Carolina Villacampa Estiarte
Biographic Data
| ID | 4049289 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Carolina Villacampa Estiarte |
| GIVEN NAMES | Carolina Villacampa |
| FAMILY NAME | Estiarte |
| SIGNATURE | ESTIARTE C V |
| AFFILIATIONS | Universitat de Lleida |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1791-8788 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 36 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 32 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2010 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Understanding Legal Attitudes Towards Honour-Based Violence: Evidence From a Survey of Young Adults in South-Western Europe
Honour-based violence refers to a set of behaviours aimed at preserving or restoring family honour. It constitutes a form of gender-based violence that has gained increasing attention in Europe due to due to migration driven by globalisation. The Istanbul Convention and Directive (EU) 2014/1385 on combating violence against women call for a victim-centred response. To support this approach, it is essential to understand how young Europeans percei…
Key Features of Cross-Border Child Trafficking Involving Unaccompanied Minors: Empirical Evidence from Spain
This study, based on 15 in-depth interviews with professionals from public and third-sector organizations in Catalonia (Spain), examines cross-border trafficking affecting unaccompanied minors, from recruitment in their countries of origin to exploitation in the destination country. The findings reveal that most detected victims are adolescent girls from Sub-Saharan Africa, deceived by acquaintances with false promises and later subjected to sexu…
Trata de seres humanos para explotación criminal o para criminalidad forzada: Análisis jurídico europeo
La trata para criminalidad forzada constituye una concreta manifestación de la trata de seres humanos que ha gozado de escasa visibilidad institucional hasta que se la caracterizó normativamente en la Directiva 2011/36/UE, abundando en su reconocimiento la Directiva (UE) 2024/1712. Este trabajo, tras describirla fenomenológicamente, se orienta a analizar jurídicamente esta forma de trata. Comienza abordando su concepto y la naturaleza de los deli…
Fundamentos teóricos de la violencia por causa de honor. Revisión del estado de la cuestión
Los crímenes de honor son una forma de violencia cometida para restaurar el honor familiar o comunitario a través del castigo, frente al incumplimiento de normas de conducta sexual impuestas a la mujer por motivos culturales, religiosos o de género. Esta investigación presenta los resultados de una revisión sistemática realizada en dos bases de datos -Scopus y WoS- sobre literatura publicada entre 2016 y 2023 acerca de los fundamentos teóricos de…
Violencia digital contra las mujeres como forma de violencia de género: Resultados de una revisión sistemática
Este trabajo presenta los hallazgos de una revisión sistemática sobre la violencia digital contra las mujeres como forma de violencia de género. A partir del análisis de 28 estudios empíricos publicados entre 2014 y 2024, se identifican las principales tendencias en victimización y perpetración, los factores de riesgo asociados y las actitudes sociales hacia esta problemática. Los resultados evidencian una alta prevalencia a nivel global. Asimism…
Forced marriage as a manifestation of violence against women: A comparative approach
This paper explores forced marriage, a form of gender-based violence affecting women and girls worldwide. It employs a comparative approach, beginning with the victim-centred focus outlined in the Istanbul Convention. The paper analyses forced marriage data and legislative frameworks in Germany, Spain, Finland, and Ireland. It concludes that more empirical research is needed for effective prevention and recommends a shift from criminal to civil a…
Approaching Forced Marriage as Family Violence: Good Practices from a South-Western European Region
Mind the gaps: Improving the legal and institutional approach to forced marriage as honour-based violence in Spain
Honour-based violence: Legal and institutional approaches in Spain
The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (known as the Istanbul Convention) imposes on States Parties the need to address holistically all forms of violence against women, including honour-based violence not only by prosecuting such conduct, but also by preventing it and, above all, protecting its victims. While some northern European countries have addressed it, this form of violen…
Trafficking in human beings in Spain: What do the data on detected victims tell us
Although trafficking in human beings was criminalized in Spain in 2010, data on this phenomenon are scarce and incomplete, consisting only of cases formally identified by police as having a very clear bias to trafficking for sexual exploitation. In an effort to increase empirical understanding, in 2019 we undertook quantitative research by gathering information on cases detected during 2017 and 2018. A questionnaire was distributed online to 757 …
La Violencia Contra Las Mujeres Por Honor Y Su Tratamiento Jurídico en España
La violencia de honor constituye una de las manifestaciones de la violencia contra las mujeres que, de acuerdo con el Convenio de Estambul del Consejo de Europa, los Estados parte deben afrontar holísticamente. Tal aproximación comporta no solo la persecución penal de estas conductas, sino también su prevención y, sobre todo, la protección de sus víctimas. En este trabajo se analiza conceptual, fenomenológica y jurídicamente esta manifestación de…
Labour trafficking prosecution: What is not working in Spain
Despite being one of the most prevalent manifestations of trafficking in human beings, labour exploitation still results in few convictions. Based on 33 interviews with 28 professionals from the criminal justice system and 5 from the field of labour, this paper analyses the obstacles these professionals face when approaching this crime in Spain as a case study of what may not be working in other Western European countries. The research results po…
Desistance from Crime Among Colombian Guerrilla Women: Determinant Subjective Factors
Desistance from criminal careers among guerrilla women in Colombia is a little-studied reality to date. The present study was undertaken to address this gap in the research, particularly in light of the high rates of post-disarmament recidivism. Specifically, a qualitative model was developed to identify desistance in a group of women linked to the guerrillas and currently in prison, close to having served out their alternative post-disarmament s…
Human trafficking for labour exploitation: The survivors’ perspective
Despite being the second most prevalent form of human trafficking, human trafficking for labour exploitation remains a victimisation process that has received little scholarly attention. This qualitative study, based on data from in-depth interviews with labour trafficking survivors in Spain, seeks to apprehend how they experienced that situation while giving them a voice and adopting a survivor-centric approach to the phenomenon. To this end, it…
Trata de seres humanos y migración: Una exploración al sistema de protección en España a partir de la perspectiva comparada
España presenta unas cifras muy elevadas de personas migrantes entre las víctimas de trata de seres humanos. Por ello, este artículo plantea una aproximación crítica al sistema de protección español dirigido a dichas víctimas. Con este objetivo se realizó un análisis comparativo con cinco países del entorno europeo. Los resultados indican que España tiene una infraestructura deficitaria para la identificación. Ello impide a las víctimas no detect…
Intervention with Victims of Forced Marriage
The article presents results of a qualitative research aimed at analyzing how professionals work to support and protect victims of forced marriage in Spain. The study is based on the information gathered from professionals involved in criminal justice and in victim support with whom in-depth interviews were conducted. Given the increasingly common opinion favorable to address forced marriage from a victim-centred and intersectional perspective, a…
Challenges in assisting labour trafficking and exploitation victims in Spain
Labour trafficking and exploitation remain an understudied criminal reality in academia, particularly those aspects most linked to a victim-centric approach to it, such as victim assistance. To identify the challenges faced by victim service providers when dealing with these victims, a qualitative study was undertaken in Spain consisting of 34 indepth interviews with professionals who had provided assistance in these cases. Based on the premise t…
Spanish criminal policy and the state pact on gender violence: A critical assessment
Aproximación institucional a la trata de seres humanos en España: Valoración crítica
La trata de seres humanos constituye una realidad intrínsecamente ligada a los movimientos migratorios que demanda un abordaje centrado en la detección y protección de las víctimas. En el presente trabajo de investigación se analiza su aproximación institucional en España con base en una encuesta cumplimentada por 150 entidades, unidades u organismos que pueden ocuparse de ella. El estudio se focaliza, de un lado, en determinar cómo afloran los c…
Forced marriage: What do professionals know
La atención a las víctimas de trata de seres humanos. Un análisis crítico del protocolo marco español desde una perspectiva comparada
Introducción. En este artículo se explora el sistema español de protección a las víctimas de trata de seres humanos, prestando especial atención a los mecanismos establecidos para la identificación y la intervención con las víctimas. Para ello, analizamos los protocolos vigentes en España, y los comparamos con los aprobados en otros países europeos. El objetivo fue detectar los problemas relacionados con la aplicación de los protocolos, así como …
Prohibicionismo suave para abordar el trabajo sexual callejero: Ordenanzas cívicas y ley mordaza
En España el ejercicio del trabajo sexual no se encuentra regulado. Aunque en el plano político ha triunfado la asunción del modelo neoabolicionista que, identificando plenamente trata de seres humanos y prostitución, sanciona conductas de explotación de la prostitución y de consumo de servicios sexuales, normativamente dicho modelo se ha adoptado solo aparentemente. Desde el Derecho penal, se sanciona la determinación a la prostitución y la expl…
Justicia restaurativa en supuestos de violencia de género en España: Situación Actual Y Propuesta Político-Criminal
La aprobación en España del Pacto de Estado contra la Violencia de Género en diciembre 2017 ha supuesto la confirmación de la prohibición de aplicar mecanismos de justicia restaurativa a casos de violencia de género que instituyó la Ley Orgánica de Medidas de Protección Integral contra la Violencia de Género de 2004 y ha mantenido la Ley del Estatuto de la Víctima del Delito de 2015. En este trabajo se ofrecen argumentos que parten tanto de las v…
Stalking: Victims' and professionals' views of legal and institutional treatment
Forced marriage as a lived experience: Victims’ voices
The official response to forced marriage in the majority of European countries has been to criminalise the practice. Based on racial stereotypes and outdated Orientalist perspectives, this overlooks the prior need for appropriate empirical analysis in order to better understand the reality of the practice being regulated, and fails to provide victims with the means of protection they need beyond the framework of criminal law. Devising a suitable …
Forced marriage as a lived experience: Victims’ voices
The official response to forced marriage in the majority of European countries has been to criminalise the practice. Based on racial stereotypes and outdated Orientalist perspectives, this overlooks the prior need for appropriate empirical analysis in order to better understand the reality of the practice being regulated, and fails to provide victims with the means of protection they need beyond the framework of criminal law. Devising a suitable …
Human trafficking for criminal exploitation: Effects suffered by victims in their passage through the criminal justice system
The victim-centred approach to human trafficking emphasises the protection of victims and respect for their rights. For this protection to be effective, victims must be treated as such in their passage through the criminal justice system, which can be complex with forms of trafficking that are still relatively unknown, such as trafficking for criminal exploitation. Based on 37 in-depth interviews with Spanish practising criminal justice and victi…
Teen sexting: Prevalence, characteristics and legal treatment
La atención a las víctimas de trata de seres humanos. Un análisis crítico del protocolo marco español desde una perspectiva comparada
Introducción. En este artículo se explora el sistema español de protección a las víctimas de trata de seres humanos, prestando especial atención a los mecanismos establecidos para la identificación y la intervención con las víctimas. Para ello, analizamos los protocolos vigentes en España, y los comparamos con los aprobados en otros países europeos. El objetivo fue detectar los problemas relacionados con la aplicación de los protocolos, así como …
Online child sexual grooming: Empirical findings on victimisation and perspectives on legal requirements
This work presents the results of quantitative research into online child grooming carried out with a sample of 489 secondary school students in Catalonia (Spain). Besides determining the rate of victimisation of children by this behaviour, it establishes the profile of the victims and the offenders. In addition, it analyses the dynamics of these processes, victim–offender interaction, the level of effect that this behaviour has on the victims an…
Challenges in assisting labour trafficking and exploitation victims in Spain
Labour trafficking and exploitation remain an understudied criminal reality in academia, particularly those aspects most linked to a victim-centric approach to it, such as victim assistance. To identify the challenges faced by victim service providers when dealing with these victims, a qualitative study was undertaken in Spain consisting of 34 indepth interviews with professionals who had provided assistance in these cases. Based on the premise t…
Stalking Victimisation: Prevalence and Dynamics amongst Spanish University Students
Stalking was recently criminalised in Spain and other European countries, following the signing of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, despite a lack of empirical knowledge of victimisation by this phenomenon. Previous research carried out in the usa and in other European countries on victimisation by stalking with female samples has shown that young women are the most frequen…
Mind the gaps: Improving the legal and institutional approach to forced marriage as honour-based violence in Spain
Human trafficking for labour exploitation: The survivors’ perspective
Despite being the second most prevalent form of human trafficking, human trafficking for labour exploitation remains a victimisation process that has received little scholarly attention. This qualitative study, based on data from in-depth interviews with labour trafficking survivors in Spain, seeks to apprehend how they experienced that situation while giving them a voice and adopting a survivor-centric approach to the phenomenon. To this end, it…
Forced marriage: What do professionals know
Justicia restaurativa en supuestos de violencia de género en España: Situación Actual Y Propuesta Político-Criminal
La aprobación en España del Pacto de Estado contra la Violencia de Género en diciembre 2017 ha supuesto la confirmación de la prohibición de aplicar mecanismos de justicia restaurativa a casos de violencia de género que instituyó la Ley Orgánica de Medidas de Protección Integral contra la Violencia de Género de 2004 y ha mantenido la Ley del Estatuto de la Víctima del Delito de 2015. En este trabajo se ofrecen argumentos que parten tanto de las v…
Effects of the criminalizing policy of sex work in Spain
Secondary Victimization and Victim Assistance
Secondary victimization has been defined as negative social or societal reaction in consequence of the primary victimization and is experienced as further violation of legitimate rights or entitlements by the victim. Unfavorable outcomes may violate several important expectations of crime victims, such as retaliation, security, and recognition of their victim status. The victim’s appraisal of the criminal proceedings has to be taken into account …
Secondary Victimization and Victim Assistance
Secondary victimization has been defined as negative social or societal reaction in consequence of the primary victimization and is experienced as further violation of legitimate rights or entitlements by the victim. Unfavorable outcomes may violate several important expectations of crime victims, such as retaliation, security, and recognition of their victim status. The victim’s appraisal of the criminal proceedings has to be taken into account …
Effects of the criminalizing policy of sex work in Spain
Online child sexual grooming: Empirical findings on victimisation and perspectives on legal requirements
This work presents the results of quantitative research into online child grooming carried out with a sample of 489 secondary school students in Catalonia (Spain). Besides determining the rate of victimisation of children by this behaviour, it establishes the profile of the victims and the offenders. In addition, it analyses the dynamics of these processes, victim–offender interaction, the level of effect that this behaviour has on the victims an…
Teen sexting: Prevalence, characteristics and legal treatment
Stalking Victimisation: Prevalence and Dynamics amongst Spanish University Students
Stalking was recently criminalised in Spain and other European countries, following the signing of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, despite a lack of empirical knowledge of victimisation by this phenomenon. Previous research carried out in the usa and in other European countries on victimisation by stalking with female samples has shown that young women are the most frequen…
Effects of and coping strategies for stalking victimisation in Spain: Consequences for its criminalisation
Human trafficking for criminal exploitation: Effects suffered by victims in their passage through the criminal justice system
The victim-centred approach to human trafficking emphasises the protection of victims and respect for their rights. For this protection to be effective, victims must be treated as such in their passage through the criminal justice system, which can be complex with forms of trafficking that are still relatively unknown, such as trafficking for criminal exploitation. Based on 37 in-depth interviews with Spanish practising criminal justice and victi…
Stalking: Victims' and professionals' views of legal and institutional treatment
Forced marriage as a lived experience: Victims’ voices
The official response to forced marriage in the majority of European countries has been to criminalise the practice. Based on racial stereotypes and outdated Orientalist perspectives, this overlooks the prior need for appropriate empirical analysis in order to better understand the reality of the practice being regulated, and fails to provide victims with the means of protection they need beyond the framework of criminal law. Devising a suitable …
Prohibicionismo suave para abordar el trabajo sexual callejero: Ordenanzas cívicas y ley mordaza
En España el ejercicio del trabajo sexual no se encuentra regulado. Aunque en el plano político ha triunfado la asunción del modelo neoabolicionista que, identificando plenamente trata de seres humanos y prostitución, sanciona conductas de explotación de la prostitución y de consumo de servicios sexuales, normativamente dicho modelo se ha adoptado solo aparentemente. Desde el Derecho penal, se sanciona la determinación a la prostitución y la expl…
Justicia restaurativa en supuestos de violencia de género en España: Situación Actual Y Propuesta Político-Criminal
La aprobación en España del Pacto de Estado contra la Violencia de Género en diciembre 2017 ha supuesto la confirmación de la prohibición de aplicar mecanismos de justicia restaurativa a casos de violencia de género que instituyó la Ley Orgánica de Medidas de Protección Integral contra la Violencia de Género de 2004 y ha mantenido la Ley del Estatuto de la Víctima del Delito de 2015. En este trabajo se ofrecen argumentos que parten tanto de las v…
Spanish criminal policy and the state pact on gender violence: A critical assessment
Aproximación institucional a la trata de seres humanos en España: Valoración crítica
La trata de seres humanos constituye una realidad intrínsecamente ligada a los movimientos migratorios que demanda un abordaje centrado en la detección y protección de las víctimas. En el presente trabajo de investigación se analiza su aproximación institucional en España con base en una encuesta cumplimentada por 150 entidades, unidades u organismos que pueden ocuparse de ella. El estudio se focaliza, de un lado, en determinar cómo afloran los c…
Forced marriage: What do professionals know
La atención a las víctimas de trata de seres humanos. Un análisis crítico del protocolo marco español desde una perspectiva comparada
Introducción. En este artículo se explora el sistema español de protección a las víctimas de trata de seres humanos, prestando especial atención a los mecanismos establecidos para la identificación y la intervención con las víctimas. Para ello, analizamos los protocolos vigentes en España, y los comparamos con los aprobados en otros países europeos. El objetivo fue detectar los problemas relacionados con la aplicación de los protocolos, así como …
Trata de seres humanos y migración: Una exploración al sistema de protección en España a partir de la perspectiva comparada
España presenta unas cifras muy elevadas de personas migrantes entre las víctimas de trata de seres humanos. Por ello, este artículo plantea una aproximación crítica al sistema de protección español dirigido a dichas víctimas. Con este objetivo se realizó un análisis comparativo con cinco países del entorno europeo. Los resultados indican que España tiene una infraestructura deficitaria para la identificación. Ello impide a las víctimas no detect…
Intervention with Victims of Forced Marriage
The article presents results of a qualitative research aimed at analyzing how professionals work to support and protect victims of forced marriage in Spain. The study is based on the information gathered from professionals involved in criminal justice and in victim support with whom in-depth interviews were conducted. Given the increasingly common opinion favorable to address forced marriage from a victim-centred and intersectional perspective, a…
Challenges in assisting labour trafficking and exploitation victims in Spain
Labour trafficking and exploitation remain an understudied criminal reality in academia, particularly those aspects most linked to a victim-centric approach to it, such as victim assistance. To identify the challenges faced by victim service providers when dealing with these victims, a qualitative study was undertaken in Spain consisting of 34 indepth interviews with professionals who had provided assistance in these cases. Based on the premise t…
Trafficking in human beings in Spain: What do the data on detected victims tell us
Although trafficking in human beings was criminalized in Spain in 2010, data on this phenomenon are scarce and incomplete, consisting only of cases formally identified by police as having a very clear bias to trafficking for sexual exploitation. In an effort to increase empirical understanding, in 2019 we undertook quantitative research by gathering information on cases detected during 2017 and 2018. A questionnaire was distributed online to 757 …
La Violencia Contra Las Mujeres Por Honor Y Su Tratamiento Jurídico en España
La violencia de honor constituye una de las manifestaciones de la violencia contra las mujeres que, de acuerdo con el Convenio de Estambul del Consejo de Europa, los Estados parte deben afrontar holísticamente. Tal aproximación comporta no solo la persecución penal de estas conductas, sino también su prevención y, sobre todo, la protección de sus víctimas. En este trabajo se analiza conceptual, fenomenológica y jurídicamente esta manifestación de…
Labour trafficking prosecution: What is not working in Spain
Despite being one of the most prevalent manifestations of trafficking in human beings, labour exploitation still results in few convictions. Based on 33 interviews with 28 professionals from the criminal justice system and 5 from the field of labour, this paper analyses the obstacles these professionals face when approaching this crime in Spain as a case study of what may not be working in other Western European countries. The research results po…
Desistance from Crime Among Colombian Guerrilla Women: Determinant Subjective Factors
Desistance from criminal careers among guerrilla women in Colombia is a little-studied reality to date. The present study was undertaken to address this gap in the research, particularly in light of the high rates of post-disarmament recidivism. Specifically, a qualitative model was developed to identify desistance in a group of women linked to the guerrillas and currently in prison, close to having served out their alternative post-disarmament s…
Human trafficking for labour exploitation: The survivors’ perspective
Despite being the second most prevalent form of human trafficking, human trafficking for labour exploitation remains a victimisation process that has received little scholarly attention. This qualitative study, based on data from in-depth interviews with labour trafficking survivors in Spain, seeks to apprehend how they experienced that situation while giving them a voice and adopting a survivor-centric approach to the phenomenon. To this end, it…
Honour-based violence: Legal and institutional approaches in Spain
The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (known as the Istanbul Convention) imposes on States Parties the need to address holistically all forms of violence against women, including honour-based violence not only by prosecuting such conduct, but also by preventing it and, above all, protecting its victims. While some northern European countries have addressed it, this form of violen…
Trata de seres humanos para explotación criminal o para criminalidad forzada: Análisis jurídico europeo
La trata para criminalidad forzada constituye una concreta manifestación de la trata de seres humanos que ha gozado de escasa visibilidad institucional hasta que se la caracterizó normativamente en la Directiva 2011/36/UE, abundando en su reconocimiento la Directiva (UE) 2024/1712. Este trabajo, tras describirla fenomenológicamente, se orienta a analizar jurídicamente esta forma de trata. Comienza abordando su concepto y la naturaleza de los deli…
Political science (23 works) · Criminology (18 works) · Sex work and related issues (18 works) · Psychology (15 works) · Intimate Partner and Family Violence (13 works) · Law (12 works) · Poison control (11 works) · Sociology (11 works) · Social Psychology (10 works) · Medicine (9 works)