P Epps
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 39705 |
|---|---|
| NOME | P Epps |
| PRENOMES | P |
| SOBRENOME | Epps |
| ASSINATURA | EPPS P |
| AFILIAÇÕES | The University of Texas at Austin |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7429-7885 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 42 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 214 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 41 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2005 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Tonogenesis in the Naduhup family of northwest Amazonia
While tone is widely encountered among Amazonian languages, Amazonia has generally been underrepresented in wider studies of tone and tonal diachrony. This paper offers a case study of tonogenesis within the small Naduhup language family of western Amazonia. We propose that Naduhup tonogenesis was grounded in a prior contrast involving vowel length and was linked to coda voicing. Contact with neighboring languages in which tone was already presen…
Diachrony and Diachronica
Jean E. Jackson
This essay celebrates the work of Jean E. Jackson, a pioneering female ethnographer who devoted most of her fifty-year career to the Indigenous peoples of Colombia. Her research, represented in an extensive set of publications from the early 1970s to the present, engages with themes of identity, stigma, and social inequality, manifested across a range of contexts. Jackson’s ethnographic contributions include her ground-breaking early work on Indi…
Introduction
Recent decades have seen an exponential growth in our understanding of the indigenous languages of lowland South America – from their structures and interrelationships to the dynamics of their day-to-day use and the ways they are conceptualized by their speakers. These advances highlight not only the diversity of languages in lowland South America, but also the complexity of the dynamics of interaction among speakers in multilingual settings. The…
Acervos E a Documentação Linguística
Enquanto que mais e mais línguas do mundo se tornam ameaçadas, sua documentação fornece recursos importantes para linguistas e comunidades. Os linguistas olham para os acervos digitais como um recurso essencial para garantir a preservação, conservação e acesso dos resultados de seu trabalho. Neste artigo, consideramos os benefícios e desafios associados ao arquivamento na documentação linguística, relacionados a questões de preservação, conservaç…
Tesouros linguísticos escondidos nas histórias e nas conversas
O legado de Boas tem sido retomado na área de documentação e descrição das línguas indígenas. Um dos seus pontos centrais é deixar a língua contar a sua própria história, ou seja, permitir aos falantes falarem por si mesmos, criando um registro de fala espontânea em situações de comunicação naturais. Isso, segundo Boas, facilitaria a descoberta de estruturas e categorias gramaticais, lexicais e culturais que permaneceriam obscuras para o pesquisa…
Multiculturalismo, gênero e etnografia
O presente trabalho busca apresentar a trajetória e as principais contribuições de Jean E. Jackson para a antropologia sul-americana no âmbito do dossiê "Femmes pionnières de l'anthropologie sud-américaniste". Retoma-se o caráter pioneiro de seu trabalho etnográfico com povos indígenas do Uaupés colombiano, e o modo como a perspectiva etnográfica da autora interliga suas outras linhas de pesquisa com identidade, movimentos indígenas e pacientes d…
Marcación Diferencial De Objeto Y Referencialidad en Quichua Santiagueño
El quichua santiagueo (quechua, Argentina) es una lengua de alineamiento nominativo-acusativo con marcacin de casos en los dependientes. En esta investigacin se sostiene que la distribucin del sufijo de caso acusativo (-ta) no responde exclusivamente al parmetro sintctico, sino que dicha marcacin es sensible a las propiedades semnticas del referente que se expresa. La distribucin del marcador -ta interacta con otros constituyentes y sufijos de la…
Grambank reveals the importance of genealogical constraints on linguistic diversity and highlights the impact of language loss
While global patterns of human genetic diversity are increasingly well characterized, the diversity of human languages remains less systematically described. Here we outline the Grambank database. With over 400,000 data points and 2,400 languages, Grambank is the largest comparative grammatical database available. The comprehensiveness of Grambank allows us to quantify the relative effects of genealogical inheritance and geographic proximity on t…
Number Marking in Nadëb
One of the most robust sources of fresh insights into typological categories comes from our growing knowledge of the indigenous languages of South America, a region that until recently has been significantly under-represented in typological studies. This paper offers a case in point through the investigation of number in Nadëb, a member of the small Naduhup family of the northwest Amazon, which reveals several typologically intriguing features. O…
Diversifying multilingualism
Purpose: This paper argues for an ethnographically grounded approach to the study of linguistic diversity and multilingualism, taking local ideologies as a starting point for understanding how language varieties emerge and are maintained. It encourages a broad view of multilingualism that includes registers, lects, and other ways in which linguistic and social difference may be aligned and negotiated. Approach: Taking indigenous Amazonia as a cas…
Multilingual Networks Past and Present
In Amazonia, interfluvial groups such as the Naduhup (Makú) peoples of the northwest Amazon have tended to be less visible than riverine peoples in the historical record, but are also more likely to maintain their cultural and linguistic identity over time. Hence the languages of these groups may offer insights into Indigenous histories that have otherwise been largely overlooked or obliterated. Lexicon, grammar, and discourse indicate that the N…
Enactive Aesthetics
This paper explores the genre of incantation as it is practiced by the Hup (Makú) people of the northwest Amazon, and considers the challenges it brings to our conceptions of verbal art and its documentation. Hup incantation is fundamentally multifaceted, bringing to bear multiple performative events, voices, and audiences across ritual and social contexts. It is also both highly artistic and maximally enactive, such that its aesthetic and utilit…
Hup bi'id ɨd
In this paper, we explore the genre of shamanic incantation (bi'id ɨd) among the Hup people of the northwest Amazon. We consider the artistic features that characterize bi'id ɨd as both verbal art and powerful shamanic action - most notably the intersecting layers of parallelism, the leveraging of metaphor from both literal and figurative perspectives, and the strategic use of evidentials. We also consider the astonishingly complex taxonomy and c…
Contrasting linguistic ecologies
Caminhos De Sopro
Vagarosamente, as pegadas dos viajantes Hupd'äh deixam a aldeia e seguem pelos caminhos de mata. Tateiam o solo úmido da floresta amazônica pisando e repisando percursos ancestrais. Devidamente protegidos pela ação xamânica dos anciões, os jovens caminhantes seguem seus mentores, observam plantas, paisagens, rastros e ouvem encantamentos xamânicos. Partindo da análise comparativa entre, de um lado, viagens para lugares sagrados (morros e cavernas…
Reconsidering the "Makú" Language Family of Northwest Amazonia
The so-called Makú or Makú-Puinavean language family of the Northwest Amazon has long been assumed to include the languages Hup, Yuhup, Dâw, and Nadëb (the "Naduhupan" group), the sisters Kakua and Nukak, and the language Puinave (or Wã́nsöjöt). Here we evaluate these putative relationships, drawing on a range of newly available lexical and grammatical data. We argue that, although there is solid linguistic evidence of genetic relationship among …
A Holistic Humanities of Speaking
We take up Boas's commitment to the establishment of a large corpus of texts from the indigenous languages and peoples of the Americas, examining what we take to be his fundamental principles: using texts as the philological record from which to document and explore language, culture, and intellectual life on their own terms; training speakers to engage in documentation through the creation and analysis of texts; and a focus on the emergence of p…
Hunter-gatherer situations
Subsistence pattern and contact-driven language change
While it is well known that processes of contact-driven language change are sensitive to socio-cultural factors, the question of whether these apply differently among hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists has engendered considerable debate. These dynamics have been particularly underexplored in the Amazon basin, where high linguistic diversity has until very recently been coupled with a dearth of quality documentation. This investigation undertak…
Wanderwörter in languages of the Americas and Australia
Wanderwörter are a problematic set of words in historical linguistics. They usually make up a small proportion of the total vocabulary of individual languages, and only a minority of loanwords. They are, however, found frequently in languages from across the world. There is, to our knowledge, no general synthesis of Wanderwörter patterns, causes of exceptionally high borrowing rates for particular lexical items, or estimates of their frequency ac…
Loan and Inheritance Patterns in Hunter-Gatherer Ethnobiological Systems
We compare the etymologies of ethnobiological nomenclature in 130 hunter-gatherer and agriculturist languages in Australia, North America, and Amazonia. Previous work has identified correlations between systems of ethnobiological terminology and dominant means of community subsistence, relating stability of terminology to the “salience” of the items. However, the relevance of subsistence patterns to the development of ethnobiological nomenclature…
The Languages of the Amazon by Alexandra Aikhenvald
The Paleobiolinguistics of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)
Paleobiolinguistics is used to determine when and where the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) developed significance for prehistoric groups of Native America. Dates and locations of proto-languages for which common bean terms reconstruct generally accord with crop-origin and dispersal information from plant genetics and archaeobotany. Paleobiolinguistic and other lines of evidence indicate that human interest in the common bean became significa…
The Paleobiolinguistics of Maize (Zea mays L)
Paleobiolinguistics is used to determine when and where maize (Zea mays) developed significance for different prehistoric groups of Native America. Dates and locations of proto-languages for which maize terms reconstruct generally accord with crop-origin and dispersal information from plant genetics and archaeobotany. Paleobiolinguistic and other lines of evidence indicate that human interest in maize was extensive millennia before the widespread…
Contrasting linguistic ecologies
Language Classification, Language Contact, and Amazonian Prehistory
The linguistic map of Amazonia presents a startling jumble of languages and language families. While some families - most notably Carib, Arawak, Macro-Jê, and Tupí- are distributed widely throughout the region, their spread is interspersed with many dozens of tiny, localized families and language isolates, particularly in the Amazonian periphery. At the same time, distributions of lexical, grammatical, and phonological features suggest that this …
A Holistic Humanities of Speaking
We take up Boas's commitment to the establishment of a large corpus of texts from the indigenous languages and peoples of the Americas, examining what we take to be his fundamental principles: using texts as the philological record from which to document and explore language, culture, and intellectual life on their own terms; training speakers to engage in documentation through the creation and analysis of texts; and a focus on the emergence of p…
Areal diffusion and the development of evidentiality
Evidentiality is prone to diffusion and has been identified as a diagnostic feature of linguistic areas such as the Vaupés region of the Brazilian Amazon (e.g., Aikhenvald and Dixon 1998). This paper examines the processes by which a complex evidentiality system can develop in a particular language, catalyzed by language contact but fed by language-internal resources. The discussion considers data from Hup, a Vaupés language of the Vaupés-Japurá …
Reconsidering the "Makú" Language Family of Northwest Amazonia
The so-called Makú or Makú-Puinavean language family of the Northwest Amazon has long been assumed to include the languages Hup, Yuhup, Dâw, and Nadëb (the "Naduhupan" group), the sisters Kakua and Nukak, and the language Puinave (or Wã́nsöjöt). Here we evaluate these putative relationships, drawing on a range of newly available lexical and grammatical data. We argue that, although there is solid linguistic evidence of genetic relationship among …
The Paleobiolinguistics of Domesticated Chili Pepper (Capsicum spp)
Paleobiolinguistics employs the comparative method of historical linguistics to reconstruct the biodiversity known to human groups of the remote, unrecorded past. Comparison of words for biological species from languages of the same language family facilitates reconstruction of the biological vocabulary of the family's ancient proto-language. This study uses paleobiolinguistics to establish where and when chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) developed s…
Inheritance, calquing, or independent innovation? Reconstructing morphological complexity in Amazonian numerals
The reconstruction of morphologically complex forms offers familiar problems. As illustrated by textbook examples like Bloomfield's seemingly reconstructable anachronism-Algonquian 'fire-water' for 'whisky'-the existence of corresponding complex forms across related languages can alternatively be attributed to calquing or parallel independent innovation. This paper considers the problem of accounting for the history of complex forms in the contex…
The Paleobiolinguistics of Maize (Zea mays L)
Paleobiolinguistics is used to determine when and where maize (Zea mays) developed significance for different prehistoric groups of Native America. Dates and locations of proto-languages for which maize terms reconstruct generally accord with crop-origin and dispersal information from plant genetics and archaeobotany. Paleobiolinguistic and other lines of evidence indicate that human interest in maize was extensive millennia before the widespread…
The Paleobiolinguistics of Domesticated Manioc (Manihot esculenta)
Paleobiolinguistics is used to identify on maps where and when manioc (Manihot esculenta) developed importance for different prehistoric groups of Native Americans. This information indicates, among other things, that significant interest in manioc developed at least a millennium before a village-farming way of life became widespread in the New World
Subsistence pattern and contact-driven language change
While it is well known that processes of contact-driven language change are sensitive to socio-cultural factors, the question of whether these apply differently among hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists has engendered considerable debate. These dynamics have been particularly underexplored in the Amazon basin, where high linguistic diversity has until very recently been coupled with a dearth of quality documentation. This investigation undertak…
Diversifying multilingualism
Purpose: This paper argues for an ethnographically grounded approach to the study of linguistic diversity and multilingualism, taking local ideologies as a starting point for understanding how language varieties emerge and are maintained. It encourages a broad view of multilingualism that includes registers, lects, and other ways in which linguistic and social difference may be aligned and negotiated. Approach: Taking indigenous Amazonia as a cas…
Caminhos De Sopro
Vagarosamente, as pegadas dos viajantes Hupd'äh deixam a aldeia e seguem pelos caminhos de mata. Tateiam o solo úmido da floresta amazônica pisando e repisando percursos ancestrais. Devidamente protegidos pela ação xamânica dos anciões, os jovens caminhantes seguem seus mentores, observam plantas, paisagens, rastros e ouvem encantamentos xamânicos. Partindo da análise comparativa entre, de um lado, viagens para lugares sagrados (morros e cavernas…
The Paleobiolinguistics of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)
Paleobiolinguistics is used to determine when and where the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) developed significance for prehistoric groups of Native America. Dates and locations of proto-languages for which common bean terms reconstruct generally accord with crop-origin and dispersal information from plant genetics and archaeobotany. Paleobiolinguistic and other lines of evidence indicate that human interest in the common bean became significa…
Enactive Aesthetics
This paper explores the genre of incantation as it is practiced by the Hup (Makú) people of the northwest Amazon, and considers the challenges it brings to our conceptions of verbal art and its documentation. Hup incantation is fundamentally multifaceted, bringing to bear multiple performative events, voices, and audiences across ritual and social contexts. It is also both highly artistic and maximally enactive, such that its aesthetic and utilit…
Hup bi'id ɨd
In this paper, we explore the genre of shamanic incantation (bi'id ɨd) among the Hup people of the northwest Amazon. We consider the artistic features that characterize bi'id ɨd as both verbal art and powerful shamanic action - most notably the intersecting layers of parallelism, the leveraging of metaphor from both literal and figurative perspectives, and the strategic use of evidentials. We also consider the astonishingly complex taxonomy and c…
Hup's typological treasures
This paper presents several of the typologically most intriguing features of Hup, an endangered Nadahup (Makú) language spoken in the northwest Amazonian Vaupés region; these are differential object marking, evidentiality, noun classification, "bound" nouns and inalienable possession, and the multifunctional form teg. Each of these areas of Hup grammar and its typological significance are best understood within an approach that weaves explanation…
A linguística amazônica hoje
O presente artigo apresenta uma síntese das áreas de pesquisa mais ativas da linguística amazônica nos últimos dez anos. Abordam-se temas tais como os classificadores nominais, os sistemas de numeração, o tempo verbal e nominal, a evidencialidade, os diferentes sistemas de alinhamento sintático, problemas ligados à ordem de constituintes, as diversas formas da subordinação, as relações entre gramática, discurso e cultura, e a história e a classif…
Linking Valence Change And Modality
This paper examines the historical development of modal constructions in Hup, a Nadahup (Makú) language of northwest Amazonia. Most notably, the Hup Jussive (thirdperson imperative/optative) has arguably arisen from an applicative, a typologically unusual source for a construction of this kind. In its turn, the Hup Jussive has produced an epistemic modal. These developments hinge on the remarkably polyfunctional etymon ?ūh, which has two further,…
From 'wood' to future tense
Cross-linguistic comparison of future constructions (e.g. Bybee et al. 1994) shows that future grams almost invariably derive from verbs involving agent-oriented modality or spatial movement. However, the Hup language of the northwest Brazilian Amazon (Nadahup or 'Makú' family) has developed a future gram from a noun: 'wood, stick'. This paper traces a proposed path of grammaticalization from the free lexeme 'wood' to an increasingly abstract 'ge…
Introduction
Areal diffusion and the development of evidentiality
Evidentiality is prone to diffusion and has been identified as a diagnostic feature of linguistic areas such as the Vaupés region of the Brazilian Amazon (e.g., Aikhenvald and Dixon 1998). This paper examines the processes by which a complex evidentiality system can develop in a particular language, catalyzed by language contact but fed by language-internal resources. The discussion considers data from Hup, a Vaupés language of the Vaupés-Japurá …
Growing a numeral system
Numerals in many languages around the world can be argued to reflect a progressive build-up of historical stages (cf. Hurford 1987), each of which may also represent the synchronic upper limit of a numeral system in another language. This paper presents an intriguing test case of this claim by exploring the historical development of numerals in the languages of the Nadahup (Makú) family of the northwest Amazonian Vaupés region, in which the numer…
Grammatical borrowing in Hup
A Grammar of Hup
This work is a reference grammar of Hup, a member of the Nadahup family (also known as Makú or Vaupés-Japura), which is spoken in the fascinatingly multilingual Vaupés region of the northwest Amazon. This detailed description and analysis is informed by a functional-typological perspective, with particular reference to areal contact and grammaticalization. The grammar begins with an introduction to the cultural and linguistic background of Hup sp…
Hup's typological treasures
This paper presents several of the typologically most intriguing features of Hup, an endangered Nadahup (Makú) language spoken in the northwest Amazonian Vaupés region; these are differential object marking, evidentiality, noun classification, "bound" nouns and inalienable possession, and the multifunctional form teg. Each of these areas of Hup grammar and its typological significance are best understood within an approach that weaves explanation…
From 'wood' to future tense
Cross-linguistic comparison of future constructions (e.g. Bybee et al. 1994) shows that future grams almost invariably derive from verbs involving agent-oriented modality or spatial movement. However, the Hup language of the northwest Brazilian Amazon (Nadahup or 'Makú' family) has developed a future gram from a noun: 'wood, stick'. This paper traces a proposed path of grammaticalization from the free lexeme 'wood' to an increasingly abstract 'ge…
New Challenges in Typology
Typology; Linguistic Description
Escape from the noun phrase
This paper deals with the evolution of certain subordinating constructions in Hup, a Nadahup (Makú) language of the northwest Amazon. Internal reconstruction, informed by close resemblances among synchronically attested clause types, suggests that Hup’s headless relative clause has given rise to a converb construction, a subtype of adverbial in which a dedicated verb form modifies a main clause. This development provides new insight into the orig…
Syntax, souls, or speakers
Commentators on the Christian missionary organization SIL International have long noted the organization's bipartite structure, which embraces both evangelism and linguistic science. These seemingly dissociate goals are mutually reinforcing, with SIL's linguistic work contributing to its evangelical aims and vice versa. This paper focuses on a third, equally important, component of SIL's work that academic linguists tend to overlook: community de…
Language Classification, Language Contact, and Amazonian Prehistory
The linguistic map of Amazonia presents a startling jumble of languages and language families. While some families - most notably Carib, Arawak, Macro-Jê, and Tupí- are distributed widely throughout the region, their spread is interspersed with many dozens of tiny, localized families and language isolates, particularly in the Amazonian periphery. At the same time, distributions of lexical, grammatical, and phonological features suggest that this …
Linking Valence Change And Modality
This paper examines the historical development of modal constructions in Hup, a Nadahup (Makú) language of northwest Amazonia. Most notably, the Hup Jussive (thirdperson imperative/optative) has arguably arisen from an applicative, a typologically unusual source for a construction of this kind. In its turn, the Hup Jussive has produced an epistemic modal. These developments hinge on the remarkably polyfunctional etymon ?ūh, which has two further,…
A linguística amazônica hoje
O presente artigo apresenta uma síntese das áreas de pesquisa mais ativas da linguística amazônica nos últimos dez anos. Abordam-se temas tais como os classificadores nominais, os sistemas de numeração, o tempo verbal e nominal, a evidencialidade, os diferentes sistemas de alinhamento sintático, problemas ligados à ordem de constituintes, as diversas formas da subordinação, as relações entre gramática, discurso e cultura, e a história e a classif…
Introduction
The Paleobiolinguistics of Domesticated Chili Pepper (Capsicum spp)
Paleobiolinguistics employs the comparative method of historical linguistics to reconstruct the biodiversity known to human groups of the remote, unrecorded past. Comparison of words for biological species from languages of the same language family facilitates reconstruction of the biological vocabulary of the family's ancient proto-language. This study uses paleobiolinguistics to establish where and when chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) developed s…
The Paleobiolinguistics of Domesticated Manioc (Manihot esculenta)
Paleobiolinguistics is used to identify on maps where and when manioc (Manihot esculenta) developed importance for different prehistoric groups of Native Americans. This information indicates, among other things, that significant interest in manioc developed at least a millennium before a village-farming way of life became widespread in the New World
Inheritance, calquing, or independent innovation? Reconstructing morphological complexity in Amazonian numerals
The reconstruction of morphologically complex forms offers familiar problems. As illustrated by textbook examples like Bloomfield's seemingly reconstructable anachronism-Algonquian 'fire-water' for 'whisky'-the existence of corresponding complex forms across related languages can alternatively be attributed to calquing or parallel independent innovation. This paper considers the problem of accounting for the history of complex forms in the contex…
The Languages of Amazonia
Wanderwörter in languages of the Americas and Australia
Wanderwörter are a problematic set of words in historical linguistics. They usually make up a small proportion of the total vocabulary of individual languages, and only a minority of loanwords. They are, however, found frequently in languages from across the world. There is, to our knowledge, no general synthesis of Wanderwörter patterns, causes of exceptionally high borrowing rates for particular lexical items, or estimates of their frequency ac…
Loan and Inheritance Patterns in Hunter-Gatherer Ethnobiological Systems
We compare the etymologies of ethnobiological nomenclature in 130 hunter-gatherer and agriculturist languages in Australia, North America, and Amazonia. Previous work has identified correlations between systems of ethnobiological terminology and dominant means of community subsistence, relating stability of terminology to the “salience” of the items. However, the relevance of subsistence patterns to the development of ethnobiological nomenclature…
The Languages of the Amazon by Alexandra Aikhenvald
The Paleobiolinguistics of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)
Paleobiolinguistics is used to determine when and where the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) developed significance for prehistoric groups of Native America. Dates and locations of proto-languages for which common bean terms reconstruct generally accord with crop-origin and dispersal information from plant genetics and archaeobotany. Paleobiolinguistic and other lines of evidence indicate that human interest in the common bean became significa…
The Paleobiolinguistics of Maize (Zea mays L)
Paleobiolinguistics is used to determine when and where maize (Zea mays) developed significance for different prehistoric groups of Native America. Dates and locations of proto-languages for which maize terms reconstruct generally accord with crop-origin and dispersal information from plant genetics and archaeobotany. Paleobiolinguistic and other lines of evidence indicate that human interest in maize was extensive millennia before the widespread…
Hunter-gatherer situations
Subsistence pattern and contact-driven language change
While it is well known that processes of contact-driven language change are sensitive to socio-cultural factors, the question of whether these apply differently among hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists has engendered considerable debate. These dynamics have been particularly underexplored in the Amazon basin, where high linguistic diversity has until very recently been coupled with a dearth of quality documentation. This investigation undertak…
Reconsidering the "Makú" Language Family of Northwest Amazonia
The so-called Makú or Makú-Puinavean language family of the Northwest Amazon has long been assumed to include the languages Hup, Yuhup, Dâw, and Nadëb (the "Naduhupan" group), the sisters Kakua and Nukak, and the language Puinave (or Wã́nsöjöt). Here we evaluate these putative relationships, drawing on a range of newly available lexical and grammatical data. We argue that, although there is solid linguistic evidence of genetic relationship among …
Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation (20 obras) · Philosophy (19 obras) · Linguistics (18 obras) · Language and cultural evolution (15 obras) · Biology (14 obras) · Geography (13 obras) · Ecology (11 obras) · Sociology (10 obras) · Archaeology (9 obras) · Linguistic Variation and Morphology (9 obras)