitudes
The role of an individual's educational level in shaping their political attitudes is very well documented. Also, social networks formed by both our strong and weak ties are generally segregated by educational level. Dove-tailing these two observations raised the question of whether the educational level of one's confidants also independently impacts an individual's political attitudes; however, this question has gotten hardly any attention. Ther…
How does the religiosity-gender attitudes nexus among Dutch Muslims differ by origin backgrounds and migration motives
Contains fulltext : 318501.pdf (Publisher's version ) (Open Access
How do minoritized migrant-background citizens perceive their political representation? An intracategorical perspective
Although our insights into numerical political representation are expanding, we know remarkably little about whether minoritized migrant-background citizens feel represented as such. This study addresses to what extent there are intersectional differences in perceived representation among minoritized migrant-background citizens. We synthesize two separate literatures to develop an overarching boundaries-privilege framework, which we apply to the …
Fewer obligations for welfare recipients, more social and economic activities? Results from an experiment with less conditional welfare regimes
This article presents results of a Dutch randomised experiment, challenging the 'workfare' paradigm, which is dominant in many countries. We study whether social assistance (SA) schemes with fewer conditions and more autonomy for recipients stimulate valuable but often overlooked unpaid socio-economic activities (USEA), which are not classified as work. In the qualitative part of the mixed method study, we generated new hypotheses stating that pa…
Twitter and divides in the Dutch parliament: Social and political segregation in the following, @-mentions and retweets networks
MPs communication on Twitter with other MPs may facilitate forming cross-party solidarity networks and provide public micro deliberation but may also be segregated leading to information bubbles and political polarization. That party-based division lines are running through the online communication networks of politicians is a wellestablished finding in social media studies; however important knowledge gaps have remained on the complexity of Twit…
What an Instrumentalist Perspective Adds to Cultural-Modernization Theory: Support for Democracy and Gender Equality in the Middle East
The comparative MENA literature on democratic support and the role of gender equality attitudes show mixed results despite the dominant cultural-modernization perspective predicting a positive interrelationship. Building on recent work, this paper derives and formulates the instrumentalist approach to democratic support as a supplement to the culturalist-modernization approach. It argues that people’s policy preferences and expectations of democr…
Polarization, religiosity, and support for gender equality: A comparative study across four Muslim-majority countries
Size and ethnic homogeneity of extended social networks in the Netherlands: Differences between migrant groups and migrant generations
Extended social networks encompass both weak and strong ties to provide social support and resources. Hence, it is important to study what explains variation in these networks. This paper addresses this and examines the size and ethnic homogeneity of extended social networks, and group differences therein, and it aims to explain these differences based on a preference–opportunities approach through a decomposition analysis. We apply state‐of‐the‐…
What drives the propensity to vote for ethnic-minority-interest parties
Minding the political engagement gap: How discrimination and religion impact Dutch voters with an immigrant background
This article examines the gap between the political engagement of Dutch citizens with an racialized immigrant background and those without one. Analyzing the effect of perceived cultural and religious inclusion and exclusion, we look into what citizens with an immigrant background make of politics—measured in what we call the evaluation gap—and their actual electoral behavior—measured in what we call the participation gap. Drawing from the 2021 D…
Introduction: Extremes and divides in electoral politics, the Dutch 2021 elections in particular
In this introduction to the special issue ‘Extremes and divides in electoral politics, the 2021 Dutch parliamentary elections in particular’ four core elements are included. First, we discuss the rationale behind the special issue: answering calls for building bridges between related research literatures on the politics of divided and extremes. We do so by bringing together studies on the different manifestations thereof for the 2021 Dutch parlia…
Gender, populist attitudes, and voting: Explaining the Gender Gap in Voting for Populist Radical Right and Populist Radical Left Parties
Empirical studies have demonstrated that compared to almost all other parties, populist radical right (PRR) parties draw more votes from men than from women. However, the two dominant explanations that are generally advanced to explain this disparity - gender differences regarding socio-economic position and lower perceptions regarding the threat of immigrants - cannot fully explain the difference. The article contends that it might actually be g…
Gendering the vote for populist radical-right parties
n Contains fulltext :\n 140297.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
Gender and populist radical-right politics: An introduction
n Contains fulltext :\n 140296.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
Homonationalism and Voting for the Populist Radical Right: Addressing Unanswered Questions by Zooming in on the Dutch Case
Anti-migration attitudes are at the heart of explaining who votes for Populist Radical Right (PRR) parties (Lubbers, Gijsberts, &Scheepers, 2002; Rydgren, 2008). PRR parties appeal to a "native" culture that they say should be protected against outsiders, and more recently, PRR politicians have been including gay citizens among those needing protection, particularly against Islam (Bracke, 2012; De Lange & Mügge, 2015). This strategy echoes what h…
On the Compatibility of Islam and Gender Equality: Effects of Modernization, State Islamization, and Democracy on Women’s Labor Market Participation in 45 Muslim Countries
Getting Personal? The Impact of Social Media on Preferential Voting
Sexually modern nativist voters’: Do they exist and do they vote for the populist radical right
n Contains fulltext :\n 166699.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
The lived experience of an integration paradox: Why high-skilled migrants from Turkey experience little national belonging in the Netherlands
How do migrants become part of a national community and feel a sense of belonging to that country? Whilst migrants' educational level is considered key in doing so, survey studies conclude that higher-educated migrants experience a low sense of belonging to the residence country. This has been dubbed the integration paradox. We draw from in-depth qualitative biographical interviews with highly-skilled Turkish migrants in the Netherlands to contri…
Twitter and Facebook: Populists’ double-barreled gun
Social media are said to be a core driver of populists’ current success. Yet, our knowledge of how populist politicians use social media is limited. We argue that they can use Twitter and Facebook, politically the most important platforms, as a “double-barreled gun,” each serving a different target. Based on the architecture of the platforms and the populist ideology, we expect that Twitter is used to name and shame journalists publicly, Facebook…
Re-Understanding Religion and Support for Gender Equality in Arab Countries
Much is said about Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) publics opposing gender equality, often referring to patriarchal Islam. However, nuanced large-scale studies addressing which specific aspects of religiosity affect support for gender equality across the MENA are conspicuously absent. This study develops and tests a gendered agentic socialization framework that proposes that MENA citizens are not only passively socialized by religion but …
Conclusion: Dividing the populist radical right between ‘liberal nativism’ and traditional conceptions of gender
As noted in the introduction to this special issue, there is no shortage of scholarship on the populist radical right (PRR). This research, in part, examines the role of women, focusing on gender a
Acculturation, decoupling, or both? Migration's impact on the linkage between religiosity and gender equality attitudes
n Contains fulltext :\n 219589.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
Families: Identifying the Research Potential of an Origins-of-Migration Study
Despite extensive recent advances in the empirical and theoretical study of migration, certain critical areas in the analysis of European migration remain relatively underdeveloped both theoretically and empirically. Specifically, we lack studies that both incorporate an origin comparison and trace processes of intergenerational transmission across migrants over multiple generations and incorporating family migration trajectories. This paper outl…
Masculinity and Sexuality in Populist Radical Right Leadership
Research shows that masculinity and sexuality are pivotal to the leadership and success of the populist radical right (PRR). In particular, normative conceptions of masculinity, as seen in gendered nationalism, have been argued to be important to the appeal of PRR parties. However, the supply side of this dynamic remains understudied. To fill this gap, this article uses critical discourse analysis to analyze the role of masculinity and sexuality …
Gender Equality Attitudes among Turks in Western Europe and Turkey: The Interrelated Impact of Migration and Parents' Attitudes
This study applies unique data on three-generation migrant and non-migrant lineages to assess how assimilation and intergenerational transmission theories hold up for attitudes on gender equality in the context of Turkey–Europe migration. Information on migration histories of families and gender equality attitudes is collected for over 800 families. Based on those data assimilation and retention theories and theories on intergenerational transmis…
The Influence of Islamic Orientations on Democratic Support and Tolerance in five Arab Countries
Conclusions from empirical analyses on how Islam influences democratic attitudes in Arab countries differ widely, and the field suffers from conceptual ambiguity and largely focuses on “superficial” democratic support. Based on the non-Middle Eastern literature, this study provides a more systematic theoretical and empirical assessment of the linkages between Islamic attitudes and the popular support for democracy. I link belonging (affiliation),…
Micro- and Macrolevel Determinants of Women's Employment in Six Arab Countries
We analyzed determinants of women's employment with data for 40,792 women living in 103 districts of 6 Arab countries. We tested a new theoretical framework that addresses the roles of needs, opportunities, and values at multiple levels. At the microlevel (individual, family), socioeconomic factors, care duties, and traditionalism were important; at the macrolevel (district), economic development and societal norms were important. Women's educati…
Minding the political engagement gap: How discrimination and religion impact Dutch voters with an immigrant background
This article examines the gap between the political engagement of Dutch citizens with an racialized immigrant background and those without one. Analyzing the effect of perceived cultural and religious inclusion and exclusion, we look into what citizens with an immigrant background make of politics—measured in what we call the evaluation gap—and their actual electoral behavior—measured in what we call the participation gap. Drawing from the 2021 D…
Housing Wealth and Party Choice in a Multiparty System: The Netherlands 2006–2012
Recently, housing wealth has come to the fore as predictor of welfare attitudes. However, it is unclear whether people also change their vote based on their housing market position. This article shows, for three Dutch elections in 2006, 2010, and 2012, that housing wealth was a predictor of party choice during housing market downturns. In 2012, individuals in households in negative equity were more likely to vote pro-welfare, while respondents mo…
The Influence of Patriarchal Norms, Institutions, and Household Composition on Women's Employment in Twenty-Eight Muslim-Majority Countries
The low level of women's employment in Muslim-majority countries is often explained by patriarchy, while disregarding variation among and within these countries. Using a new theoretical framework, this study translates patriarchy as a concept to macro- and micro-level explanations of employment. It formulates and tests hypotheses for societal norms and institutions and household composition, including how the latter's effects are context dependen…
The inclusion of quantitative techniques and diversity in the mainstream of feminist research
Much is written about quantitative techniques and feminist and gender studies. Despite convincing arguments in favour of utilizing these methods, they are still largely absent in the heartland of gender studies. In this article, this is related to the observation that methods are tied to epistemological positions and consequently quantitative studies are a priori associated with overgeneralization. A new perspective – the diversity continuum – is…
Political parties and social media campaigning: A qualitative comparative analysis of parties’ professional Facebook and Twitter use in the 2010 and 2012 Dutch elections
District magnitude and voter turnout a multi-level analysis of self-reported voting in the 32 Dominican Republic districts
How Polities Shape Support for Gender Equality and Religiosity's Impact in Arab Countries
Previous public opinion studies argued that in the Arab Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Muslim citizens support gender equality less than non-Muslims, due to Islamic-patriarchal socialization. Deviating from this Orientalist narrative, we formulate a context-dependent agentic-socialization framework, which acknowledges religiosity's and gender equality's multidimensionality along with the MENA's political-institutional diversity. We expect th…
Trust and Tolerance across the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparative Perspective on the Impact of the Arab Uprisings
The protests that swept the Arab Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are expected to have influenced two key civic attitudes fundamental to well-functioning democracies: trust and tolerance. However, systematic comparative assessments of the general patterns and particularities in this region are rare. This contribution theorizes the uprisings’ impact and presents new society-level measurements of trust and tolerance for the MENA, synchronizing o…
On the Compatibility of Islam and Gender Equality: Effects of Modernization, State Islamization, and Democracy on Women’s Labor Market Participation in 45 Muslim Countries
District magnitude and voter turnout a multi-level analysis of self-reported voting in the 32 Dominican Republic districts
Micro- and Macrolevel Determinants of Women's Employment in Six Arab Countries
We analyzed determinants of women's employment with data for 40,792 women living in 103 districts of 6 Arab countries. We tested a new theoretical framework that addresses the roles of needs, opportunities, and values at multiple levels. At the microlevel (individual, family), socioeconomic factors, care duties, and traditionalism were important; at the macrolevel (district), economic development and societal norms were important. Women's educati…
Sociale integratie en het kijken naar nieuwsprogramma’s als determinanten voor het wisselen van politieke partijkeuze in de periode 1994-2006
This study examines determinants of vote switching behaviour in the Netherlands in the period 1994-2006. Hypotheses about the influence of social integration and television watching behaviour are tested. By using the Dutch Parliamentary Electoral Studies, we examine whether these factors have an influence on the chance to switch party between two consecutive national parliamentary elections. We find support for some of the hypotheses derived from…
The inclusion of quantitative techniques and diversity in the mainstream of feminist research
Much is written about quantitative techniques and feminist and gender studies. Despite convincing arguments in favour of utilizing these methods, they are still largely absent in the heartland of gender studies. In this article, this is related to the observation that methods are tied to epistemological positions and consequently quantitative studies are a priori associated with overgeneralization. A new perspective – the diversity continuum – is…
The Influence of Patriarchal Norms, Institutions, and Household Composition on Women's Employment in Twenty-Eight Muslim-Majority Countries
The low level of women's employment in Muslim-majority countries is often explained by patriarchy, while disregarding variation among and within these countries. Using a new theoretical framework, this study translates patriarchy as a concept to macro- and micro-level explanations of employment. It formulates and tests hypotheses for societal norms and institutions and household composition, including how the latter's effects are context dependen…
Getting Personal? The Impact of Social Media on Preferential Voting
The Influence of Islamic Orientations on Democratic Support and Tolerance in five Arab Countries
Conclusions from empirical analyses on how Islam influences democratic attitudes in Arab countries differ widely, and the field suffers from conceptual ambiguity and largely focuses on “superficial” democratic support. Based on the non-Middle Eastern literature, this study provides a more systematic theoretical and empirical assessment of the linkages between Islamic attitudes and the popular support for democracy. I link belonging (affiliation),…
How Islam Influences Women's Paid Non-farm Employment: Evidence from 26 Indonesian and 37 Nigerian Provinces
Studies on women's employment in Muslim countries often mention Islam, but its influence is undertheorized and tests simply compare 'Muslim' women and areas to 'non-Muslim' women and areas. Here, multilevel analyses of Indonesia and Nigeria show this focus is not tenable: non-farm employment of Muslim women is not consistently lower than that of non-Muslim women, nor is it lower in Muslim-dominated provinces than in other provinces. A new theoret…
Women’s Employment in Muslim Countries: Patterns of Diversity
This book presents a new and nuanced exploration of the position of women in Muslim countries, based on research involving more than 300,000 women in 28 Muslim countries. It addresses topical debates
Saturation or maturation? The diffusion of Twitter and its impact on preference voting in the Dutch general elections of 2010 and 2012
n Contains fulltext :\n 157293.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
Conclusion: Dividing the populist radical right between ‘liberal nativism’ and traditional conceptions of gender
As noted in the introduction to this special issue, there is no shortage of scholarship on the populist radical right (PRR). This research, in part, examines the role of women, focusing on gender a
Gender and populist radical-right politics: An introduction
n Contains fulltext :\n 140296.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
Gendering the vote for populist radical-right parties
n Contains fulltext :\n 140297.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
Gender Equality Attitudes among Turks in Western Europe and Turkey: The Interrelated Impact of Migration and Parents' Attitudes
This study applies unique data on three-generation migrant and non-migrant lineages to assess how assimilation and intergenerational transmission theories hold up for attitudes on gender equality in the context of Turkey–Europe migration. Information on migration histories of families and gender equality attitudes is collected for over 800 families. Based on those data assimilation and retention theories and theories on intergenerational transmis…
Social Media, Parties, and Political Inequalities
This book examines how social media have transformed politics in established democracies. Specifically, the authors examine the influence of the unique qualities of social media on the power balance b
Intergenerational Consequences of Migration: Socio-Economic, Family and Cultural Patterns of Stability and Change in Turkey and Europe
Migration is a life-changing experience not only for the migrants themselves but also for those left behind. Using a novel 'origins of migration' approach, this fascinating book reveals the true impact of migration across multiple aspects of migrants' lives by comparing three generations of Turkish migrants to Europe to their non-migrant counterparts in Turkey. Working with unique and exciting information on 2000 Turkish families and their 50,000…
Electoral participation and intergenerational transmission among Turkish migrants in Western Europe
Introduction: Gender and Comparative Methods
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Multilevel Analysis as a Tool to Understand the Spatio-Temporality of Gender
As illustrated by these definitions from the Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics, context dependency is a defining characteristic of gender, since gender and intersectional inequalities differ spatially and temporarily in how they are organized. It is on this issue of context dependency where gender studies scholars often collide with (the application and interpretation) of regression-based statistical analysis in debates about quantitative me…
Gender and Causal Concepts: Implications for Comparative Theory Building
Clear conceptualization should be at the core of every comparative study. Gender scholars have a long history of challenging the public/private divide in conventional notions of the political and laying bare the gendered or androcentric character of established concepts such as welfare states (Sainsbury 2008), war (Goldstein 2001), work (Spierings 2015), or democracy (Paxton 2008; Walby 2009). This criticism often focuses on descriptive and norma…
Trust and Tolerance across the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparative Perspective on the Impact of the Arab Uprisings
The protests that swept the Arab Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are expected to have influenced two key civic attitudes fundamental to well-functioning democracies: trust and tolerance. However, systematic comparative assessments of the general patterns and particularities in this region are rare. This contribution theorizes the uprisings’ impact and presents new society-level measurements of trust and tolerance for the MENA, synchronizing o…
Sexually modern nativist voters’: Do they exist and do they vote for the populist radical right
n Contains fulltext :\n 166699.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
Women’s Worldwide Education–employment Connection: A Multilevel Analysis of the Moderating Impact of Economic, Political, and Cultural Contexts
Gender, populist attitudes, and voting: Explaining the Gender Gap in Voting for Populist Radical Right and Populist Radical Left Parties
Empirical studies have demonstrated that compared to almost all other parties, populist radical right (PRR) parties draw more votes from men than from women. However, the two dominant explanations that are generally advanced to explain this disparity - gender differences regarding socio-economic position and lower perceptions regarding the threat of immigrants - cannot fully explain the difference. The article contends that it might actually be g…
Political science (77 works) · Sociology (69 works) · Law (54 works) · Politics (54 works) · Law (38 works) · Economics (37 works) · Psychology (32 works) · Gender Studies (27 works) · Political economy (25 works) · Social Psychology (25 works)