Bryan Smale
Biographic Data
| ID | 3927675 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Bryan Smale |
| GIVEN NAMES | Bryan |
| FAMILY NAME | Smale |
| SIGNATURE | SMALE B |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Waterloo |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 255 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1985 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Moderating Effect of Leisure Satisfaction on the Association between Loneliness and Subjective Wellbeing among Older Adults
This study explores the role of leisure satisfaction as a potential moderator in the relationship between feelings of loneliness and subjective wellbeing among older adults. Data were drawn from a survey of a stratified random sample of residents living in a southwestern region of Ontario, Canada, during the fall of 2022, and focused on respondents who are 65 years of age and older (n = 1,391). Results of moderation analyses suggest that leisure …
Moderating effect of leisure satisfaction on the relationship between work-life conflict and life satisfaction
Moderating effects of recreation opportunities on the relationship between leisure and wellbeing among children and youth
Stigma associated with dementia among recreation and leisure studies students and professionals
Stigma negatively impacts quality of life of people living with dementia and their families and their interactions with others (e.g. community members, health and social care professionals). While recreation and leisure studies professionals play a key role in challenging this stigma by facilitating the engagement of persons living with dementia in meaningful activities in their communities, to date no study has explored stigma associated with de…
Exploring the determinants and mitigating factors of loneliness among older adults
This study presents the results of an analysis of selected risk factors associated with loneliness and the effectiveness of mitigating factors in buffering feelings of loneliness among older adults (55 years and older). The relationship between loneliness and human health is increasingly a population health concern because increased loneliness leads to a deterioration of people's health and wellbeing. The data used in the study were drawn from th…
Examining the change in wellbeing following a holiday
The role of health beliefs in moderating the relationship between leisure participation and wellbeing among older Chinese adults
Much research suggests that physical leisure activity contributes to wellbeing and that sedentary leisure activity diminishes wellbeing, but an increasing number of studies challenge this dominant discourse. To better understand the relationship and provide new insight to inconsistent findings, we examined how health beliefs concerning the benefits of leisure moderate the association between leisure participation and subjective wellbeing by drawi…
When you think your neighbour's cooking pot is better than yours: A mixed-methods exploration of inequality and wellbeing in Ghana
Measurement of feelings of obligation to volunteer: The Obligation to Volunteer as Commitment (OVC) and Obligation to Volunteer as Duty (OVD) scales
While definitions of volunteering centre on the concepts of freedom and choice, in practice volunteering can be imbued with aspects of obligation. This paper describes the development of measures of feelings of obligation to volunteer. As a foundation for scale development, a literature review of feelings of obligation to volunteer suggested two dimensions of obligation: commitment, related to the devotion of volunteers who engage in serious leis…
Understanding the association between time spent caregiving and well-being among employed adults: Testing a Model of Work-Life Fit and Sense of Community
This study examines factors associated with work–life fit and sense of geographic community as mediators of the negative association between caregiving demands and well-being among employed informal caregivers. Data were drawn from a larger project assessing well-being among residents of three mid-size cities in Ontario, Canada. A subsample was selected of informal caregivers who worked for pay for at least eight hours/week (n = 276). Caregiving …
Use of Leisure Facilities and Wellbeing of Adult Caregivers
The current research examines leisure facility use as a moderator of the negative association of caregiving demands with wellbeing among informal caregivers. In accordance with the leisure constraints model, the study also explores the role of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural factors that may constrain or facilitate caregivers' use of leisure infrastructure. Data were collected as part of a survey conducted by the Canadian Index of We…
Consulting with Citizens in the Design of Wellbeing Measures and Policies: Lessons from a Systems Science Application
Highway to health? Commute time and well-being among Canadian adults
This paper examines commute time, time spent in activities benefical to well-being, and the relationship to self-assessed well-being. Using cross-sectional data from the 2010 Canadian General Social Survey, Cycle 24, time use patterns and feelings of well-being are assessed for a subsample of 3409 men and women who regularly commute to work by car. Drawing upon a resource drain model, daily activities known to affect well-being were selected for …
Serious Leisure as an Avenue for Nurturing Community
Using a communitarian framework to explore relationships between individuals and community, survey research was used to examine relationships among volunteers’ personal value orientations of individualism and collectivism, experiences of volunteering as serious leisure, and perceptions of sense of community and social cohesion. Based on survey responses from 300 current volunteers at ten voluntary organizations, findings linked collectivism and i…
Civic Engagement Through Mandatory Community Service: Implications of Serious Leisure
This study explores university students' attitudes of social responsibility and participation in volunteering, examining how these are related to prior experiences of mandatory community service in high school. Students' perceptions of the quality of their mandatory community service experience were found to be powerful predictors of their attitudes towards social responsibility, while ongoing volunteering was found to be influenced more signific…
Association of Parkland Proximity with Neighborhood and Park-based Physical Activity: Variations by Gender and Age
This study examined how the number and total size of neighborhood parks within 1 kilometer (km) of participants' homes, as well as distance to the closest park, were associated with moderate-to-strenuous physical activity (MSPA) in three contexts: total, neighborhood-based, and park-based. Data were collected from 384 adults in a Canadian city. Each additional hectare of park area within 1 km increased the odds of participating in 150 or more min…
Contributions of Leisure Participation in Predicting Stress Coping and Health among Police and Emergency Response Services Workers
This study examined the extent to which frequency and enjoyment measures of leisure participation predict adaptational outcomes, over and above the contributions of general coping. Police and emergency response services workers ( N = 132) participated in the study, and a repeated measures design was used. The study provides evidence that the type of leisure activity matters in predicting immediate adaptational outcomes (coping effectiveness, copi…
A Short-term Longitudinal Analysis of Leisure Coping Used by Police and Emergency Response Service Workers
Despite the growth of leisure coping research, an important yet neglected idea is whether or not and how leisure contributes to coping with stress above and beyond the effects of general coping; that is, coping not directly associated with leisure (e.g., problem-focused coping). The purpose of the present study was to examine the contributions of leisure to coping with stress and maintaining good physical and mental health among workers of police…
Bittersweet Journeys: Meanings of Leisure in the Institution-based Caregiving Context
Research on leisure and caregiving has focused almost exclusively on caregivers providing care in the community. Guided by a symbolic interactionist approach and the conceptual framework of the caregiving career, the purpose of this study was to examine the meaning of leisure in the institution-based caregiving context. How family members define their roles and how those role definitions then influence the meaning of leisure was explored within a…
Longitudinal analyses of the relationships among life transitions, chronic health problems, leisure, and psychological well‐being
In an attempt to integrate research on stress coping and research on psychological well‐being, we conducted longitudinal and disaggregated analyses of the relationships between leisure‐related constructs (i.e., level of leisure participation and the importance of leisure goals) and psychological well‐being for groups of individuals classified by gender and life events (i.e., chronic health problems and life transitions). Using two surveys on well…
More Work—Less Leisure? Changing Allocations of Time in Canada, 1981 to 1992
This article assesses changes in the distribution of time to major groups of daily activities in Canada between 1981 and 1992, and identifies social groups which have been exposed during this period to the greatest pressures of paid and unpaid work. The article examines, in particular: (a) trends in the allocation of time to paid work, domestic work, combined loads of paid and unpaid work, personal needs, and free time; (b) the changing compositi…
An Examination of Relationship Between Psychological Well-Being and Depression and Leisure Activity Participation Among Older Adults
Previous research has suggested that leisure participation is positively related to an individual's physical well-being and overall life satisfaction, but has generally neglected its relationship to psychological well-being and depression. Older adults are most susceptible to declines in these psychological states because of the losses typically associated with the aging process. Therefore, in this paper, the relationships between leisure activit…
Life-Cycle Variations in Across-the-Week Allocation of Time to Selected Daily Activities
In this paper, the relationships between three major concepts are examined: life-cycle, daily uses of time, and weekly rhythms of everyday life. Using data drawn from the 1986 General Social Survey (Canada), five life-cycle groupings are compared on the time each devotes to selected activities on each day of the week. Activities examined included work, domestic work, personal needs, and discretionary (leisure) time. Several significant difference…
Ecotourism and Natural Resource Protection: Implications of An Alternative Form of Tourism for Host Nations
The growth of special interest tourism, or ecotourism, brings with it several concerns associated with the protection of the natural areas and features to which these types of tourists are drawn. In this paper, the concept of ecotourism is examined first as a form of alternative tourism, then case study examples are described that exemplify the special concerns for the natural resource base of host nations, and a profile of Canadian ecotourists t…
A Method for Describing Spatial Variations in Recreation Participation
The paper presents a methodology for describing spatial variations in recreation participation and a means of explaining the extent to which these variations are a function of demographic and residential structure. For exemplary purposes, “locational quotients”—indices reflecting the extent to which each of a set of areas departs from some regional average—are calculated for each of the 1981 Census Tracts (N = 65) for the membership categories of…
Contributions of Leisure Participation in Predicting Stress Coping and Health among Police and Emergency Response Services Workers
This study examined the extent to which frequency and enjoyment measures of leisure participation predict adaptational outcomes, over and above the contributions of general coping. Police and emergency response services workers ( N = 132) participated in the study, and a repeated measures design was used. The study provides evidence that the type of leisure activity matters in predicting immediate adaptational outcomes (coping effectiveness, copi…
Longitudinal analyses of the relationships among life transitions, chronic health problems, leisure, and psychological well‐being
In an attempt to integrate research on stress coping and research on psychological well‐being, we conducted longitudinal and disaggregated analyses of the relationships between leisure‐related constructs (i.e., level of leisure participation and the importance of leisure goals) and psychological well‐being for groups of individuals classified by gender and life events (i.e., chronic health problems and life transitions). Using two surveys on well…
Association of Parkland Proximity with Neighborhood and Park-based Physical Activity: Variations by Gender and Age
This study examined how the number and total size of neighborhood parks within 1 kilometer (km) of participants' homes, as well as distance to the closest park, were associated with moderate-to-strenuous physical activity (MSPA) in three contexts: total, neighborhood-based, and park-based. Data were collected from 384 adults in a Canadian city. Each additional hectare of park area within 1 km increased the odds of participating in 150 or more min…
An Examination of Relationship Between Psychological Well-Being and Depression and Leisure Activity Participation Among Older Adults
Previous research has suggested that leisure participation is positively related to an individual's physical well-being and overall life satisfaction, but has generally neglected its relationship to psychological well-being and depression. Older adults are most susceptible to declines in these psychological states because of the losses typically associated with the aging process. Therefore, in this paper, the relationships between leisure activit…
Bittersweet Journeys: Meanings of Leisure in the Institution-based Caregiving Context
Research on leisure and caregiving has focused almost exclusively on caregivers providing care in the community. Guided by a symbolic interactionist approach and the conceptual framework of the caregiving career, the purpose of this study was to examine the meaning of leisure in the institution-based caregiving context. How family members define their roles and how those role definitions then influence the meaning of leisure was explored within a…
A Short-term Longitudinal Analysis of Leisure Coping Used by Police and Emergency Response Service Workers
Despite the growth of leisure coping research, an important yet neglected idea is whether or not and how leisure contributes to coping with stress above and beyond the effects of general coping; that is, coping not directly associated with leisure (e.g., problem-focused coping). The purpose of the present study was to examine the contributions of leisure to coping with stress and maintaining good physical and mental health among workers of police…
Examining the change in wellbeing following a holiday
More Work—Less Leisure? Changing Allocations of Time in Canada, 1981 to 1992
This article assesses changes in the distribution of time to major groups of daily activities in Canada between 1981 and 1992, and identifies social groups which have been exposed during this period to the greatest pressures of paid and unpaid work. The article examines, in particular: (a) trends in the allocation of time to paid work, domestic work, combined loads of paid and unpaid work, personal needs, and free time; (b) the changing compositi…
Civic Engagement Through Mandatory Community Service: Implications of Serious Leisure
This study explores university students' attitudes of social responsibility and participation in volunteering, examining how these are related to prior experiences of mandatory community service in high school. Students' perceptions of the quality of their mandatory community service experience were found to be powerful predictors of their attitudes towards social responsibility, while ongoing volunteering was found to be influenced more signific…
Serious Leisure as an Avenue for Nurturing Community
Using a communitarian framework to explore relationships between individuals and community, survey research was used to examine relationships among volunteers’ personal value orientations of individualism and collectivism, experiences of volunteering as serious leisure, and perceptions of sense of community and social cohesion. Based on survey responses from 300 current volunteers at ten voluntary organizations, findings linked collectivism and i…
Life-Cycle Variations in Across-the-Week Allocation of Time to Selected Daily Activities
In this paper, the relationships between three major concepts are examined: life-cycle, daily uses of time, and weekly rhythms of everyday life. Using data drawn from the 1986 General Social Survey (Canada), five life-cycle groupings are compared on the time each devotes to selected activities on each day of the week. Activities examined included work, domestic work, personal needs, and discretionary (leisure) time. Several significant difference…
Consulting with Citizens in the Design of Wellbeing Measures and Policies: Lessons from a Systems Science Application
Understanding the association between time spent caregiving and well-being among employed adults: Testing a Model of Work-Life Fit and Sense of Community
This study examines factors associated with work–life fit and sense of geographic community as mediators of the negative association between caregiving demands and well-being among employed informal caregivers. Data were drawn from a larger project assessing well-being among residents of three mid-size cities in Ontario, Canada. A subsample was selected of informal caregivers who worked for pay for at least eight hours/week (n = 276). Caregiving …
Highway to health? Commute time and well-being among Canadian adults
This paper examines commute time, time spent in activities benefical to well-being, and the relationship to self-assessed well-being. Using cross-sectional data from the 2010 Canadian General Social Survey, Cycle 24, time use patterns and feelings of well-being are assessed for a subsample of 3409 men and women who regularly commute to work by car. Drawing upon a resource drain model, daily activities known to affect well-being were selected for …
Ecotourism and Natural Resource Protection: Implications of An Alternative Form of Tourism for Host Nations
The growth of special interest tourism, or ecotourism, brings with it several concerns associated with the protection of the natural areas and features to which these types of tourists are drawn. In this paper, the concept of ecotourism is examined first as a form of alternative tourism, then case study examples are described that exemplify the special concerns for the natural resource base of host nations, and a profile of Canadian ecotourists t…
The role of health beliefs in moderating the relationship between leisure participation and wellbeing among older Chinese adults
Much research suggests that physical leisure activity contributes to wellbeing and that sedentary leisure activity diminishes wellbeing, but an increasing number of studies challenge this dominant discourse. To better understand the relationship and provide new insight to inconsistent findings, we examined how health beliefs concerning the benefits of leisure moderate the association between leisure participation and subjective wellbeing by drawi…
When you think your neighbour's cooking pot is better than yours: A mixed-methods exploration of inequality and wellbeing in Ghana
Measurement of feelings of obligation to volunteer: The Obligation to Volunteer as Commitment (OVC) and Obligation to Volunteer as Duty (OVD) scales
While definitions of volunteering centre on the concepts of freedom and choice, in practice volunteering can be imbued with aspects of obligation. This paper describes the development of measures of feelings of obligation to volunteer. As a foundation for scale development, a literature review of feelings of obligation to volunteer suggested two dimensions of obligation: commitment, related to the devotion of volunteers who engage in serious leis…
Use of Leisure Facilities and Wellbeing of Adult Caregivers
The current research examines leisure facility use as a moderator of the negative association of caregiving demands with wellbeing among informal caregivers. In accordance with the leisure constraints model, the study also explores the role of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural factors that may constrain or facilitate caregivers' use of leisure infrastructure. Data were collected as part of a survey conducted by the Canadian Index of We…
A Method for Describing Spatial Variations in Recreation Participation
The paper presents a methodology for describing spatial variations in recreation participation and a means of explaining the extent to which these variations are a function of demographic and residential structure. For exemplary purposes, “locational quotients”—indices reflecting the extent to which each of a set of areas departs from some regional average—are calculated for each of the 1981 Census Tracts (N = 65) for the membership categories of…
A Method for Describing Spatial Variations in Recreation Participation
The paper presents a methodology for describing spatial variations in recreation participation and a means of explaining the extent to which these variations are a function of demographic and residential structure. For exemplary purposes, “locational quotients”—indices reflecting the extent to which each of a set of areas departs from some regional average—are calculated for each of the 1981 Census Tracts (N = 65) for the membership categories of…
Life-Cycle Variations in Across-the-Week Allocation of Time to Selected Daily Activities
In this paper, the relationships between three major concepts are examined: life-cycle, daily uses of time, and weekly rhythms of everyday life. Using data drawn from the 1986 General Social Survey (Canada), five life-cycle groupings are compared on the time each devotes to selected activities on each day of the week. Activities examined included work, domestic work, personal needs, and discretionary (leisure) time. Several significant difference…
Ecotourism and Natural Resource Protection: Implications of An Alternative Form of Tourism for Host Nations
The growth of special interest tourism, or ecotourism, brings with it several concerns associated with the protection of the natural areas and features to which these types of tourists are drawn. In this paper, the concept of ecotourism is examined first as a form of alternative tourism, then case study examples are described that exemplify the special concerns for the natural resource base of host nations, and a profile of Canadian ecotourists t…
An Examination of Relationship Between Psychological Well-Being and Depression and Leisure Activity Participation Among Older Adults
Previous research has suggested that leisure participation is positively related to an individual's physical well-being and overall life satisfaction, but has generally neglected its relationship to psychological well-being and depression. Older adults are most susceptible to declines in these psychological states because of the losses typically associated with the aging process. Therefore, in this paper, the relationships between leisure activit…
More Work—Less Leisure? Changing Allocations of Time in Canada, 1981 to 1992
This article assesses changes in the distribution of time to major groups of daily activities in Canada between 1981 and 1992, and identifies social groups which have been exposed during this period to the greatest pressures of paid and unpaid work. The article examines, in particular: (a) trends in the allocation of time to paid work, domestic work, combined loads of paid and unpaid work, personal needs, and free time; (b) the changing compositi…
Longitudinal analyses of the relationships among life transitions, chronic health problems, leisure, and psychological well‐being
In an attempt to integrate research on stress coping and research on psychological well‐being, we conducted longitudinal and disaggregated analyses of the relationships between leisure‐related constructs (i.e., level of leisure participation and the importance of leisure goals) and psychological well‐being for groups of individuals classified by gender and life events (i.e., chronic health problems and life transitions). Using two surveys on well…
Bittersweet Journeys: Meanings of Leisure in the Institution-based Caregiving Context
Research on leisure and caregiving has focused almost exclusively on caregivers providing care in the community. Guided by a symbolic interactionist approach and the conceptual framework of the caregiving career, the purpose of this study was to examine the meaning of leisure in the institution-based caregiving context. How family members define their roles and how those role definitions then influence the meaning of leisure was explored within a…
A Short-term Longitudinal Analysis of Leisure Coping Used by Police and Emergency Response Service Workers
Despite the growth of leisure coping research, an important yet neglected idea is whether or not and how leisure contributes to coping with stress above and beyond the effects of general coping; that is, coping not directly associated with leisure (e.g., problem-focused coping). The purpose of the present study was to examine the contributions of leisure to coping with stress and maintaining good physical and mental health among workers of police…
Contributions of Leisure Participation in Predicting Stress Coping and Health among Police and Emergency Response Services Workers
This study examined the extent to which frequency and enjoyment measures of leisure participation predict adaptational outcomes, over and above the contributions of general coping. Police and emergency response services workers ( N = 132) participated in the study, and a repeated measures design was used. The study provides evidence that the type of leisure activity matters in predicting immediate adaptational outcomes (coping effectiveness, copi…
Association of Parkland Proximity with Neighborhood and Park-based Physical Activity: Variations by Gender and Age
This study examined how the number and total size of neighborhood parks within 1 kilometer (km) of participants' homes, as well as distance to the closest park, were associated with moderate-to-strenuous physical activity (MSPA) in three contexts: total, neighborhood-based, and park-based. Data were collected from 384 adults in a Canadian city. Each additional hectare of park area within 1 km increased the odds of participating in 150 or more min…
Civic Engagement Through Mandatory Community Service: Implications of Serious Leisure
This study explores university students' attitudes of social responsibility and participation in volunteering, examining how these are related to prior experiences of mandatory community service in high school. Students' perceptions of the quality of their mandatory community service experience were found to be powerful predictors of their attitudes towards social responsibility, while ongoing volunteering was found to be influenced more signific…
Serious Leisure as an Avenue for Nurturing Community
Using a communitarian framework to explore relationships between individuals and community, survey research was used to examine relationships among volunteers’ personal value orientations of individualism and collectivism, experiences of volunteering as serious leisure, and perceptions of sense of community and social cohesion. Based on survey responses from 300 current volunteers at ten voluntary organizations, findings linked collectivism and i…
Highway to health? Commute time and well-being among Canadian adults
This paper examines commute time, time spent in activities benefical to well-being, and the relationship to self-assessed well-being. Using cross-sectional data from the 2010 Canadian General Social Survey, Cycle 24, time use patterns and feelings of well-being are assessed for a subsample of 3409 men and women who regularly commute to work by car. Drawing upon a resource drain model, daily activities known to affect well-being were selected for …
Consulting with Citizens in the Design of Wellbeing Measures and Policies: Lessons from a Systems Science Application
Use of Leisure Facilities and Wellbeing of Adult Caregivers
The current research examines leisure facility use as a moderator of the negative association of caregiving demands with wellbeing among informal caregivers. In accordance with the leisure constraints model, the study also explores the role of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural factors that may constrain or facilitate caregivers' use of leisure infrastructure. Data were collected as part of a survey conducted by the Canadian Index of We…
Measurement of feelings of obligation to volunteer: The Obligation to Volunteer as Commitment (OVC) and Obligation to Volunteer as Duty (OVD) scales
While definitions of volunteering centre on the concepts of freedom and choice, in practice volunteering can be imbued with aspects of obligation. This paper describes the development of measures of feelings of obligation to volunteer. As a foundation for scale development, a literature review of feelings of obligation to volunteer suggested two dimensions of obligation: commitment, related to the devotion of volunteers who engage in serious leis…
Understanding the association between time spent caregiving and well-being among employed adults: Testing a Model of Work-Life Fit and Sense of Community
This study examines factors associated with work–life fit and sense of geographic community as mediators of the negative association between caregiving demands and well-being among employed informal caregivers. Data were drawn from a larger project assessing well-being among residents of three mid-size cities in Ontario, Canada. A subsample was selected of informal caregivers who worked for pay for at least eight hours/week (n = 276). Caregiving …
When you think your neighbour's cooking pot is better than yours: A mixed-methods exploration of inequality and wellbeing in Ghana
Examining the change in wellbeing following a holiday
The role of health beliefs in moderating the relationship between leisure participation and wellbeing among older Chinese adults
Much research suggests that physical leisure activity contributes to wellbeing and that sedentary leisure activity diminishes wellbeing, but an increasing number of studies challenge this dominant discourse. To better understand the relationship and provide new insight to inconsistent findings, we examined how health beliefs concerning the benefits of leisure moderate the association between leisure participation and subjective wellbeing by drawi…
Exploring the determinants and mitigating factors of loneliness among older adults
This study presents the results of an analysis of selected risk factors associated with loneliness and the effectiveness of mitigating factors in buffering feelings of loneliness among older adults (55 years and older). The relationship between loneliness and human health is increasingly a population health concern because increased loneliness leads to a deterioration of people's health and wellbeing. The data used in the study were drawn from th…
Stigma associated with dementia among recreation and leisure studies students and professionals
Stigma negatively impacts quality of life of people living with dementia and their families and their interactions with others (e.g. community members, health and social care professionals). While recreation and leisure studies professionals play a key role in challenging this stigma by facilitating the engagement of persons living with dementia in meaningful activities in their communities, to date no study has explored stigma associated with de…
Moderating effect of leisure satisfaction on the relationship between work-life conflict and life satisfaction
Moderating effects of recreation opportunities on the relationship between leisure and wellbeing among children and youth
Moderating Effect of Leisure Satisfaction on the Association between Loneliness and Subjective Wellbeing among Older Adults
This study explores the role of leisure satisfaction as a potential moderator in the relationship between feelings of loneliness and subjective wellbeing among older adults. Data were drawn from a survey of a stratified random sample of residents living in a southwestern region of Ontario, Canada, during the fall of 2022, and focused on respondents who are 65 years of age and older (n = 1,391). Results of moderation analyses suggest that leisure …
Psychology (21 works) · Social Psychology (16 works) · Social Psychology (15 works) · Political science (13 works) · Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management (12 works) · Medicine (11 works) · Sociology (10 works) · Gerontology (8 works) · Demography (6 works) · Demography (6 works)