Robert Herrick
Biographic Data
| ID | 401597 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert Herrick |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert |
| FAMILY NAME | Herrick |
| SIGNATURE | HERRICK R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Oklahoma State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4001-2386 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 171 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 373 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 171 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1647 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Invisible Armor: How Violence Affects Self-Censoring Behavior in Local Office in the United States
Scholars, officeholders, advocacy organizations, and the media have expressed concern that the growing violence against officeholders harms democracy by increasing politicians’ self-censorship in office. Self-censoring includes avoiding contact with constituents, avoiding addressing controversial issues, and depressed political ambition. This may be particularly true for women as they are more likely than men to experience violence and more of sp…
Race and Registration Roadblocks
We consider equity in pathways to democratic participation in the United States by examining the effects of voter registration laws on registration rates of Blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Whites, with a special focus on the youth in each demographic group. We do so by updating and refining the Difficulty of Registration Index (Jansa, Motta, and Herrick, 2022 ) to measure registration hurdles across states and over time. Although we hypothesi…
The Effects of Violence against U.S. Officeholders
Using an original 2021 survey of mayors in U.S. mayors in cities of 10,000 in population and above, we explore the individual costs of psychological and physical violence. These costs include emotional distress, diverted attention from the job, and considerations about leaving the job. Overall, we find that 95 percent of mayors faced violence in office. Among those who did, the more violence reported, the more likely they were to have faced such …
An Intersectional Exploration of Psychological Violence, Threats, and Physical Violence of Mayors in 2021
Using an original dataset, we offer an intersectional exploration of psychological violence, threats, and physical violence against U.S. mayors in 2021 in cities of 10,000+ in population. We also explore violence that is gendered and raced. Overall, we find significant and meaningful differences among gender/race groups. Women of color and non-Hispanic white women faced higher rates of threats, gendered, and sexualized violence than men, and wome…
Research note: Rise in violence against U.S. mayors: 2017 to 2021
Background Although there is an emerging literature in the United States about violence against officeholders, to date there is no research examining trends in violence against U.S. politicians. Objectives To examine whether volence against US mayors increased from 2017 to 2021 and whether social and political factors help account for the rise. Methods we report the results of two surveys of mayors in the United States: one in 2017 and the other …
Gender, Power, and Colleague Aggression in U.S. State Senates
In this paper, we present analysis of an original dataset of levels of colleague aggression among U.S. state senators, whether women senators face more of these behaviors than men, and whether numerical and positional gender inequality in state senates affects these relationships. The results indicate that, overall, colleague aggression in U.S. state senates is relatively rare, and, in general, women do not face more aggression than men. Under ce…
Gendered violence in state house races
There is a growing body of literature suggesting that women politicians face greater hostility and violence than men and that this depresses the willingness of women to serve and ultimately descriptive representation. Here we add to this burgeoning literature by examining gender differences in the psychological and physical violence experienced by state house candidates in the 2020 election cycle. Using a survey administered in 18 states, we find…
Finding Dori: Using Item Response Theory to Measure Difficulty of Registration in the U.S. and Its Impact on Voters
How do states differ in how difficult they make voter registration, and what effect does this have on voters? We propose and validate a new Difficulty of Registration Index (DORI) calculated via an item response theory (IRT) model of five key dimensions of registration (automaticity, portability, deadline, mode, and preregistration) for each state from 2004 to 2020. Since 2004, most states eased registration processes, with Democratic statehouses…
Violence among State House Candidates during the Covid‐19 Pandemic
Although there is an established comparative literature addressing electoral violence, and an emerging literature on violence against US officeholders, research has not examined levels of violence perpetrated by constituents against US candidates, nor how a crisis, such as the COVID‐19 pandemic, including the political polarization connected to it, may affect violence. This note presents findings from a survey of state house candidates from 18 US…
Not Just Sticks and Stones: Psychological Abuse and Physical Violence among U.S. State Senators
In this study, we report results of a survey of U.S. state senators about their experiences of psychological abuse, physical violence, and sexualized abuse and violence on the job, as well as gender differences among senators. Overall, our results indicate that more than 80% of state senators reported having faced abuse and violence, and women senators reported more physical violence than men. Moreover, we found differences in the factors that co…
Are Indigenous Americans unique in their voting in US national elections
Indigenous Americans are unique in the American political landscape. They are citizens of sovereign tribal nations as well as the US. The relationship of the tribes and their citizens with the US has a unique and sordid past. This has led many to argue that Indigenous Americans will be unique in their political behaviors. To test this expectation as well as to fill a void in our understanding of the voting rates of Indigenous Americans in US Nati…
Gender and race gaps in voting and over-reporting: An intersectional comparison of CCES with Anes data
It is widely recognized that women, and perhaps Black women in particular, are more likely to vote than men. However, this is based on self-reports of voting, which can be unreliable. The Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) and American National Election Studies (ANES) help with this issue by validating votes. Here, we use the CCES and ANES data to take an intersectional approach to estimate the probability that men and women of diffe…
Is it Safe to Keep This Job? The Costs of Violence on the Psychological Health and Careers of U.S. Mayors
Objective This article explores the effects of physical and psychological violence on politicians' mental health and political ambition. Methods All mayors in cities of 30,000 and above were surveyed regarding any experiences of violence during their campaigns and service as mayors. Additionally, they reported any psychological and political costs of the negative experiences. Results Of 1,360 subjects, responses were received from 283. Among thes…
One Model Does Not Fit All: Group Consciousness and the Political Participation and Attitudes of American Indians
Objective Although group consciousness of minority groups is believed to increase their rates of political participation and help shape their attitudes, no research has examined group consciousness of American Indians. Therefore, our objective is to help fill this void by estimating the effects of American Indians' group consciousness on their political interests, voting rates, and support for co‐ethnic candidates. Methods We use a unique data se…
Physical violence and psychological abuse against female and male mayors in the United States
Despite reports of physical violence and psychological abuse against US officeholders, the subject has not been addressed in research at any level of government. This study reports results from survey research of mayors with three aims: examination of the frequency, types, and correlates of experiences of physical violence and psychological abuse among mayors; exploration of gender differences; and estimates of the effects of violence and abuse o…
Surveying American Indians with Opt-In Internet Surveys
Although the national survey is the dominant method used to study American attitudes and behavior, it has been used only infrequently to study American Indians. This article examines the possibility of using Internet opt-in panel surveys to study American Indian populations. We first compare the results from an original national stand-alone opt-in panel study with those of pooled data sets from the Current Population Survey and the American Natio…
Voter ID Laws: The Disenfranchisement of Minority Voters
AMERICANS THINK OF THEIR NATION as an exemplary democracy despite its long history of disenfranchising racial and ethnic minorities. It was not until 1870 that the Fifteenth Amendment gave former male slaves and their male descendants the right to vote. It took another 50 years until women became enfranchised by the Nineteenth Amendment. Still, many citizens had to deal with systematic disenfranchisement caused by regressive state laws such as po…
American Indian party identification: Why American Indians tend to be democrats
Surprisingly little research has examined the political attitudes and behaviors of American Indians. This paper helps fill the void by examining their party identification. Specifically, we expect that American Indians who are close to their American Indian heritage will be strong Democrats because the Democratic Party has an image and policy positions that are thought to be better for racial and ethnic minorities. To test this, we survey 300 Ame…
Growing up on a reservation and American Indians’ political attitudes
This article explores whether American Indians in the United States who grew up on reservations differ from other American Indians in their political attitudes. Since growing up on a reservation likely offers unique socializing experiences to American Indians that will foster strong individual tribal identity and culture, I expect that those who grew up on reservations will have greater support for the Democratic party, liberalism, and co-ethnic …
The Gender Gaps in Identity and Political Attitudes among American Indians
While there is much research examining gender gaps in political attitudes, there is less examining how gender gaps differ within social groups. This article helps fill that void by examining gender gaps among American Indians. Using two surveys, the initial findings suggest that among American Indians, women have a stronger American Indian identity, are more likely to support women's/compassion issues, and are more likely to be Democrats. It furt…
Gender themes in state legislative candidates’ websites
Female candidates can represent women by campaigning on issues that have traditionally been the purview of women, and motivating their opponents to do likewise. Although recent research on gubernatorial and congressional elections has found relatively little difference between male and female candidates in their campaign issues, it is possible that greater differences could be found at the state level. This article examines the effects of state l…
Breaking free of the gravity of our education
Razor's Edge: The Politics of Facial Hair
Objective This article argues that whether male candidates have facial hair has political implications. We argue that facial hair makes men appear overly masculine, having strong support for use of violence and little support for feminist views, which makes them less attractive candidates for women and feminists. Further, we argue that these perceptions are likely accurate. Methods Using a survey of college‐age subjects, the research generally su…
The Complete Poetry of Robert Herrick, Vol. 1
The second volume of 'The Complete Poetry of Robert Herrick' breaks new ground by publishing the 59 surviving manuscript poems by which Herrick was known for most of his life. This volume provides the scores and notes on the nature of performance of all of his songs for which contemporary settings survive.
The Complete Poetry of Robert Herrick, Vol. 2
Political Ambition's Effect on Legislative Behavior: Schlesinger's Typology Reconsidered and Revisited
According to Schlesinger's ambition theory, legislators seeking higher office behave differently from their less ambitious colleagues. In this note we examine Schlesinger's proposition that political ambition affects legislators' behavior. In the process, we argue that Schlesinger's typology of political ambition should be expanded to include intrainstitutional ambition--the members' desire for leadership positions within their present institutio…
Unfastening the Electoral Connection: The Behavior of U.S. Representatives when Reelection Is No Longer a Factor
While elections are essential to a democracy, it is commonly believed that the desire to secure reelection causes legislators to engage in many undesirable activities. In this note, by comparing the behavior of U.S. representatives who have chosen to run for reelection with those representatives who have decided not to do so, we provide evidence of the precise activities induced by electoral concerns. We find that elections cause members to go ba…
Physical violence and psychological abuse against female and male mayors in the United States
Despite reports of physical violence and psychological abuse against US officeholders, the subject has not been addressed in research at any level of government. This study reports results from survey research of mayors with three aims: examination of the frequency, types, and correlates of experiences of physical violence and psychological abuse among mayors; exploration of gender differences; and estimates of the effects of violence and abuse o…
Old versus New: The Comparative Efficiency of Mail and Internet Surveys of State Legislators
Internet surveys of the general population have been growing in use over the last few years because they are less expensive, faster, and greener than most other survey modes. However, they have been used less frequently to survey elites, and little is known about the representativeness of their results. This article helps fill that void by using an experiment where half of a sample of state legislators are given an Internet survey and half a mail…
Not Just Sticks and Stones: Psychological Abuse and Physical Violence among U.S. State Senators
In this study, we report results of a survey of U.S. state senators about their experiences of psychological abuse, physical violence, and sexualized abuse and violence on the job, as well as gender differences among senators. Overall, our results indicate that more than 80% of state senators reported having faced abuse and violence, and women senators reported more physical violence than men. Moreover, we found differences in the factors that co…
Is There Life after Congress? Patterns and Determinants of Post-Congressional Careers
Is it Safe to Keep This Job? The Costs of Violence on the Psychological Health and Careers of U.S. Mayors
Objective This article explores the effects of physical and psychological violence on politicians' mental health and political ambition. Methods All mayors in cities of 30,000 and above were surveyed regarding any experiences of violence during their campaigns and service as mayors. Additionally, they reported any psychological and political costs of the negative experiences. Results Of 1,360 subjects, responses were received from 283. Among thes…
Gender and Perceptions of Candidate Competency
Following an innovative study showing rapid inferences about the competence of candidates based on photos correlated with electoral success, we examine the effects of the sex of the subjects and candidates on these results. Our results indicate that the relationship between inferences of competence and electoral success are more complex than previously believed. We found a gender gap in evaluations of competence and maturity of candidate faces an…
Whistle While You Work: Job Satisfaction and Retirement from the U.S. House
The literature analyzing the effects of job satisfaction on congressional retirement has been inconclusive. The problem with this literature is its reliance on indirect measures of job satisfaction. We use a direct measure of job satisfaction to demonstrate that job satisfaction does have a significant independent effect on congressional retirement. The findings imply that the indirect measures of job satisfaction measure frustration as opposed t…
Do Term Limits Make a Difference: Ambition and Motivations among U.S. State Legislators
Arguments for term limits often focus on the need for politicianswhoare less motivated by career goals and more motivated by public policy goals. Yet little is known about whether term limits result in officeholders who are different from others. In this article, the authors examine whether the political motivations and ambitions of term-limited legislators differ from those of nontermlimited legislators. A survey of legislators in 15 states serv…
The Effects of Sexual Orientation on State Legislators' Behavior and Priorities
This article explores whether sexual orientation, surrogate representation, and political factors affect legislators' work on gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) interests, and whether the latter explains away the influence of sexual orientation. A survey of openly GLB state legislators and their colleagues was conducted to measure legislators' campaign issues, legislative priorities, surrogate representation, and ambition. This information is suppl…
Gays and Lesbians in Local Races: A Study of Electoral Viability
Although lesbians and gays are more visible in the political arena than in the past, there is little published research on their electoral viability. This article helps to fill that void by presenting results of experimental research featuring respondents' reactions to a hypothetical candidate for a non-partisan city council seat. Sex and sexual orientation of the candidates were manipulated so that six categories were tested: a straight woman, a…
One Model Does Not Fit All: Group Consciousness and the Political Participation and Attitudes of American Indians
Objective Although group consciousness of minority groups is believed to increase their rates of political participation and help shape their attitudes, no research has examined group consciousness of American Indians. Therefore, our objective is to help fill this void by estimating the effects of American Indians' group consciousness on their political interests, voting rates, and support for co‐ethnic candidates. Methods We use a unique data se…
A Reappraisal of the Quality of Women Candidates
Research on female candidates needs to redirect its attention from aggregate to contest specific comparisons. Previous research compared women's resources and characteristics to men's resources and characteristics. While this improved our understanding of women's competitiveness, it does not answer the most important question: How do women compare to men against whom they actually run? My examination of women running in open seat races in 1992 su…
A reappraisal of the quality of women candidates
Research note: Rise in violence against U.S. mayors: 2017 to 2021
Background Although there is an emerging literature in the United States about violence against officeholders, to date there is no research examining trends in violence against U.S. politicians. Objectives To examine whether volence against US mayors increased from 2017 to 2021 and whether social and political factors help account for the rise. Methods we report the results of two surveys of mayors in the United States: one in 2017 and the other …
The Gender Gaps in Identity and Political Attitudes among American Indians
While there is much research examining gender gaps in political attitudes, there is less examining how gender gaps differ within social groups. This article helps fill that void by examining gender gaps among American Indians. Using two surveys, the initial findings suggest that among American Indians, women have a stronger American Indian identity, are more likely to support women's/compassion issues, and are more likely to be Democrats. It furt…
Gender themes in state legislative candidates’ websites
Female candidates can represent women by campaigning on issues that have traditionally been the purview of women, and motivating their opponents to do likewise. Although recent research on gubernatorial and congressional elections has found relatively little difference between male and female candidates in their campaign issues, it is possible that greater differences could be found at the state level. This article examines the effects of state l…
Gender and race gaps in voting and over-reporting: An intersectional comparison of CCES with Anes data
It is widely recognized that women, and perhaps Black women in particular, are more likely to vote than men. However, this is based on self-reports of voting, which can be unreliable. The Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) and American National Election Studies (ANES) help with this issue by validating votes. Here, we use the CCES and ANES data to take an intersectional approach to estimate the probability that men and women of diffe…
Voter ID Laws: The Disenfranchisement of Minority Voters
AMERICANS THINK OF THEIR NATION as an exemplary democracy despite its long history of disenfranchising racial and ethnic minorities. It was not until 1870 that the Fifteenth Amendment gave former male slaves and their male descendants the right to vote. It took another 50 years until women became enfranchised by the Nineteenth Amendment. Still, many citizens had to deal with systematic disenfranchisement caused by regressive state laws such as po…
American Indian party identification: Why American Indians tend to be democrats
Surprisingly little research has examined the political attitudes and behaviors of American Indians. This paper helps fill the void by examining their party identification. Specifically, we expect that American Indians who are close to their American Indian heritage will be strong Democrats because the Democratic Party has an image and policy positions that are thought to be better for racial and ethnic minorities. To test this, we survey 300 Ame…
Sex Differences in Constituent Engagement: Sex Differences in Constituent Engagement
Objectives. This article updates and expands the research on sex differences in legislators' relationships with constituents. Methods. A 2008 survey of legislators from 26 states is used to collect data on constituent-initiated contact, hours legislators spend keeping in touch with constituents or conducting casework, legislators' use of constituent information, and accuracy of legislators' perceptions of constituents. Results. The findings sugge…
Legislators' Positions on Gay and Lesbian Rights: The Personal and Political
This article examines state legislators' public position on gay and lesbian rights by using responses to survey data on their positions toward civil unions and inclusion of sexual orientation in anti-job discrimination laws. The research finds that although state legislators are mixed on their positions, they are less supportive of gay and lesbian rights than is the general public. It also finds that their public positions are a product of both t…
The Negative Effects of Populism on Gay and Lesbian Rights
Objective. The objective of this article is to examine the degree to which populist features of state governments affect minority interests, particularly gays, lesbians, and bisexuals (GLB) Method. We examine the effects of specific institutional features that affect state government responsiveness to majority preferences on GLB policies: bans on same‐sex marriage and hate crime. We also control for variations in political environment. Results. F…
Violence among State House Candidates during the Covid‐19 Pandemic
Although there is an established comparative literature addressing electoral violence, and an emerging literature on violence against US officeholders, research has not examined levels of violence perpetrated by constituents against US candidates, nor how a crisis, such as the COVID‐19 pandemic, including the political polarization connected to it, may affect violence. This note presents findings from a survey of state house candidates from 18 US…
Upon the Roses in Julias bosome
Upon Patrick a footman, Epig.
The Widdowes teares: Or, Dirge of Dorcas
To Apollo. A short Hymne
"303. To Apollo. A short Hymne" published on by null.
No time in Eternitie
"No time in Eternitie" published on by null.
The Widdowes teares: Or, Dirge of Dorcas
"1253. The Widdowes teares: or, Dirge of Dorcas" published on by null.
Gods Bounty
"Gods Bounty" published on by null.
Upon himselfe being buried
The Sacrifice, by way of Discourse betwixt himselfe and Julia
"870. The Sacrifice, by way of Discourse betwixt himselfe and Julia" published on by null.
A Dialogue betwixt Horace and Lydia
"181. A Dialogue betwixt Horace and Lydia" published on by null.
To Electra
Gods Anger
To Electra
"152. To Electra" published on by null.
Gods Providence
"1157. Gods Providence" published on by null.
The Parcæ, or, Three dainty Destinies. The Armilet
"47. The Parcæ, or, Three dainty Destinies. The Armilet" published on by null.
Empires
To Anthea
"1054. To Anthea" published on by null.
A Hymne to Bacchus
"304. A Hymne to Bacchus" published on by null.
Upon Lucia dabled in the deaw
"729. Upon Lucia dabled in the deaw" published on by null.
A short hymne to Venus
"337. A short hymne to Venus" published on by null.
Gain and Gettings
"374. Gain and Gettings" published on by null.
The Entertainment: Or, Porch-verse, at the Marriage of Mr. Hen. Northly, and the most witty Mrs. Lettice Yard
"313. The Entertainment: or, Porch-verse, at the Marriage of Mr. Hen. Northly, and the most witty Mrs. Lettice Yard" published on by null.
To Electra
"534. To Electra" published on by null.
To the most accomplisht Gentleman Master Michael Oulsworth
To his Household gods
Classical Antiquity Studies (78 works) · Art (55 works) · Psychology (41 works) · Political science (40 works) · Politics (33 works) · Sociology (31 works) · Law (30 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (29 works) · Computer Science (28 works) · History (27 works)