B Charbonneau
Biographic Data
| ID | 39602 |
|---|---|
| NAME | B Charbonneau |
| GIVEN NAMES | B |
| FAMILY NAME | Charbonneau |
| SIGNATURE | CHARBONNEAU B |
| AFFILIATIONS | Laurentian University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0373-7174 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 36 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 113 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 36 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
The polycrisis and the uncertainty possibility space
Non-technical summary At the heart of the polycrisis debate is the struggle to grapple with both the scientific and political uncertainties of the Anthropocene. The struggles over what to do about the polycrisis are thus found at the intersection of science and politics. We must approach the polycrisis as simultaneously a scientific and political challenge. To do so we propose that the polycrisis project adopts the methods of decision-making unde…
La polycrise au Sahel: Observations, perspectives et actions
The production of climate security futures in the West African Sahel
Much has been written and said about the consequences of climate change on security in the West African Sahel. Sceptics argue that claims about the links between global warming and conflict dynamics rest on limited evidence and questionable assumptions. Others work on the institutionalization and operationalization of climate security. This implementation seems inevitable, if slow, difficult, and at times vague, as there is simply no consensus on…
The climate of counterinsurgency and the future of security in the Sahel
The Sahel is regularly conceived as a space where the interaction between climate and conflict can be observed. With a high-dependence on rain-fed agriculture and livestock, climate variability leaves pastoralists and smallholders particularly vulnerable. Moreover, the region remains fragile, embodied by factors such as weak capacity of the state, inter-group inequality and a history of violent conflict; as well as a decade of regional French-led…
The importance of food systems in a climate crisis for peace and security in the Sahel
Conflicts are increasingly analysed as exhibiting a stealth complexity in which triggers and consequences are intricately linked to climate, environmental degradation and the struggle to control a finite pool of natural resources. The climate crisis is a multifaceted reality and, against this background, many pressing priorities compete with each other. The disruptive effect of climate variability and change on food systems is particularly acute …
The Covid-19 test of the United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has failed the COVID-19 test, unable to promote or facilitate multilateral cooperation in dealing with the outbreak. This is worrying given its relevance as a principal organ of the United Nations (UN) that could enable or constrain international cooperation and given the need for such cooperation in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. The failure of the UNSC to respond adequately to the COVID-19 pandem…
De la « guerre contre le terrorisme » aux guerres sans fins: La co-production de la violence en Afghanistan, au Mali et au Tchad
Quels sont les effets des interventions armées menées au nom de la « guerre contre le terrorisme » ? Fondé sur des études de cas localisées, en Afghanistan, au Mali et au Tchad, l’article invite à repenser les présupposés de l’interventionnisme et montre pourquoi la « guerre contre le terrorisme » ne peut être « gagnée » au sens classique du terme et comment elle contribue à perpétuer les conflits et à miner leur résolution. Si chaque configurati…
Guerre et contre-terrorisme
Andromaque : il m'a jur que cette guerre tait la dernire Cassandre : C'tait la dernire. La suivante l'attend . Giraudoux J., La Guerre de Troie n'aura pas lieu, Paris, Bernard Grasset, 1935, p. 12 (acte 1, scne premire) Q uel est le rle du contre-terrorisme guerrier, et plus gnralement des interventions militaires, dans la gense de la violence dite terroriste ? Cette question a merg dans le dbat public francophone -et principalement franais - la …
Counter-insurgency governance in the Sahel
Since 2013, the multiplication of regional and international strategies and actions directed at stabilizing Mali and the Sahel, and at countering and preventing violent extremism, has not improved the situation there and, arguably, some of it has made it worse. This article analyses the type of political order and regional governance that has been and is being built after almost a decade of international interventions in the West African Sahel. I…
Faire la paix au Mali: Les limites de l’acharnement contre-terroriste
L’intervention internationale au Mali est conduite sur la base d’un cadre conceptuel douteux et d’une grille d’analyse peu rigoureuse, soit la thèse de la menace terroriste. Un dispositif militaire impressionnant a ainsi été mobilisé pour contrer cette menace. Nous soutenons que l’importance et la centralité accordées aux efforts contre-terroristes sapent les efforts de résolution des conflits maliens. Face aux critiques concernant le contre-terr…
Introduction au dossier “Mali: Les défis de la résolution des conflits”
Depuis 2015, les rapports du Secretaire general des Nations unies sur la situation au Mali repetent que les conditions de securite se deteriorent. Tous les trois mois, donc, les conclusions restent
Power and Comparative Methods: Performing the Worlds of Armed Conflicts
This Special Issue emphasises how power and power relations involved in establishing limits and boundaries to define, categorise and understand the world through comparison are intimately tied to conflict and intervention practices and dynamics. Indeed, when pundits, practitioners, academics and even conflict actors compare settings of armed conflict and intervention, they are participating in an inherently political move. The most off-handed of …
It is Not About Peace: UN Peacekeeping and Perpetual War
African border disorders: Addressing transnational extremist organizations
African border disorders: addressing transnational extremist organizations." Journal of Borderlands Studies, 34(5), pp. 833–834
Privileged Sphere of Comparison: Empire, Methods and Conflict Intervention
Comparison is a method that cannot avoid that its concepts are approximations made for specific audiences or purposes. Deployed to compare armed conflicts, it naturalises the state as the central unit of analysis and the intervention as the external context. This article proposes a strategy that reveals the colonial legacies that form or perform the units of analysis. The possibility of comparing Côte d’Ivoire and Mali appears only when one consi…
Intervention as counter-insurgency politics
Today’s military interventions are best understood as a form of counter-insurgency politics. Counter-insurgency politics constructs a distinctive type of rule and governance through military intervention. It normalises the use of military force in the management and suppression of instability instead of resolving conflict. Its practices are not predisposed to the usual International Relations binaries, however, as counter-insurgency politics invo…
Intervention in Mali: Building peace between peacekeeping and counterterrorism
This article examines the effects of UN peacekeeping and international counterterrorism operations upon the possibilities of peace in Mali. Following the January 2013 French operation Serval, the international intervention was divided between two military missions: UN peacekeeping in Mali and French-led counterterrorism. The article explores what it means to distinguish between peacekeeping and counterterrorism for international conflict manageme…
Whose ‘West Africa’? The regional dynamics of peace and security
The articles of this Special Issue show how theoretical perspectives, normative frames, discursive strategies and conceptual issues shape, and are shaped by, intervention practices and the dynamics of peace and security in West Africa. As they construe and construct understandings of West African conflicts, they impact and justify conflict management practices. Put another way, how one defines the region called West Africa is not disassociated fr…
Christopher S. Chivvis. The French War on Al Qa’ida in Africa
De Serval à Barkhane: Les problèmes de la guerre contre le terrorisme au Sahel
France and the New Imperialism: Security Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa
The role of French security policy and cooperation in Africa has long been recognized as a critically important factor in African politics and international relations. The newest form of security cooperation, a trend which merges security and development and which is actively promoted by other major Western powers, adds to our understanding of this broader trend in African relations with the industrialized North. This book investigates whether Fr…
The Politics of Peacekeeping Interventions in Africa
Fighting for Liberal Peace in Mali? The Limits of International Military Intervention
The January 2013 French military intervention in Mali exposed the rising threat of ‘terrorist’ and illicit networks in the Sahel, but more importantly the intertwined limits of Malian politics and of the international politics of African conflict management. While much has been written about the ‘liberal peace’, this article argues that what is at stake in this debate is the consistency of the ‘liberal peace’ ideological form and what governance …
Legions of Peace: UN Peacekeepers from the Global South
Philip Cunliffe's Legions of Peace begins with two observations. The first is that ‘UN peacekeeping is the most widely spread application of military power in international affairs today’ (1). The
The imperial legacy of international peacebuilding: The case of Francophone Africa
Comparisons of peacebuilding with historic practices of imperialism are common, but these comparisons have sustained a hegemonic antagonism between humanitarian and imperialist interpretations of international peace intervention. This article argues that this common framing externalises the problem of intervention, romanticises local resistance, and forecloses to investigation the articulation between militarised peace practices and transnational…
War and Peace in Côte d'Ivoire: Violence, Agency, and the Local/International Line
Violence in the context of international peace interventions is rarely problematized. It is associated with the conflict belligerents, while the violence deployed by peacekeepers is not conceived as such, but as ‘peace operations’ that mitigate, subdue or deter the belligerents' violence. This common interpretation comes from a discrimination between ‘local’ and ‘international’ that is considered theoretically necessary to understand intervention…
Dreams of Empire: France, Europe, and the New Interventionism in Africa
This paper argues that European cooperation in the management of African crises is not inherently more legitimate than previous unilateral forms of intervention. Nonetheless, the French colonial tradition of military intervention and continued efforts to maintain French hegemony are not necessarily incompatible with a European capacity to manage African crises. The cases of the French interventions in Côte d'Ivoire and in Chad/Darfur will support…
Intervention in Mali: Building peace between peacekeeping and counterterrorism
This article examines the effects of UN peacekeeping and international counterterrorism operations upon the possibilities of peace in Mali. Following the January 2013 French operation Serval, the international intervention was divided between two military missions: UN peacekeeping in Mali and French-led counterterrorism. The article explores what it means to distinguish between peacekeeping and counterterrorism for international conflict manageme…
Fighting for Liberal Peace in Mali? The Limits of International Military Intervention
The January 2013 French military intervention in Mali exposed the rising threat of ‘terrorist’ and illicit networks in the Sahel, but more importantly the intertwined limits of Malian politics and of the international politics of African conflict management. While much has been written about the ‘liberal peace’, this article argues that what is at stake in this debate is the consistency of the ‘liberal peace’ ideological form and what governance …
The imperial legacy of international peacebuilding: The case of Francophone Africa
Comparisons of peacebuilding with historic practices of imperialism are common, but these comparisons have sustained a hegemonic antagonism between humanitarian and imperialist interpretations of international peace intervention. This article argues that this common framing externalises the problem of intervention, romanticises local resistance, and forecloses to investigation the articulation between militarised peace practices and transnational…
Counter-insurgency governance in the Sahel
Since 2013, the multiplication of regional and international strategies and actions directed at stabilizing Mali and the Sahel, and at countering and preventing violent extremism, has not improved the situation there and, arguably, some of it has made it worse. This article analyses the type of political order and regional governance that has been and is being built after almost a decade of international interventions in the West African Sahel. I…
Faire la guerre pour un Mali démocratique: L'Intervention Militaire Française Et La Gestion Des Possibilités Politiques Contestées
Le 11 janvier 2013, le président François Hollande justifiait une intervention militaire française au Mali sur la possibilité de l'effondrement de l'État malien face à une rébellion armée dans le Nord du pays. La guerre était ainsi autorisée et expliquée par l'incapacité de l'État malien à répondre à la menace. Ces explications et analyses centrées sur les enjeux sécuritaires cachent plus qu'elles ne révèlent, notamment les objectifs ontologiques…
De Serval à Barkhane: Les problèmes de la guerre contre le terrorisme au Sahel
The climate of counterinsurgency and the future of security in the Sahel
The Sahel is regularly conceived as a space where the interaction between climate and conflict can be observed. With a high-dependence on rain-fed agriculture and livestock, climate variability leaves pastoralists and smallholders particularly vulnerable. Moreover, the region remains fragile, embodied by factors such as weak capacity of the state, inter-group inequality and a history of violent conflict; as well as a decade of regional French-led…
Introduction: Peace Operations and Francophone Spaces
This introductory article presents the history of francophone spaces to critically assess their specificity, and to situate them in academic debates on peace operations. It argues that the specificity is the inescapable a priori context of peace missions, even if this context is rapidly evolving and in interaction with non-francophone spaces. The specificity is nevertheless increasingly difficult to identify, as new practices and conditions emerg…
What Is So Special about the European Union? EU–UN Cooperation in Crisis Management in Africa
This article analyses the ways in which rapidly emerging narratives of EU–UN cooperation in military crisis management are rewriting and re-authorizing European practices of military intervention in Africa. By problematizing the underlying assumptions, this article points to the increasing significance of uncertainties about the location of contemporary political life, the location of ‘crisis management’, and thus to the diverse effects of a cris…
Intervention as counter-insurgency politics
Today’s military interventions are best understood as a form of counter-insurgency politics. Counter-insurgency politics constructs a distinctive type of rule and governance through military intervention. It normalises the use of military force in the management and suppression of instability instead of resolving conflict. Its practices are not predisposed to the usual International Relations binaries, however, as counter-insurgency politics invo…
The Politics of Peacekeeping Interventions in Africa
Côte d'Ivoire: Possibilités et limites d'une réconciliation
En Côte d’Ivoire, malgré les déclarations d’intention des dirigeants ivoiriens, les obstacles politiques aux réformes sont nombreux, et parfois en contradiction avec l’objectif avoué de réconciliation. L’analyse des possibilités et des limites de cette réconciliation démontre que non seulement la consolidation de la paix piétine, mais que la situation politique favorise un gel des positions. Les limites de la réconciliation ivoirienne se retrouve…
The production of climate security futures in the West African Sahel
Much has been written and said about the consequences of climate change on security in the West African Sahel. Sceptics argue that claims about the links between global warming and conflict dynamics rest on limited evidence and questionable assumptions. Others work on the institutionalization and operationalization of climate security. This implementation seems inevitable, if slow, difficult, and at times vague, as there is simply no consensus on…
The importance of food systems in a climate crisis for peace and security in the Sahel
Conflicts are increasingly analysed as exhibiting a stealth complexity in which triggers and consequences are intricately linked to climate, environmental degradation and the struggle to control a finite pool of natural resources. The climate crisis is a multifaceted reality and, against this background, many pressing priorities compete with each other. The disruptive effect of climate variability and change on food systems is particularly acute …
Power and Comparative Methods: Performing the Worlds of Armed Conflicts
This Special Issue emphasises how power and power relations involved in establishing limits and boundaries to define, categorise and understand the world through comparison are intimately tied to conflict and intervention practices and dynamics. Indeed, when pundits, practitioners, academics and even conflict actors compare settings of armed conflict and intervention, they are participating in an inherently political move. The most off-handed of …
It is Not About Peace: UN Peacekeeping and Perpetual War
Privileged Sphere of Comparison: Empire, Methods and Conflict Intervention
Comparison is a method that cannot avoid that its concepts are approximations made for specific audiences or purposes. Deployed to compare armed conflicts, it naturalises the state as the central unit of analysis and the intervention as the external context. This article proposes a strategy that reveals the colonial legacies that form or perform the units of analysis. The possibility of comparing Côte d’Ivoire and Mali appears only when one consi…
De la « guerre contre le terrorisme » aux guerres sans fins: La co-production de la violence en Afghanistan, au Mali et au Tchad
Quels sont les effets des interventions armées menées au nom de la « guerre contre le terrorisme » ? Fondé sur des études de cas localisées, en Afghanistan, au Mali et au Tchad, l’article invite à repenser les présupposés de l’interventionnisme et montre pourquoi la « guerre contre le terrorisme » ne peut être « gagnée » au sens classique du terme et comment elle contribue à perpétuer les conflits et à miner leur résolution. Si chaque configurati…
African border disorders: Addressing transnational extremist organizations
African border disorders: addressing transnational extremist organizations." Journal of Borderlands Studies, 34(5), pp. 833–834
Global Order, US Hegemony and Military Integration: The Canadian-American Defense Relationship
Journal Article Global Order, US Hegemony and Military Integration: The Canadian-American Defense Relationship Get access Bruno Charbonneau, Bruno Charbonneau Laurentian University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Wayne S. Cox Wayne S. Cox Queen's University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Political Sociology, Volume 2, Issue 4, December 2008, Pages 305…
Mastering “Irrational” Violence: The Relegitimization of French Security Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa
The global context of the 1990s imposed constraints on French security policy in sub-Saharan Africa, but it has also offered new opportunities to reauthorize and relegitimize French military cooperation, military intervention, and prepositioned forces after the fiasco of the Rwandan genocide. It is argued that the post-Rwanda French military doctrine of the mastery of violence has relegitimized French hegemony by identifying violence as the enemy…
Mastering “Irrational” Violence: The Relegitimization of French Security Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa
The global context of the 1990s imposed constraints on French security policy in sub-Saharan Africa, but it has also offered new opportunities to reauthorize and relegitimize French military cooperation, military intervention, and prepositioned forces after the fiasco of the Rwandan genocide. It is argued that the post-Rwanda French military doctrine of the mastery of violence has relegitimized French hegemony by identifying violence as the enemy…
Dreams of Empire: France, Europe, and the New Interventionism in Africa
This paper argues that European cooperation in the management of African crises is not inherently more legitimate than previous unilateral forms of intervention. Nonetheless, the French colonial tradition of military intervention and continued efforts to maintain French hegemony are not necessarily incompatible with a European capacity to manage African crises. The cases of the French interventions in Côte d'Ivoire and in Chad/Darfur will support…
Global Order, US Hegemony and Military Integration: The Canadian-American Defense Relationship
Journal Article Global Order, US Hegemony and Military Integration: The Canadian-American Defense Relationship Get access Bruno Charbonneau, Bruno Charbonneau Laurentian University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Wayne S. Cox Wayne S. Cox Queen's University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Political Sociology, Volume 2, Issue 4, December 2008, Pages 305…
L’Union européenne et l’immigration clandestine: De la sécurité intérieure à la construction de la communauté politique de Denis Duez, Bruxelles, Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 2008, 280 p
L’Union européenne et l’immigration clandestine : de la sécurité intérieure à la construction de la communauté politique de Denis Duez, Bruxelles, Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 2008, 280 p.. Un article de la revue Politique et Sociétés (La politique de la reconnaissance et la théorie critique) diffusée par la plateforme Érudit
What Is So Special about the European Union? EU–UN Cooperation in Crisis Management in Africa
This article analyses the ways in which rapidly emerging narratives of EU–UN cooperation in military crisis management are rewriting and re-authorizing European practices of military intervention in Africa. By problematizing the underlying assumptions, this article points to the increasing significance of uncertainties about the location of contemporary political life, the location of ‘crisis management’, and thus to the diverse effects of a cris…
Securing Africa: Post-9/11 discourses on terrorism
Journal Article Securing Africa: Post-9/11 discourses on terrorism Get access Securing Africa: Post-9/11 discourses on terrorism, edited by Malinda S. Smith. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010. xxiii + 247 pp. £55 (hardback). ISBN 978 0 75467 545 7. Bruno Charbonneau Bruno Charbonneau Laurentian University, Ontario [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 110, Issue 440, July …
War and Peace in Côte d'Ivoire: Violence, Agency, and the Local/International Line
Violence in the context of international peace interventions is rarely problematized. It is associated with the conflict belligerents, while the violence deployed by peacekeepers is not conceived as such, but as ‘peace operations’ that mitigate, subdue or deter the belligerents' violence. This common interpretation comes from a discrimination between ‘local’ and ‘international’ that is considered theoretically necessary to understand intervention…
Introduction: Peace Operations and Francophone Spaces
This introductory article presents the history of francophone spaces to critically assess their specificity, and to situate them in academic debates on peace operations. It argues that the specificity is the inescapable a priori context of peace missions, even if this context is rapidly evolving and in interaction with non-francophone spaces. The specificity is nevertheless increasingly difficult to identify, as new practices and conditions emerg…
Emmanuel Goffi et Grégory Boutherin. Les Conflits et le Droit
Côte d'Ivoire: Possibilités et limites d'une réconciliation
En Côte d’Ivoire, malgré les déclarations d’intention des dirigeants ivoiriens, les obstacles politiques aux réformes sont nombreux, et parfois en contradiction avec l’objectif avoué de réconciliation. L’analyse des possibilités et des limites de cette réconciliation démontre que non seulement la consolidation de la paix piétine, mais que la situation politique favorise un gel des positions. Les limites de la réconciliation ivoirienne se retrouve…
Fighting for Liberal Peace in Mali? The Limits of International Military Intervention
The January 2013 French military intervention in Mali exposed the rising threat of ‘terrorist’ and illicit networks in the Sahel, but more importantly the intertwined limits of Malian politics and of the international politics of African conflict management. While much has been written about the ‘liberal peace’, this article argues that what is at stake in this debate is the consistency of the ‘liberal peace’ ideological form and what governance …
Legions of Peace: UN Peacekeepers from the Global South
Philip Cunliffe's Legions of Peace begins with two observations. The first is that ‘UN peacekeeping is the most widely spread application of military power in international affairs today’ (1). The
The imperial legacy of international peacebuilding: The case of Francophone Africa
Comparisons of peacebuilding with historic practices of imperialism are common, but these comparisons have sustained a hegemonic antagonism between humanitarian and imperialist interpretations of international peace intervention. This article argues that this common framing externalises the problem of intervention, romanticises local resistance, and forecloses to investigation the articulation between militarised peace practices and transnational…
Faire la guerre pour un Mali démocratique: L'Intervention Militaire Française Et La Gestion Des Possibilités Politiques Contestées
Le 11 janvier 2013, le président François Hollande justifiait une intervention militaire française au Mali sur la possibilité de l'effondrement de l'État malien face à une rébellion armée dans le Nord du pays. La guerre était ainsi autorisée et expliquée par l'incapacité de l'État malien à répondre à la menace. Ces explications et analyses centrées sur les enjeux sécuritaires cachent plus qu'elles ne révèlent, notamment les objectifs ontologiques…
The Politics of Peacekeeping Interventions in Africa
France and the New Imperialism: Security Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa
The role of French security policy and cooperation in Africa has long been recognized as a critically important factor in African politics and international relations. The newest form of security cooperation, a trend which merges security and development and which is actively promoted by other major Western powers, adds to our understanding of this broader trend in African relations with the industrialized North. This book investigates whether Fr…
Intervention in Mali: Building peace between peacekeeping and counterterrorism
This article examines the effects of UN peacekeeping and international counterterrorism operations upon the possibilities of peace in Mali. Following the January 2013 French operation Serval, the international intervention was divided between two military missions: UN peacekeeping in Mali and French-led counterterrorism. The article explores what it means to distinguish between peacekeeping and counterterrorism for international conflict manageme…
Whose ‘West Africa’? The regional dynamics of peace and security
The articles of this Special Issue show how theoretical perspectives, normative frames, discursive strategies and conceptual issues shape, and are shaped by, intervention practices and the dynamics of peace and security in West Africa. As they construe and construct understandings of West African conflicts, they impact and justify conflict management practices. Put another way, how one defines the region called West Africa is not disassociated fr…
Christopher S. Chivvis. The French War on Al Qa’ida in Africa
De Serval à Barkhane: Les problèmes de la guerre contre le terrorisme au Sahel
Faire la paix au Mali: Les limites de l’acharnement contre-terroriste
L’intervention internationale au Mali est conduite sur la base d’un cadre conceptuel douteux et d’une grille d’analyse peu rigoureuse, soit la thèse de la menace terroriste. Un dispositif militaire impressionnant a ainsi été mobilisé pour contrer cette menace. Nous soutenons que l’importance et la centralité accordées aux efforts contre-terroristes sapent les efforts de résolution des conflits maliens. Face aux critiques concernant le contre-terr…
Introduction au dossier “Mali: Les défis de la résolution des conflits”
Depuis 2015, les rapports du Secretaire general des Nations unies sur la situation au Mali repetent que les conditions de securite se deteriorent. Tous les trois mois, donc, les conclusions restent
Power and Comparative Methods: Performing the Worlds of Armed Conflicts
This Special Issue emphasises how power and power relations involved in establishing limits and boundaries to define, categorise and understand the world through comparison are intimately tied to conflict and intervention practices and dynamics. Indeed, when pundits, practitioners, academics and even conflict actors compare settings of armed conflict and intervention, they are participating in an inherently political move. The most off-handed of …
It is Not About Peace: UN Peacekeeping and Perpetual War
African border disorders: Addressing transnational extremist organizations
African border disorders: addressing transnational extremist organizations." Journal of Borderlands Studies, 34(5), pp. 833–834
Political science (34 works) · Law (21 works) · Peacebuilding and International Security (21 works) · Sociology (19 works) · Law (17 works) · Politics (16 works) · African Studies and Geopolitics (14 works) · Political economy (14 works) · Economics (12 works) · Global Peace and Security Dynamics (9 works)