Mark Richardson
Biographic Data
| ID | 4010535 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Mark Richardson |
| GIVEN NAMES | Mark |
| FAMILY NAME | Richardson |
| SIGNATURE | RICHARDSON M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5815-1042 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 28 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 114 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 3 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1997 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Measuring the Impact of Appointee Vacancies on US Federal Agency Performance
Characterizing Agencies’ Political Environments: Partisan Agreement and Disagreement in the US Executive Branch
Theories of political control of the bureaucracy place conflict between agencies and political principals, or between political principals themselves, at the center of bureaucratic politics. Important scholarship develops measures of agency ideology to characterize this conflict. However, much of what federal agencies do is not ideological. Furthermore, some agencies have ideological missions about which Republicans and Democrats often agree. In …
Evaluating turnover intention as a proxy for behavior in the federal public service: Evidence from two surveys of senior civil servants
Studies of turnover in the federal public service often study intention rather than behavior and studies that evaluate the reliability of intention as a proxy for that behavior are rare. This article uses a novel data set that measures exit intention and behavior for the same senior civil servants to evaluate two aspects of the reliability of turnover intention as a proxy for behavior: (1) prediction error and (2) similarity of marginal effects. …
The Politicization Conversation: A Call to Better Define and Measure the Concept
Across disciplines and contexts, scholars vary in their conception of politicization. This variation reveals a need for more consistent concept definition and measurement of the extent to which politics influence administration. We engage this need by providing a typology of politicization that includes consideration of the actions of elected officials, political appointees, and merit‐based administrators. We then assess dynamic differences acros…
The Letters of Robert Frost, Volume 3: 1929–1936
The Letters of Robert Frost, Volume 3 collects 601 letters, covering 1929–1936. The letters chronicle Frost’s negotiation of life as a public figure and as the head of a family enduring tragedy. Fully annotated and accompanied by biographical material, the letters reveal the mind of an artist at the height of his powers.
Global mean frequency increases of daily and sub-daily heavy precipitation in ERA5
Changes in heavy precipitation frequency can be viewed as a change in the event return period, a common metric of risk. Compared with intensity, frequency changes are less well-studied and past work has largely been constrained to analysis of well-instrumented regions. We exploit the latest ERA5 reanalysis and its global hourly accumulations at 1/4° spatial resolution and apply a metric that captures frequency changes across both wet and dry regi…
The Very Best People: President Trump and the Management of Executive Personnel
To his supporters, one very attractive feature of Donald Trump's candidacy was his prior experience as a business executive. Trump promised that he would run America like a business and would select the very best people. In this article, we evaluate President Trump's approach to managing the executive branch by scrutinizing his approach to personnel. We reference two sources of important new data. We first examine data on nominations to all Senat…
Annual and seasonal mean tropical and subtropical precipitation bias in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models
Annual and seasonal mean tropical and subtropical precipitation biases in present-day climate simulations by phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) models are evaluated. We analyze 23 CMIP6 models, which are grouped into those without (NOS) and with (SON) falling ice (snow) radiative effects (FIREs). The SON group is further divided according to treatments of ice-cloud radiative properties with separate (SON2) and combined c…
Politicization and Expertise: Exit, Effort, and Investment
Federal civil servants need policy expertise to formulate and implement public policy. Presidents and congresses do not confer such expertise when they delegate responsibility for policy making. Existing research suggests that elected officials' efforts to gain control of federal agencies can reduce agency expertise by inducing civil servants to exit the agency and reducing incentives for civil servants to exert effort, including acquiring policy…
Lawmaking in American Legislatures: An Empirical Investigation
Given pervasive gridlock at the national level, state legislatures are increasingly the place where notable policy change occurs. Investigating such change is difficult because it is often hard to characterise policy change and use observable data to evaluate theoretical predictions; it is subsequently unclear whether law-making explanations focusing on the US Congress also apply to state legislatures. We use several measures of state policy outc…
Global temperature definition affects achievement of long-term climate goals
The Paris Agreement on climate change aims to limit 'global average temperature' rise to 'well below 2 °C' but reported temperature depends on choices about how to blend air and water temperature data, handle changes in sea ice and account for regions with missing data. Here we use CMIP5 climate model simulations to estimate how these choices affect reported warming and carbon budgets consistent with the Paris Agreement. By the 2090s, under a low…
Elite Perceptions of Agency Ideology and Workforce Skill
Perceptions of the policy leanings of government agencies are an important component of an agency's political environment, and an agency's political environment can greatly influence how agencies formulate and implement public policy. We use a recent survey of federal executives to measure the perceptions of the ideological leanings of twice as many agencies as previously possible. Our estimates compare reassuringly to extant measures based on bo…
Improved simulation of Antarctic sea ice due to the radiative effects of falling snow
Southern Ocean sea-ice cover exerts critical control on local albedo and Antarctic precipitation, but simulated Antarctic sea-ice concentration commonly disagrees with observations. Here we show that the radiative effects of precipitating ice (falling snow) contribute substantially to this discrepancy. Many models exclude these radiative effects, so they underestimate both shortwave albedo and downward longwave radiation. Using two simulations wi…
The Letters of Robert Frost, Volume 2: 1920–1928
Does It Matter if the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming Is 97% or 99.99
Cook et al. reported a 97% scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming (AGW), based on a study of 11,944 abstracts in peer-reviewed science journals. Powell claims that the Cook et al. methodology was flawed and that the true consensus is virtually unanimous at 99.99%. Powell’s method underestimates the level of disagreement because it relies on finding explicit rejection statements as well as the assumption that abstracts without a stat…
Consensus on consensus: A synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming
The consensus that humans are causing recent global warming is shared by 90%-100% of publishing climate scientists according to six independent studies by co-authors of this paper. Those results are consistent with the 97% consensus reported by Cook et al (Environ. Res. Lett. 8 024024) based on 11 944 abstracts of research papers, of which 4014 took a position on the cause of recent global warming. A survey of authors of those papers (N=2412 pape…
Pre-hacked: Open Design and the democratisation of product development
This article considers the practice of hacking in terms of making and modifying three-dimensional objects. In line with the work of a number of prominent thinkers in the field, the practice is considered to be a deliberate act by end users to not only understand, make accessible, de-alienate, appropriate and personalise products but also to demystify what Latour refers to as the ‘black box’ effect of established product archetypes. Where hacking …
Employability and students’ part‐time work in the UK: Does self‐efficacy and career aspiration matter
Amid a growing focus on graduate employability, this study examines the relationship between students’ part‐time work, career aspirations and self‐efficacy, in a survey of 357 UK students from two post‐92 universities. The results suggest a positive and significant relationship between part‐time work and career aspiration. Students who work part‐time, and value this opportunity, are likely to have a high career aspiration and strive to enhance th…
Robert Frost in Context
Comment on “Quantitatively evaluating the effects of CO2 emission on temperature rise”
This home is a factory: Implications of the Maker movement on urban environments
This paper considers the matter of sites of production in view of recent technologically enabled trends toward the intersection of designing and making. These changes have been conceptualised as 'open design' or as 'consumer-as-producer' and they are specifically manifest in accessible and inexpensive 3D printing. We argue here that these developments reactivate the Arts and Crafts notion of personalised domestic-scale production in newly technol…
Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature
We analyze the evolution of the scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming (AGW) in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, examining 11 944 climate abstracts from 1991–2011 matching the topics ‘global climate change’ or ‘global warming’. We find that 66.4% of abstracts expressed no position on AGW, 32.6% endorsed AGW, 0.7% rejected AGW and 0.3% were uncertain about the cause of global warming. Among abstracts expressing a position on …
Associations Among Body Mass Index, Depression, and Family Factors Across Two Generations
The Ordeal of Robert Frost: The Poet and His Poetics
Journal Article The Ordeal of Robert Frost: The Poet and His Poetics. By Mark Richardson. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997. xiv, 272 pp. $24.95, ISBN 0-252-02338-2.) Get access Jeff Gundy Jeff Gundy Bluffton College, Bluffton, Ohio Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 86, Issue 4, March 2000, Pages 1840–1841, https://doi.org/10.2307/2567694 Published: 01 March 2000
The Ordeal of Robert Frost: The Poet and His Poetics
Elite Perceptions of Agency Ideology and Workforce Skill
Perceptions of the policy leanings of government agencies are an important component of an agency's political environment, and an agency's political environment can greatly influence how agencies formulate and implement public policy. We use a recent survey of federal executives to measure the perceptions of the ideological leanings of twice as many agencies as previously possible. Our estimates compare reassuringly to extant measures based on bo…
Politicization and Expertise: Exit, Effort, and Investment
Federal civil servants need policy expertise to formulate and implement public policy. Presidents and congresses do not confer such expertise when they delegate responsibility for policy making. Existing research suggests that elected officials' efforts to gain control of federal agencies can reduce agency expertise by inducing civil servants to exit the agency and reducing incentives for civil servants to exert effort, including acquiring policy…
The Politicization Conversation: A Call to Better Define and Measure the Concept
Across disciplines and contexts, scholars vary in their conception of politicization. This variation reveals a need for more consistent concept definition and measurement of the extent to which politics influence administration. We engage this need by providing a typology of politicization that includes consideration of the actions of elected officials, political appointees, and merit‐based administrators. We then assess dynamic differences acros…
Characterizing Agencies’ Political Environments: Partisan Agreement and Disagreement in the US Executive Branch
Theories of political control of the bureaucracy place conflict between agencies and political principals, or between political principals themselves, at the center of bureaucratic politics. Important scholarship develops measures of agency ideology to characterize this conflict. However, much of what federal agencies do is not ideological. Furthermore, some agencies have ideological missions about which Republicans and Democrats often agree. In …
The Very Best People: President Trump and the Management of Executive Personnel
To his supporters, one very attractive feature of Donald Trump's candidacy was his prior experience as a business executive. Trump promised that he would run America like a business and would select the very best people. In this article, we evaluate President Trump's approach to managing the executive branch by scrutinizing his approach to personnel. We reference two sources of important new data. We first examine data on nominations to all Senat…
Pre-hacked: Open Design and the democratisation of product development
This article considers the practice of hacking in terms of making and modifying three-dimensional objects. In line with the work of a number of prominent thinkers in the field, the practice is considered to be a deliberate act by end users to not only understand, make accessible, de-alienate, appropriate and personalise products but also to demystify what Latour refers to as the ‘black box’ effect of established product archetypes. Where hacking …
Evaluating turnover intention as a proxy for behavior in the federal public service: Evidence from two surveys of senior civil servants
Studies of turnover in the federal public service often study intention rather than behavior and studies that evaluate the reliability of intention as a proxy for that behavior are rare. This article uses a novel data set that measures exit intention and behavior for the same senior civil servants to evaluate two aspects of the reliability of turnover intention as a proxy for behavior: (1) prediction error and (2) similarity of marginal effects. …
Lawmaking in American Legislatures: An Empirical Investigation
Given pervasive gridlock at the national level, state legislatures are increasingly the place where notable policy change occurs. Investigating such change is difficult because it is often hard to characterise policy change and use observable data to evaluate theoretical predictions; it is subsequently unclear whether law-making explanations focusing on the US Congress also apply to state legislatures. We use several measures of state policy outc…
Employability and students’ part‐time work in the UK: Does self‐efficacy and career aspiration matter
Amid a growing focus on graduate employability, this study examines the relationship between students’ part‐time work, career aspirations and self‐efficacy, in a survey of 357 UK students from two post‐92 universities. The results suggest a positive and significant relationship between part‐time work and career aspiration. Students who work part‐time, and value this opportunity, are likely to have a high career aspiration and strive to enhance th…
Measuring the Impact of Appointee Vacancies on US Federal Agency Performance
The Protocol on Environmental Protection enters into force
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Text of Robert Frost's Essay “The Hear-Say Ballad” (1953): A Commentary and New Edition
A Background to the Current Legal Aid Funding Issues
The Ordeal of Robert Frost: The Poet and His Poetics
The Protocol on Environmental Protection enters into force
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Ordeal of Robert Frost: The Poet and His Poetics
Journal Article The Ordeal of Robert Frost: The Poet and His Poetics. By Mark Richardson. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997. xiv, 272 pp. $24.95, ISBN 0-252-02338-2.) Get access Jeff Gundy Jeff Gundy Bluffton College, Bluffton, Ohio Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 86, Issue 4, March 2000, Pages 1840–1841, https://doi.org/10.2307/2567694 Published: 01 March 2000
Associations Among Body Mass Index, Depression, and Family Factors Across Two Generations
This home is a factory: Implications of the Maker movement on urban environments
This paper considers the matter of sites of production in view of recent technologically enabled trends toward the intersection of designing and making. These changes have been conceptualised as 'open design' or as 'consumer-as-producer' and they are specifically manifest in accessible and inexpensive 3D printing. We argue here that these developments reactivate the Arts and Crafts notion of personalised domestic-scale production in newly technol…
Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature
We analyze the evolution of the scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming (AGW) in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, examining 11 944 climate abstracts from 1991–2011 matching the topics ‘global climate change’ or ‘global warming’. We find that 66.4% of abstracts expressed no position on AGW, 32.6% endorsed AGW, 0.7% rejected AGW and 0.3% were uncertain about the cause of global warming. Among abstracts expressing a position on …
Robert Frost in Context
Comment on “Quantitatively evaluating the effects of CO2 emission on temperature rise”
Employability and students’ part‐time work in the UK: Does self‐efficacy and career aspiration matter
Amid a growing focus on graduate employability, this study examines the relationship between students’ part‐time work, career aspirations and self‐efficacy, in a survey of 357 UK students from two post‐92 universities. The results suggest a positive and significant relationship between part‐time work and career aspiration. Students who work part‐time, and value this opportunity, are likely to have a high career aspiration and strive to enhance th…
The Letters of Robert Frost, Volume 2: 1920–1928
Does It Matter if the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming Is 97% or 99.99
Cook et al. reported a 97% scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming (AGW), based on a study of 11,944 abstracts in peer-reviewed science journals. Powell claims that the Cook et al. methodology was flawed and that the true consensus is virtually unanimous at 99.99%. Powell’s method underestimates the level of disagreement because it relies on finding explicit rejection statements as well as the assumption that abstracts without a stat…
Consensus on consensus: A synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming
The consensus that humans are causing recent global warming is shared by 90%-100% of publishing climate scientists according to six independent studies by co-authors of this paper. Those results are consistent with the 97% consensus reported by Cook et al (Environ. Res. Lett. 8 024024) based on 11 944 abstracts of research papers, of which 4014 took a position on the cause of recent global warming. A survey of authors of those papers (N=2412 pape…
Pre-hacked: Open Design and the democratisation of product development
This article considers the practice of hacking in terms of making and modifying three-dimensional objects. In line with the work of a number of prominent thinkers in the field, the practice is considered to be a deliberate act by end users to not only understand, make accessible, de-alienate, appropriate and personalise products but also to demystify what Latour refers to as the ‘black box’ effect of established product archetypes. Where hacking …
Improved simulation of Antarctic sea ice due to the radiative effects of falling snow
Southern Ocean sea-ice cover exerts critical control on local albedo and Antarctic precipitation, but simulated Antarctic sea-ice concentration commonly disagrees with observations. Here we show that the radiative effects of precipitating ice (falling snow) contribute substantially to this discrepancy. Many models exclude these radiative effects, so they underestimate both shortwave albedo and downward longwave radiation. Using two simulations wi…
Global temperature definition affects achievement of long-term climate goals
The Paris Agreement on climate change aims to limit 'global average temperature' rise to 'well below 2 °C' but reported temperature depends on choices about how to blend air and water temperature data, handle changes in sea ice and account for regions with missing data. Here we use CMIP5 climate model simulations to estimate how these choices affect reported warming and carbon budgets consistent with the Paris Agreement. By the 2090s, under a low…
Elite Perceptions of Agency Ideology and Workforce Skill
Perceptions of the policy leanings of government agencies are an important component of an agency's political environment, and an agency's political environment can greatly influence how agencies formulate and implement public policy. We use a recent survey of federal executives to measure the perceptions of the ideological leanings of twice as many agencies as previously possible. Our estimates compare reassuringly to extant measures based on bo…
Politicization and Expertise: Exit, Effort, and Investment
Federal civil servants need policy expertise to formulate and implement public policy. Presidents and congresses do not confer such expertise when they delegate responsibility for policy making. Existing research suggests that elected officials' efforts to gain control of federal agencies can reduce agency expertise by inducing civil servants to exit the agency and reducing incentives for civil servants to exert effort, including acquiring policy…
Lawmaking in American Legislatures: An Empirical Investigation
Given pervasive gridlock at the national level, state legislatures are increasingly the place where notable policy change occurs. Investigating such change is difficult because it is often hard to characterise policy change and use observable data to evaluate theoretical predictions; it is subsequently unclear whether law-making explanations focusing on the US Congress also apply to state legislatures. We use several measures of state policy outc…
Annual and seasonal mean tropical and subtropical precipitation bias in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models
Annual and seasonal mean tropical and subtropical precipitation biases in present-day climate simulations by phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) models are evaluated. We analyze 23 CMIP6 models, which are grouped into those without (NOS) and with (SON) falling ice (snow) radiative effects (FIREs). The SON group is further divided according to treatments of ice-cloud radiative properties with separate (SON2) and combined c…
The Letters of Robert Frost, Volume 3: 1929–1936
The Letters of Robert Frost, Volume 3 collects 601 letters, covering 1929–1936. The letters chronicle Frost’s negotiation of life as a public figure and as the head of a family enduring tragedy. Fully annotated and accompanied by biographical material, the letters reveal the mind of an artist at the height of his powers.
Global mean frequency increases of daily and sub-daily heavy precipitation in ERA5
Changes in heavy precipitation frequency can be viewed as a change in the event return period, a common metric of risk. Compared with intensity, frequency changes are less well-studied and past work has largely been constrained to analysis of well-instrumented regions. We exploit the latest ERA5 reanalysis and its global hourly accumulations at 1/4° spatial resolution and apply a metric that captures frequency changes across both wet and dry regi…
The Very Best People: President Trump and the Management of Executive Personnel
To his supporters, one very attractive feature of Donald Trump's candidacy was his prior experience as a business executive. Trump promised that he would run America like a business and would select the very best people. In this article, we evaluate President Trump's approach to managing the executive branch by scrutinizing his approach to personnel. We reference two sources of important new data. We first examine data on nominations to all Senat…
The Politicization Conversation: A Call to Better Define and Measure the Concept
Across disciplines and contexts, scholars vary in their conception of politicization. This variation reveals a need for more consistent concept definition and measurement of the extent to which politics influence administration. We engage this need by providing a typology of politicization that includes consideration of the actions of elected officials, political appointees, and merit‐based administrators. We then assess dynamic differences acros…
Political science (14 works) · Geography (11 works) · Law (11 works) · Law (9 works) · Meteorology (9 works) · Politics (9 works) · Climate change (7 works) · Economics (7 works) · Environmental Science (7 works) · Sociology (7 works)