Meg Russell
Biographic Data
| ID | 4013584 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Meg Russell |
| GIVEN NAMES | Meg |
| FAMILY NAME | Russell |
| SIGNATURE | RUSSELL M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University College London |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1913-129X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 41 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 467 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 41 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1999 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
Representation of the UK Parliament’s Power in the National Media: Too Weak, or Too Strong
Representations of UK parliamentary power in the popular media have attracted little attention, despite shaping citizens’ impressions of the institution. We begin to close this gap, through a content analysis of 657 articles in the national newspapers 2013–2019—a period straddling the Brexit referendum. Pre-referendum, media representations of parliamentary power were mixed, while afterwards, as parliament exerted influence over Brexit, it was pr…
Why it Is Indeed Time for the Westminster Model to Be Retired from Comparative Politics
The term ‘Westminster model’ is frequently used by political scientists and practitioners. But our recent examination (Russell and Serban 2021), published in this journal, uncovered wide variation in how it is defined – demonstrating that it is more ‘muddle’ than ‘model’. This sparked a response article from Flinders et al. (2021), which we in turn respond to in this piece. We briefly revisit our initial research questions, methodology and findin…
Brexit and Parliament: The Anatomy of a Perfect Storm
The Westminster parliament lies at the heart of UK democracy. Yet its role and powers became increasingly controversial during the ‘Brexit’ process, following the 2016 referendum decision to leave the European Union. Fierce arguments were framed as ‘parliament versus people’, which fed a populist narrative and raised fundamental questions about where UK sovereignty should lie. This article charts the stages of parliament’s Brexit ‘perfect storm’,…
The Muddle of the ‘Westminster Model: A Concept Stretched Beyond Repair
The term ‘Westminster model’, widely used in both the academic and practitioner literatures, is a familiar one. But detailed examination finds significant confusion about its meaning. This article follows Giovanni Sartori's advice for ‘reconstructing’ a social science term whose meaning may be unclear through review of its use in the recent literature. It finds that many authors in comparative politics use the term ‘Westminster model’ without def…
What Kind of Brexit do Voters want? Lessons from the Citizens’ Assembly on Brexit
The Citizens’ Assembly on Brexit was a major exercise in deliberative public engagement conducted in autumn 2017. It brought together fifty randomly selected members of the public for two carefully structured weekends of listening, learning, reflecting and discussing. Assembly members considered what post‐Brexit arrangements the UK should pursue, focusing on trade and migration. On trade, most members wanted the UK to pursue a bespoke arrangement…
Modes of UK Executive–Legislative Relations Revisited
Anthony King's 1976 article ‘Modes of executive–legislative relations: Great Britain, France and West Germany’ is a classic in legislative studies. It argued that it is simplistic to analyse relations between ‘the executive’ and ‘the legislature’ in parliamentary systems, because parliaments are complex organisations comprised of competing actors. Instead, we must consider the various ‘modes’ through which these actors can interact to challenge t…
Attempts to change the British House of Lords into a second chamber of the nations and regions: Explaining a History Af Failed Reforms
The House of Lords is the world’s longest-established and probably best-known second chamber. Wholly unelected, with most members appointed for life, it appears a vestige of the ‘elite’ form of bicameralism once common throughout Europe. Hence calls for major reform are commonplace. However successful changes have been piecemeal and rare. Meanwhile the UK is not federal, but is nonetheless a ‘union state’, comprising the territories of England, S…
Actors, Motivations and Outcomes in the Legislative Process: Policy Influence at Westminster
Legislatures in parliamentary systems are frequently seen as weak policy actors, and this is nowhere more true than of the British Westminster parliament. But real-world changes, and recent research, suggest that Westminster’s influence is significant and growing. This raises new questions about which non-government actors are influential, and we explore this through analysing 4,361 amendments proposed to 12 government bills. Assessing non-govern…
Corbyn as an Organisational Phenomenon: A Response to Steve Richards
Steve Richards sets out convincingly some of the political and ideological currents that led to the rise of Jeremy Corbyn. But his unexpected election was also an organisational phenomenon—touching on key issues of internal party democracy. Changes to the mechanism for electing the leader, agreed under Ed Miliband's leadership, were essential to Corbyn's victory. The result raises profound questions about who does, and who should, own a political…
Does the Executive Dominate the Westminster Legislative Process: Six Reasons for Doubt
The British Westminster parliament is frequently dismissed as a weak policy actor, in the face of dominant executive power. But through analysis of 4361 amendments to 12 government bills, and over 120 interviews, we suggest six reasons for doubting the orthodox view. These fall into three groups: overstating government success in making amendments, overstating non-government failure, and overlooking parliamentary influence before and after the fo…
The Policy Power of the Westminster Parliament: The "Parliamentary State" and the Empirical Evidence
Drawing on several large research projects, and using both quantitative and qualitative evidence, this article assesses the policy influence of the W estminster parliament. Frequently dismissed as powerless in both academic and more popular accounts, we instead show evidence of an institution with significant policy influence, at successive stages of the policy process. Conventional accounts have focused too much on the decision-making stage, to …
Parliamentary party cohesion: Some explanations from psychology
High levels of party voting cohesion are common in modern legislatures. Current explanations divide into sociological (based on norms and roles) and rational choice (based on systems of punishment and reward). The latter approach dominates, but cannot explain cohesion in systems with weak disciplinary sanctions, such as the British House of Lords. Social psychology has provided a great deal of insight into conformity in groups, but this has rarel…
Assessing the Impact of Parliamentary Oversight Committees: The Select Committees in the British House of Commons
Rethinking Bicameral Strength: A Three-Dimensional Approach
Bicameralism remains a common legislative arrangement, providing a classic potential check on political executives. But this potential is not always realised, leading scholars to ask which factors contribute to bicameralism that is 'strong'. One well-established analysis is that of Arend Lijphart, in his account of majoritarian and consensus democracies. This bases bicameral strength on two dimensions: 'symmetry' of the two chambers' formal power…
Elected Second Chambers and Their Powers: An International Survey
In May 2011, Britain's Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition government published proposals for reform of the House of Lords. In a White Paper and draft bill they set out detailed plans for a largely or wholly elected second chamber. These marked the latest stage in a long‐running debate on Lords reform. The government's proposals aim to change the composition of the second chamber, suggesting that there will be no change to its powers or the c…
House of Lords Reform since 1911: Must the Lords Go
Pre-Appointment Scrutiny Hearings in the British House of Commons: All Bark, or Some Bite
In 2007 British Prime Minister Gordon Brown agreed that House of Commons committees should start holding pre-appointment hearings for key public appointments. This was initially welcomed by MPs, who viewed it as an important step towards limiting executive power and strengthening the role of parliament. However, following the appointment of the Children's Commissioner against the advice of the relevant select committee, many MPs became disillusio…
Never Allow A Crisis To Go To Waste: The Wright Committee Reforms to Strengthen the House of Commons
Journal Article 'Never Allow A Crisis To Go To Waste': The Wright Committee Reforms to Strengthen the House of Commons Get access Meg Russell Meg Russell University College London [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 64, Issue 4, October 2011, Pages 612–633, https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsr026 Published: 26 July 2011
A Stronger Second Chamber? Assessing the Impact of House of Lords Reform in 1999 and the Lessons for Bicameralism
The UK's second chamber is generally seen as a historical curiosity and, as Labour governments post-1997 have failed to introduce elected members, continues to be seen as ‘unreformed’. But a ‘first stage’ reform of the House of Lords in 1999 removed most of its hereditary members, leaving it almost wholly made up of appointed life peers. Although many at the time claimed that this would neuter the upper house, since most of those evicted were Con…
(Re)assessing Parliamentary Policy Impact: The Case of the Australian Senate
A recent article in this Journal suggested that assumptions about the legislative influence of the Australian Senate may overstate its de facto power. Stanley Bach indicated that compromise with the Senate was relatively rare, and pointed out that most successful Senate amendments were government amendments. This paper provides an alternative view. We suggest that legislative influence is more subtle than Bach acknowledged, and that it is necessa…
Welfare Policy Under New Labour: Views from Inside Westminster
House of Lords Reform: Are We Nearly There Yet
Twelve years after coming to office, Labour has still not achieved the second stage of House of Lords reform that was promised in 1997. In July 2008 a White Paper—the government's fifth on the subject—was published, setting out plans for an 80 or 100 per cent elected upper house. This article reviews its prospects. It concludes that although the government is now apparently more in line with the views of its supporters, there are many other obsta…
Tony Wright on Doing Politics Differently: The Commentators
The Policy Impact of Defeats in the House of Lords
Since its reform in 1999, no political party commands an overall majority in the House of Lords. The chamber appears to feel more confident, and government defeats there are common. Earlier studies have shown why the government faces defeats in the Lords, concluding that it is usually the Liberal Democrats that hold the balance of power. Here we analyse the lasting policy impact of Lords defeats. We find that far from being routinely reversed in …
Independent Parliamentarians En Masse: The Changing Nature and Role of the 'Crossbenchers' in the House of Lords
Journal Article Independent Parliamentarians En Masse: The Changing Nature and Role of the 'Crossbenchers' in the House of Lords Get access Meg Russell, Meg Russell Department of Political ScienceUniversity College LondonLondon, UK [email protected] (M.R.)/[email protected] (M.S.) Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Maria Sciara Maria Sciara Department of Political ScienceUniversity College LondonLondon, …
Assessing the Impact of Parliamentary Oversight Committees: The Select Committees in the British House of Commons
The Policy Power of the Westminster Parliament: The "Parliamentary State" and the Empirical Evidence
Drawing on several large research projects, and using both quantitative and qualitative evidence, this article assesses the policy influence of the W estminster parliament. Frequently dismissed as powerless in both academic and more popular accounts, we instead show evidence of an institution with significant policy influence, at successive stages of the policy process. Conventional accounts have focused too much on the decision-making stage, to …
Never Allow A Crisis To Go To Waste: The Wright Committee Reforms to Strengthen the House of Commons
Journal Article 'Never Allow A Crisis To Go To Waste': The Wright Committee Reforms to Strengthen the House of Commons Get access Meg Russell Meg Russell University College London [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 64, Issue 4, October 2011, Pages 612–633, https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsr026 Published: 26 July 2011
What are Second Chambers for
Journal Article What are Second Chambers for? Get access Meg Russell Meg Russell Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 54, Issue 3, 1 July 2001, Pages 442–458, https://doi.org/10.1093/parlij/54.3.442 Published: 01 July 2001
The Territorial Role of Second Chambers
Does the Executive Dominate the Westminster Legislative Process: Six Reasons for Doubt
The British Westminster parliament is frequently dismissed as a weak policy actor, in the face of dominant executive power. But through analysis of 4361 amendments to 12 government bills, and over 120 interviews, we suggest six reasons for doubting the orthodox view. These fall into three groups: overstating government success in making amendments, overstating non-government failure, and overlooking parliamentary influence before and after the fo…
Brexit and Parliament: The Anatomy of a Perfect Storm
The Westminster parliament lies at the heart of UK democracy. Yet its role and powers became increasingly controversial during the ‘Brexit’ process, following the 2016 referendum decision to leave the European Union. Fierce arguments were framed as ‘parliament versus people’, which fed a populist narrative and raised fundamental questions about where UK sovereignty should lie. This article charts the stages of parliament’s Brexit ‘perfect storm’,…
Rethinking Bicameral Strength: A Three-Dimensional Approach
Bicameralism remains a common legislative arrangement, providing a classic potential check on political executives. But this potential is not always realised, leading scholars to ask which factors contribute to bicameralism that is 'strong'. One well-established analysis is that of Arend Lijphart, in his account of majoritarian and consensus democracies. This bases bicameral strength on two dimensions: 'symmetry' of the two chambers' formal power…
Parliamentary party cohesion: Some explanations from psychology
High levels of party voting cohesion are common in modern legislatures. Current explanations divide into sociological (based on norms and roles) and rational choice (based on systems of punishment and reward). The latter approach dominates, but cannot explain cohesion in systems with weak disciplinary sanctions, such as the British House of Lords. Social psychology has provided a great deal of insight into conformity in groups, but this has rarel…
A Stronger Second Chamber? Assessing the Impact of House of Lords Reform in 1999 and the Lessons for Bicameralism
The UK's second chamber is generally seen as a historical curiosity and, as Labour governments post-1997 have failed to introduce elected members, continues to be seen as ‘unreformed’. But a ‘first stage’ reform of the House of Lords in 1999 removed most of its hereditary members, leaving it almost wholly made up of appointed life peers. Although many at the time claimed that this would neuter the upper house, since most of those evicted were Con…
The Constituency Work of Scottish and Welsh MPs: Adjusting to Devolution
Historically, British MPs had established high levels of commitment to constituency work. The introduction of devolution in Scotland and Wales posed new challenges locally from AMs and MSPs. The article shows that the volume of constituency work for MPs in Scotland and Wales has declined, but this has not been as sharp as may have been expected. Co-operation and competition between members over constituency work is strongly, though not exclusivel…
Modes of UK Executive–Legislative Relations Revisited
Anthony King's 1976 article ‘Modes of executive–legislative relations: Great Britain, France and West Germany’ is a classic in legislative studies. It argued that it is simplistic to analyse relations between ‘the executive’ and ‘the legislature’ in parliamentary systems, because parliaments are complex organisations comprised of competing actors. Instead, we must consider the various ‘modes’ through which these actors can interact to challenge t…
None of the Above: The UK House of Commons Votes on Reforming the House of Lords, February 2003
The Muddle of the ‘Westminster Model: A Concept Stretched Beyond Repair
The term ‘Westminster model’, widely used in both the academic and practitioner literatures, is a familiar one. But detailed examination finds significant confusion about its meaning. This article follows Giovanni Sartori's advice for ‘reconstructing’ a social science term whose meaning may be unclear through review of its use in the recent literature. It finds that many authors in comparative politics use the term ‘Westminster model’ without def…
What Kind of Brexit do Voters want? Lessons from the Citizens’ Assembly on Brexit
The Citizens’ Assembly on Brexit was a major exercise in deliberative public engagement conducted in autumn 2017. It brought together fifty randomly selected members of the public for two carefully structured weekends of listening, learning, reflecting and discussing. Assembly members considered what post‐Brexit arrangements the UK should pursue, focusing on trade and migration. On trade, most members wanted the UK to pursue a bespoke arrangement…
Actors, Motivations and Outcomes in the Legislative Process: Policy Influence at Westminster
Legislatures in parliamentary systems are frequently seen as weak policy actors, and this is nowhere more true than of the British Westminster parliament. But real-world changes, and recent research, suggest that Westminster’s influence is significant and growing. This raises new questions about which non-government actors are influential, and we explore this through analysing 4,361 amendments proposed to 12 government bills. Assessing non-govern…
The Policy Impact of Defeats in the House of Lords
Since its reform in 1999, no political party commands an overall majority in the House of Lords. The chamber appears to feel more confident, and government defeats there are common. Earlier studies have shown why the government faces defeats in the Lords, concluding that it is usually the Liberal Democrats that hold the balance of power. Here we analyse the lasting policy impact of Lords defeats. We find that far from being routinely reversed in …
Why Does the Government get Defeated in the House of Lords: The Lords, the Party System and British Politics
Why are Second Chambers so Difficult to Reform
The experiences of second chambers in Canada, Australia, Italy and Ireland suggest that second chamber reform faces a number of inherent problems. It must frequently negotiate exacting procedures for constitutional change, may be caught up in wider constitutional issues and often comes a long way down the list of a government's priorities: an ineffective second chamber, or one with low public legitimacy, can be of value to the government. In the …
Why it Is Indeed Time for the Westminster Model to Be Retired from Comparative Politics
The term ‘Westminster model’ is frequently used by political scientists and practitioners. But our recent examination (Russell and Serban 2021), published in this journal, uncovered wide variation in how it is defined – demonstrating that it is more ‘muddle’ than ‘model’. This sparked a response article from Flinders et al. (2021), which we in turn respond to in this piece. We briefly revisit our initial research questions, methodology and findin…
Elected Second Chambers and Their Powers: An International Survey
In May 2011, Britain's Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition government published proposals for reform of the House of Lords. In a White Paper and draft bill they set out detailed plans for a largely or wholly elected second chamber. These marked the latest stage in a long‐running debate on Lords reform. The government's proposals aim to change the composition of the second chamber, suggesting that there will be no change to its powers or the c…
Independent Parliamentarians En Masse: The Changing Nature and Role of the 'Crossbenchers' in the House of Lords
Journal Article Independent Parliamentarians En Masse: The Changing Nature and Role of the 'Crossbenchers' in the House of Lords Get access Meg Russell, Meg Russell Department of Political ScienceUniversity College LondonLondon, UK [email protected] (M.R.)/[email protected] (M.S.) Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Maria Sciara Maria Sciara Department of Political ScienceUniversity College LondonLondon, …
Pre-Appointment Scrutiny Hearings in the British House of Commons: All Bark, or Some Bite
In 2007 British Prime Minister Gordon Brown agreed that House of Commons committees should start holding pre-appointment hearings for key public appointments. This was initially welcomed by MPs, who viewed it as an important step towards limiting executive power and strengthening the role of parliament. However, following the appointment of the Children's Commissioner against the advice of the relevant select committee, many MPs became disillusio…
Responsibilities of Second Chambers: Constitutional and Human Rights Safeguards
2001). Responsibilities of Second Chambers: Constitutional and Human Rights Safeguards. The Journal of Legislative Studies: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 61-76
Is the House of Lords Already Reformed
Second Chambers Overseas
A ‘more democratic and representative’ upper house? some international comparisons
The British constitution in 1998-99: The Continuing Revolution
Journal Article The British constitution in 1998-99: the continuing revolution Get access R Hazell, R Hazell Constitution Unit, School of Public Policy, University College London, London, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M Russell, M Russell Constitution Unit, School of Public Policy, University College London, London, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B Seyd, B …
The Royal Commission on Reform of the House of Lords: A House for the Future
Responsibilities of Second Chambers: Constitutional and Human Rights Safeguards
2001). Responsibilities of Second Chambers: Constitutional and Human Rights Safeguards. The Journal of Legislative Studies: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 61-76
What are Second Chambers for
Journal Article What are Second Chambers for? Get access Meg Russell Meg Russell Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 54, Issue 3, 1 July 2001, Pages 442–458, https://doi.org/10.1093/parlij/54.3.442 Published: 01 July 2001
The Territorial Role of Second Chambers
Upper House Reform in the United Kingdom and Australia
Discussion of upper house reform in the United Kingdom has been relatively muted in recent years, given the House of Lords' status as the world's last hereditary second chamber. However, a reform in 1999 removed the bulk of hereditary peers from the chamber and started a process of reflection about the appropriate role, functions and composition of the upper house. Fundamental questions arise about the power of the respective chambers at Westmins…
Why are Second Chambers so Difficult to Reform
The experiences of second chambers in Canada, Australia, Italy and Ireland suggest that second chamber reform faces a number of inherent problems. It must frequently negotiate exacting procedures for constitutional change, may be caught up in wider constitutional issues and often comes a long way down the list of a government's priorities: an ineffective second chamber, or one with low public legitimacy, can be of value to the government. In the …
Is the House of Lords Already Reformed
None of the Above: The UK House of Commons Votes on Reforming the House of Lords, February 2003
Positive Action to Promote Women in Politics: Some European Comparisons
The issue of women's under-representation in politics continues to be controversial and pressing in countries all over the world. According to the Inter Parliamentary Union, only 14.7 per cent of the world's legislators are women. 1 In no country do women achieve parity with men in terms of parliamentary representation. The record of many of the world's most developed countries is particularly poor. Looking at lower houses of the legislature, in …
The Constitution: Dragging the Constitution out of the Shadows
The constitution received official recognition in 2003 with the creation of the Department of Constitutional Affairs, but the year was spent mopping up unfinished business from the reform programme started in 1997. This article covers developments in freedom of information, the regulation of the civil service, House of Lords reform, devolution in Scotland and Wales, preparations for devolution to the English regions, and electoral systems and fix…
Building New Labour: The Politics of Party Organisation
'New' Labour was defined in part by wide-ranging reforms to the party's internal democracy. These included changes to how candidates and leaders are selected, changes to policy making processes, and a
Why Does the Government get Defeated in the House of Lords: The Lords, the Party System and British Politics
The Constituency Work of Scottish and Welsh MPs: Adjusting to Devolution
Historically, British MPs had established high levels of commitment to constituency work. The introduction of devolution in Scotland and Wales posed new challenges locally from AMs and MSPs. The article shows that the volume of constituency work for MPs in Scotland and Wales has declined, but this has not been as sharp as may have been expected. Co-operation and competition between members over constituency work is strongly, though not exclusivel…
The Policy Impact of Defeats in the House of Lords
Since its reform in 1999, no political party commands an overall majority in the House of Lords. The chamber appears to feel more confident, and government defeats there are common. Earlier studies have shown why the government faces defeats in the Lords, concluding that it is usually the Liberal Democrats that hold the balance of power. Here we analyse the lasting policy impact of Lords defeats. We find that far from being routinely reversed in …
Independent Parliamentarians En Masse: The Changing Nature and Role of the 'Crossbenchers' in the House of Lords
Journal Article Independent Parliamentarians En Masse: The Changing Nature and Role of the 'Crossbenchers' in the House of Lords Get access Meg Russell, Meg Russell Department of Political ScienceUniversity College LondonLondon, UK [email protected] (M.R.)/[email protected] (M.S.) Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Maria Sciara Maria Sciara Department of Political ScienceUniversity College LondonLondon, …
Welfare Policy Under New Labour: Views from Inside Westminster
House of Lords Reform: Are We Nearly There Yet
Twelve years after coming to office, Labour has still not achieved the second stage of House of Lords reform that was promised in 1997. In July 2008 a White Paper—the government's fifth on the subject—was published, setting out plans for an 80 or 100 per cent elected upper house. This article reviews its prospects. It concludes that although the government is now apparently more in line with the views of its supporters, there are many other obsta…
Tony Wright on Doing Politics Differently: The Commentators
A Stronger Second Chamber? Assessing the Impact of House of Lords Reform in 1999 and the Lessons for Bicameralism
The UK's second chamber is generally seen as a historical curiosity and, as Labour governments post-1997 have failed to introduce elected members, continues to be seen as ‘unreformed’. But a ‘first stage’ reform of the House of Lords in 1999 removed most of its hereditary members, leaving it almost wholly made up of appointed life peers. Although many at the time claimed that this would neuter the upper house, since most of those evicted were Con…
(Re)assessing Parliamentary Policy Impact: The Case of the Australian Senate
A recent article in this Journal suggested that assumptions about the legislative influence of the Australian Senate may overstate its de facto power. Stanley Bach indicated that compromise with the Senate was relatively rare, and pointed out that most successful Senate amendments were government amendments. This paper provides an alternative view. We suggest that legislative influence is more subtle than Bach acknowledged, and that it is necessa…
Never Allow A Crisis To Go To Waste: The Wright Committee Reforms to Strengthen the House of Commons
Journal Article 'Never Allow A Crisis To Go To Waste': The Wright Committee Reforms to Strengthen the House of Commons Get access Meg Russell Meg Russell University College London [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 64, Issue 4, October 2011, Pages 612–633, https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsr026 Published: 26 July 2011
Elected Second Chambers and Their Powers: An International Survey
In May 2011, Britain's Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition government published proposals for reform of the House of Lords. In a White Paper and draft bill they set out detailed plans for a largely or wholly elected second chamber. These marked the latest stage in a long‐running debate on Lords reform. The government's proposals aim to change the composition of the second chamber, suggesting that there will be no change to its powers or the c…
Political science (40 works) · Law (38 works) · Law (36 works) · Sociology (32 works) · Politics (28 works) · Political Systems and Governance (25 works) · Public Administration (23 works) · Public Administration (22 works) · Economics (14 works) · Parliament (14 works)